Understanding Dental Caries From Pathogenesis to Prevention and Therapy 1st edition by Michel Goldberg 9783319305523 3319305522

Part I: The Carious Enamel

1: Understanding Dental Caries – from Pathogenesis to Prevention and Therapy

1.1 The Carious Enamel

1.2 Introduction

1.3 Structure

1.4 Diagnosis

1.5 Which Treatment Is Appropriate (When)

References

2: Enamel Softening (Dental Erosion)

2.1 Introductory Remarks

2.2 Dental Erosion

2.3 Crystallite Dissolution

2.3.1 Four Types of Physical and Chemical Dental Erosions Have Been Reported

2.3.2 Structure and Chemistry of Dental Erosion

2.3.3 Intrinsic Causes of Erosion

References

3: Enamel Etching

3.1 The Acid-Etched Enamel: Clinical Usefulness

3.2 Effects of Acid or Chelating Solutions on Dental Enamel

3.3 The Thickness of Enamel Layers After Etching

References

4: The Early Enamel Carious Lesion

4.1 Enamel Structure and Composition

4.2 The Early Carious Enamel Lesion

4.3 Occlusal and Proximal Caries

4.4 Microscopic Changes of Enamel (Figs. 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, and 4.7)

4.5 Ultrastructural Changes in Enamel

References

5: Dental Biofilms in Health and Disease

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Resident Microbiota of the Mouth

5.3 Benefits of the Oral Microbiota

5.4 Dental Biofilms

5.5 Dental Plaque Formation

5.6 Microbiology of Caries

5.7 Cariogenic Features of Dental Biofilm Bacteria

5.8 Theories to Explain the Association of Dental Plaque Biofilms to Caries

5.9 Implications for Prevention and Control

References

6: New Caries Diagnostic Methods

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Laser-Induced Fluorescence Methods

6.3 Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence (QLF)

6.4 Fiber-Optic Transillumination (FOTI)

6.5 Near-Infrared Transillumination

Conclusions

References

7: From the Initial Carious Lesion of Enamel to the Early Development of Coronal Dentin Carious

7.1 Dentin Caries: The Different Layers

7.1.1 Non-carious Dentin

7.1.2 Extracellular Organic Matrix

7.2 Size of the Hydroxyapatite Crystallites in the Intertubular Dentin

7.3 White and Brown Spots

References

Part II: The Carious Dentin

8: The Dentinoenamel Junction

8.1 Cervical Cemento-Dentinal Formation

8.2 Biomechanical Aspects of the Cervical Zone

8.2.1 Structural Aspects of Cervical Enamel and Dentin

8.2.1.1 Enamel

8.2.1.2 Dentin

8.2.1.3 Cervical Lesions

8.2.2 Mechanical and Tribological Properties of the DEJ

8.2.3 Specific Composition of the DEJ

8.2.4 Enzymes

8.2.5 Abfraction Lesion Formation

References

9: Superficial and Deep Carious Lesions

9.1 Different Types of Carious Lesion

9.2 Reactionary and Reparative Dentin Formation

References

10: Cervical Sclerotic Dentin: Resin Bonding

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Noncarious Cervical Sclerotic Dentin

10.3 Microstructural Changes in Sclerotic Dentin

10.3.1 Tubular Occlusion

10.3.2 Hypermineralized Surface Layer in Shiny Sclerotic Lesions

10.3.3 Mineral Distribution

10.3.4 STEM/EDX Analysis

10.3.5 Status of the Collagen Fibrils Within the Surface Hypermineralized Layer

10.3.6 Summary of the Microstructural Changes in Noncarious Sclerotic Cervical Dentin

10.4 Bonding Adhesive Resins to Sclerotic Dentin

10.4.1 Total-Etch Technique

10.4.2 Self-Etching Technique

10.4.3 Problems in Bonding to Sclerotic Dentin

10.4.4 Obstacles in Bonding to Acid-­Etched, Sound Dentin

10.4.5 Obstacles in Bonding to Acid-­Etched Sclerotic Dentin

10.4.6 Obstacles to Bonding in Sound Dentin Treated with a Self-Etching Primer Alone

10.4.7 Obstacles in Bonding to Self-­Etching Primer Treated Sclerotic Dentin

10.4.7.1 Sclerotic Dentin with a Thin Hypermineralized Layer (<0.5 μm Thick)

10.4.7.2 Sclerotic Dentin with a Thick, Continuous Hypermineralized Layer (>0.5 μm)

10.4.8 Summary of Obstacles in Bonding to Sound Versus Sclerotic Dentin

10.5 Regional Microtensile Bond Strength Evaluation

10.6 Restoring the Class V Sclerotic Lesion

Conclusions

References

11: The Pulp Reaction Beneath the Carious Lesion

11.1 Extracellular Matrix of Sound Pulp: Composition

11.2 Cells

11.3 Neuropeptides in Dental Pulp

11.4 Human T-Lymphocyte Subpopulation

11.5 The Carious Pulp

11.6 Reactionary and Reparative Dentin Formation

11.6.1 Reactionary Dentin Formation

11.6.2 Reparative Dentin Formation

11.7 Pulp Capping

References

Part III: Cervical Erosions

12: Ultrastructure of the Enamel-­Cementum Junction

12.1 Procollagen Fibrillogenesis in Dentinogenesis

12.2 Enamel Surface

12.3 Morphology of the Cemento-­Enamel Junction

12.4 Erosive Tooth Wear (Figs. 12.4 and 12.5)

12.5 Root Caries

References

13: Cervical Erosions: Morphology and Restoration of Cervical Erosions

13.1 Morphology of Cervical Dentin Erosion

13.2 Restoration of Cervical Dentin Erosions

References

14: Cervical Regeneration

14.1 Abfraction: Non-carious Cervical Lesions

14.2 Pulpal Regeneration

14.3 Dental Pulp Engineering and Regeneration: Advancement and Challenge

14.4 Tooth Resorption

14.5 Cervical Regeneration

References

Part IV: Fluoride

15: Fluoride

15.1 Dental Fluorosis

15.1.1 Mechanisms of Enamel Fluorosis

15.1.2 Fluoride Effects on Dentin Formation

15.2 Fluoride in Food and Water

15.3 Fluoride and Remineralizing Agents

15.3.1 Fluoride Delivered from Oral Care Products

15.3.2 Other Remineralizing Agents

References

Part V: Invasive and Non-invasive Therapies

16: Brushing, Toothpastes, Salivation, and Remineralization

16.1 Toothbrushing and Toothpaste

16.1.1 Changes in Fluoride Concentration of Saliva During Brushing

16.1.2 Modern Toothpastes

16.1.3 Modern Toothpaste Components

16.1.4 Fluoride and Non-fluoride Mineralization Systems

16.1.5 Toothpastes and Abrasivity

16.1.6 Toothpastes and Abrasivity Testing

16.2 Toothbrush: Manual vs. Power

16.2.1 Brushing Techniques

16.2.2 Clinical Brushing Studies

16.2.3 Power Brush Options

16.3 Saliva and Saliva Substitutes

References

17: Resin Infiltration Treatment for Caries Lesions

17.1 Background

17.2 Uptake of Extraneous Materials into Carious Lesions

17.3 Infiltration of Carious Enamel with Resin Materials

17.3.1 Background

17.3.2 Fissure Sealing

17.3.3 Infiltration

17.3.4 Resins for Infiltration

17.3.4.1 Resorcinol Formaldehyde

17.3.4.2 Methacrylate-Based Resins

17.3.5 Detection of Resin Within the Lesion and Measurement of Occluded Volume

17.3.5.1 Detection of Infiltrated Resin

17.3.5.2 Determination of Occluded Pore Volume

17.3.6 Effects of Infiltration on Carious Tissue

17.3.7 Application to Other Enamel Dysplasias Exhibiting Abnormal Porosity

17.3.8 Future Developments

17.3.8.1 Design of Infiltration Materials

References

18: Minimally Invasive Therapy: Keeping Treated Teeth Functional for Life

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Minimal Intervention Dentistry

18.2.1 Its Rationale

18.2.2 Its Cornerstones

18.3 Managing Dental Caries

18.3.1 Managing Enamel Carious Lesions: Therapies Other Than Fluoride and Infiltration

18.3.1.1 Casein Phosphopeptides-�Amorphous Calcium Phosphate

18.3.1.2 Ozone

18.3.1.3 Chlorhexidine-Containing Agents

18.3.1.4 Sealants

Indications for Placing a Sealant

Resin-Based Sealants

Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) High-Viscosity Glass-Ionomers

Effectiveness of Fissure Sealants

Comparison Between ART Sealants and Resin Sealants

18.4 Managing Dentine Carious Lesions

18.4.1 How Does One Manage a Dentine Carious Lesion?

18.4.2 Non-cavitated Dentine Carious Lesions

18.4.3 Small Cavitated Dentine Carious Lesions

18.4.4 Obvious Cavitated Dentine Carious Lesions in Primary Teeth

18.4.4.1 Cleansable Cavitated Dentine Carious Lesions

Ultraconservative Treatment

Silver Diamine Fluoride

Hall Technique

18.4.5 Restorative Management of Carious Lesions

18.4.5.1 Principles for the Removal of Demineralised Carious Dentine

18.4.5.2 How Much Demineralised Carious Dentine Needs to be Removed?

18.4.5.3 Which Dentine Carious Tissue Removal Method Is Preferable?

18.4.5.4 Disinfecting Excavated Tooth Cavities

18.4.5.5 Cavity Lining

18.4.5.6 Restorative Materials

18.4.5.7 Restoring a Cleaned Cavity

18.4.5.8 The Atraumatic Restorative Treatment

18.5 How to Manage a Defective Restoration

18.6 Concluding Remarks

References

19: Invasive and Noninvasive Therapies

19.1 Prevention in Dental Practice

19.1.1 What Is Prevention?

19.1.2 Individual Caries Risk Assessment

19.1.3 Strategies for Prevention

19.1.3.1 Education

Preventing Early Colonization

Toothbrushing

Dietary Counseling

19.1.3.2 Dental Sealants

19.1.3.3 Fluoridated Agents

Fluoride Toothpaste

Fluoride Varnish

Fluoride Mouthwashes

Fluoride Gels

Comparison of the Caries-Preventive Effectiveness of One Form of Topical Fluoride Intervention w

Slow-Release Fluoride Devices

Fluoride Tablets, Drops, Chewing Gums, and Lozenges

19.1.3.4 Non-fluoridated Agents

Xylitol-Containing Products

Chlorhexidine

CPP-ACP

Other Molecules

19.1.4 Follow-Up

19.1.5 Caries Management by Risk Assessment

19.1.6 Key Messages for Dental Practitioners