Thermodynamics for Engineers 2nd Edition by Kaufui Vincent Wong 1032581921 9781032581927

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ISBN 10: 1032581921

ISBN 13: 9781032581927

Author: Kaufui Vincent Wong

Aspiring engineers need a text that prepares them to use thermodynamics in professional practice. Thermodynamics instructors need a concise textbook written for a one-semester undergraduate course-a text that foregoes clutter and unnecessary details but furnishes the essential facts and methods.Thermodynamics for Engineers, Second Edition continues

Thermodynamics for Engineers 2nd Table of contents:

1 Concepts, Definitions, and the Laws of Thermodynamics

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Definitions

FIGURE 1.1 Schematic of a steam power plant.

1.2.1 A Note about Units

1.3 Pressure

(1.1)

FIGURE 1.2 Absolute, atmospheric, gage, and vacuum pressures.

Example 1.1

Problem

Solution

Example 1.2

Problem

Solution

1.4 Forms of Work

1.4.1 Mechanical Forms of Work

(1.2)

(1.3)

FIGURE 1.3 Work as energy transferred by a moving boundary.

(1.4)

(1.5)

(1.6)

(1.7)

(1.8)

FIGURE 1.4 The amount of work is dependent on the path between two states.

Example 1.3

Problem

Solution

1.4.2 Spring or Elastic Work

(1.9)

(1.10)

Example 1.4

Problem

Solution

1.4.3 Electrical Work

(1.11)

(1.12)

(1.13)

Example 1.5

Problem

Solution

1.4.4 Work of Polarization and Magnetization

(1.14)

(1.15)

Example 1.6

Problem

Solution

1.4.5 Torsion Work

(1.16)

Example 1.7

Problem

Solution

1.4.6 Work in Changing a Surface Area

(1.17)

Example 1.8

Problem

Solution

1.5 Temperature

(1.18)

(1.19)

1.6 Heat

1.7 Laws of Thermodynamics and Mass Conservation

1.8 Systematic Problem-Solving Approach

Problems

Concepts and Definitions

Pressure

Forms of Work

Temperature

Computer, Design, and General Problems

2 Properties of Pure Substances

2.1 State Principle

2.2 P-v-T Surface

FIGURE 2.1 P-v-T surface of a substance that contracts on freezing.

FIGURE 2.2 P-v, T-v, and P-T diagrams.

FIGURE 2.3 P-T diagram for water.

FIGURE 2.4 Phase change.

2.3 Phase Change

2.4 Thermodynamic Property Data

2.4.1 Pressure, Specific Volume, and Temperature

(2.1)

Example 2.1

Problem

Solution

Example 2.2

Problem

Solution

Example 2.3

Problem

Solution

Example 2.4

Problem

Solution

2.4.2 Specific Internal Energy and Enthalpy

(2.2)

(2.3)

(2.4)

(2.5)

Example 2.5

Problem

Solution

Example 2.6

Problem

Solution

Example 2.7

Problem

Solution

Example 2.8

Problem

Solution

2.4.3 Reference Values

2.5 Specific Heats and Their Relationships

(2.6)

(2.7)

(2.8)

(2.9)

(2.10)

(2.11)

(2.12)

(2.13)

(2.14)

(2.15)

(2.16)

(2.17)

(2.18)

(2.19)

(2.20)

(2.21)

2.6 Processes

FIGURE 2.5 P-v diagram indicating various processes.

FIGURE 2.6 P-T diagram indicating various processes.

FIGURE 2.7 T-S diagram indicating various processes.

FIGURE 2.8 P-v diagram.

2.6.1 Polytropic Processes

(2.22)

(2.23)

(2.24)

(2.25)

(2.26)

(2.27)

(2.28)

(2.29)

Example 2.9

Problem

Solution

2.6.2 Reversible Processes

2.7 Ideal-Gas Equation of State

(2.30)

(2.31)

2.8 Compressibility Factor

(2.32)

(2.33)

(2.34)

(2.35)

(2.36)

Example 2.10

Problem

Solution

Example 2.11

Problem

Solution

2.9 Other Equations of State

(2.37)

(2.38)

Example 2.12

Problem

Solution

Problems

Thermodynamic Property Data

Processes

Ideal-Gas Equation of State and Compressibility Factor

Other Equations of State

Computer, Design, and General Problems

3 Mass Conservation and the First Law of Thermodynamics

3.1 Mass Conservation

(3.1)

(3.2)

3.2 First Law of Thermodynamics

3.2.1 Stored Forms of Energy

FIGURE 3.1 Control volume for mass conservation.

3.2.2 Internal (Thermal) Energy, U

3.2.3 (Gravitational) Potential Energy

(3.3)

FIGURE 3.2 Concept of (gravitational) potential energy for a body (system).

(3.4)

3.2.4 Kinetic Energy

(3.5)

(3.6)

FIGURE 3.3 Concept of kinetic energy for a body (system).

TABLE 3.1 Forms of Energy

3.2.5 Chemical Energy

3.2.6 Nuclear Energy

3.3 First Law for a Control Volume

FIGURE 3.4 Control volume: (a) initial mass in the control volume, (b) incoming mass into the control volume, (c) mass exiting the control volume, (d) final mass in the control volume, and (e) control volume with one inlet and one exit.

(3.7)

(3.8)

(3.9)

(3.10)

(3.11)

(3.12)

(3.13)

(3.14)

(3.15)

Example 3.1

Problem

Solution

Example 3.2

Problem

Solution

Example 3.3

Problem

Solution

3.4 First Law for a Control Mass

(3.12)

(3.16)

(3.17)

Example 3.4

Problem

Solution

Example 3.5

Problem

Solution

Example 3.6

Problem

3.5 First Law Applied to Various Processes

3.5.1 Turbine

(3.18)

Example 3.7

Problem

Solution

Example 3.8

Problem

Example 3.9

Problem

Solution

3.5.2 Compressors and Pumps

(3.19)

(3.20)

Example 3.10

Problem

Solution

3.5.3 Throttling Devices

(3.21)

FIGURE 3.5 Throttling devices. (a) Globe valve and (b) orifice.

Example 3.11

Problem

Solution

3.5.4 Nozzles and Diffusers

(3.22)

FIGURE 3.6 Nozzle and diffuser (subsonic flow).

(3.23)

Example 3.12

Problem

Solution

3.5.5 Heat Exchangers

(3.24)

(3.25)

FIGURE 3.7 Heat exchanger. (a) A single control volume and (b) two separate control volumes.

Example 3.13

Problem

Solution

3.6 Thermodynamic Cycles

(3.26)

(3.27)

(3.28)

(3.29)

FIGURE 3.8 Schematic diagrams: (a) power cycles and (b) refrigeration and heat pump systems.

(3.30)

(3.31)

(3.32)

(3.33)

(3.34)

Example 3.14

Problem

Solution

Example 3.15

Problem

Solution

Example 3.16

Problem

Solution

Example 3.17

Problem

Solution

Problems

First Law Applied to Various Processes

Thermodynamic Cycles

First Law General

Computer, Design, and General Problems

4 Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy

4.1 Introduction

FIGURE 4.1 Perpetual motion machines (PMM). (a) PMM 1; (b) PMM 2; (c) PMM 3.

4.1.1 The Kelvin-Planck and the Clausius Statements

FIGURE 4.2 Combination that violates the Clausius statement.

FIGURE 4.3 Combination that violates the Kelvin-Planck statement.

4.2 Statements of the Second Law

(4.1)

(4.2)

4.2.1 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale

(4.3)

(4.4)

(4.5)

(4.6)

(4.7)

4.3 Entropy of a Pure, Simple Compressible Substance

(4.8)

4.3.1 T ds Equations

(4.9)

(4.10)

(4.11)

(4.12)

(4.13)

(4.14)

(4.15)

(4.16)

(4.17)

(4.18)

4.3.2 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas

(4.19)

(4.20)

(4.21)

(4.22)

(4.23)

(4.24)

(4.25)

(4.26)

(4.27)

(4.28)

(4.29)

(4.30)

(4.31)

(4.32)

4.3.3 Entropy Change of an Incompressible Substance

(4.33)

(4.34)

(4.35)

4.3.4 Important Facts about Entropy

FIGURE 4.4 (T, s) diagram.

(4.36)

Example 4.1

Problem

Solution

Example 4.2

Problem

Solution

4.4 Carnot Cycle

FIGURE 4.5 Heat engine operating on a Carnot cycle.

FIGURE 4.6 Refrigerator operating on a reversed Carnot cycle.

FIGURE 4.7 (T,s) diagram of a Carnot cycle.

(4.37)

(4.38)

(4.39)

(4.40)

(4.41)

Example 4.3

Problem

Solution

Example 4.4

Problem

Solution

4.5 Second Law in Entropy for a Control Volume

FIGURE 4.8 Control volume: (a) initial mass in the control volume; (b) incoming mass into the control volume; (c) mass exiting the control volume; (d) final mass in the control volume; (e) control volume with one inlet and one exit.

(4.42)

(4.43)

(4.44)

(4.45)

(4.46)

(4.47)

(4.48)

(4.49)

(3.14)

Example 4.5

Problem

Solution

4.5.1 Application to the Power Cycle

(4.50)

FIGURE 4.9 Schematic of a simple power plant.

(4.51)

(4.52)

(4.53)

(4.54)

(4.55)

(4.56)

4.5.2 Application to the Refrigeration Cycle

FIGURE 4.10 Vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.

(4.57)

(4.58)

(4.59)

(4.60)

(4.61)

(4.62)

(4.63)

(4.64)

(4.65)

(4.66)

(4.67)

Example 4.6

Problem

Solution

4.6 Second Law in Entropy for a Control Mass

(4.68)

(4.69)

(4.70)

Example 4.7

Problem

Solution

Example 4.8

Problem

Solution

Example 4.9

Problem

Solution

4.7 Isentropic Processes

(4.71)

(4.72)

(4.73)

(4.74)

(4.75)

(4.76)

(4.77)

(4.78)

Example 4.10

Problem

Solution

4.7.1 Relative Pressure and Relative Specific Volume

(4.79)

(4.80)

(4.81)

(4.82)

Example 4.11

Problem

Solution

4.8 Isentropic Efficiencies

4.8.1 Isentropic Efficiency of Turbines

(4.83)

(4.84)

FIGURE 4.11 H-s diagram for the actual and isentropic processes of a turbine.

Example 4.12

Problem

Solution

4.8.2 Isentropic Efficiency of Pumps and Compressors

(4.85)

(4.86)

(4.87)

(4.88)

FIGURE 4.12 H-s diagram for the actual and isentropic processes of a pump or a compressor.

Example 4.13

Problem

Solution

4.8.3 Isentropic Efficiency of Nozzles

(4.89)

Example 4.14

Problem

Solution

Example 4.15

Problem

Solution

Example 4.16

Problem

Solution

Example 4.17

Problem

Solution

Example 4.18

Problem

Solution

Example 4.19

Problem

Solution

4.9 Reversible Steady-Flow Processes

(4.90)

(4.91)

(4.92)

(4.93)

(4.94)

(4.95)

(4.96)

(4.97)

(4.98)

FIGURE 4.13 Interpretation of ∫ v dp.

(4.99)

(4.100)

4.9.1 Reversible Steady-Flow Polytropic Processes

(4.101)

(4.102)

(4.103)

(4.104)

(4.105)

(4.106)

Example 4.20

Problem

Solution

Problems

Introduction

Entropy of a Pure, Simple Compressible Substance

Carnot Cycle

Isentropic Processes

Isentropic Efficiencies

Second Law in Entropy for a Control Volume

Second Law in Entropy

Reversible Steady-Flow Processes

Second Law in Entropy General

Computer, Design, and General Problems

5 Exergy (Availability) Analysis

5.1 Availability

5.1.1 Dead State

5.1.2 Exergy (Availability) of a Substance

(5.1)

(5.2)

(5.3)

Example 5.1

Problem

Solution

Example 5.2

Problem

Solution

5.2 Second Law in Exergy (Availability) for a Control Volume

(5.4)

(5.5)

FIGURE 5.1 Control volume: (a) initial mass in the control volume, (b) incoming mass into the control volume, (c) mass exiting the control volume, (d) final mass in the control volume, and (e) control volume with one inlet and one exit.

(5.6)

(5.7)

(5.8)

(5.9)

(5.10)

(5.11)

(3.14)

Example 5.3

Problem

Solution

(a)

(b)

(c)

Example 5.4

Problem

Solution

Example 5.5

Problem

Solution

Example 5.6

Problem

Solution

5.3 Second Law in Exergy for a Control Mass

(5.9)

(5.12)

(5.13)

Example 5.7

Problem

Solution

Example 5.8

Problem

Solution

5.4 Exergy Transfer

(5.14)

(5.15)

5.5 Second Law (Exergetic) Efficiency

(5.16)

(5.17)

(5.18)

(5.19)

(5.20)

5.5.1 Second Law Ratio to Measure Thermal Environmental Impact

(5.21)

(5.22)

Example 5.9

Problem

Solution

Example 5.10

Problem

Solution

5.5.2 Second Law (Exergetic) Efficiencies of Systems

(5.23)

(5.24)

(5.25)

Example 5.11

Problem

Solution

Example 5.12

Problem

Solution

5.5.2.1 Turbines, Compressors, and Pumps

(5.26)

(5.27)

(5.28)

Example 5.13

Problem

Solution

FIGURE 5.2 Counterflow noncontact heat exchanger.

5.5.2.2 Noncontact Heat Exchangers

(5.29)

(5.30)

5.5.2.3 Direct-Contact Heat Exchangers

FIGURE 5.3 Direct-contact heat exchanger.

(5.31)

(5.32)

5.5.3 Application to the Power Cycle

(5.33)

FIGURE 5.4 Power cycle schematic.

(5.34)

(5.35)

(5.36)

(5.37)

(5.38)

(5.39)

(5.40)

(5.41)

(5.42)

(5.43)

Example 5.14

Problem

Solution

Example 5.15

Problem

Solution

Example 5.16

Problem

Solution

Example 5.17

Problem

Solution

Example 5.18

Problem

Solution

5.6 Practical Considerations

Problems

Exergy

Second Law in Exergy for a Control Volume

Second Law in Exergy for a Control Mass

Second Law Ratio to Measure Thermal Environmental Impact

Second Law Efficiencies of Systems

Application to the Power Cycle

Second Law in Exergy General

Computer, Design, and General Problems

6 Vapor Power Systems

6.1 The Carnot Vapor Cycle

6.2 Rankine Cycle: Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles

FIGURE 6.1 Carnot cycle.

FIGURE 6.2 Ideal Rankine cycle.

(6.1)

(6.2)

FIGURE 6.3 Effect of condenser pressure on net work.

FIGURE 6.4 Effect of boiler pressure on net work.

Example 6.1

Problem

Solution

6.3 Reheat Rankine Cycle

(6.3)

FIGURE 6.5 (a), (b) Reheat Rankine cycle.

(6.4)

Example 6.2

Problem

Solution

Example 6.3

Problem

Solution

6.4 The Regenerative Rankine Cycle

6.4.1 Open Feedwater Heaters

FIGURE 6.6 (a), (b) Regenerative Rankine cycle with open feedwater heater.

(6.5)

(6.6)

(6.7)

(6.8)

6.4.2 Closed Feedwater Heaters

FIGURE 6.7 (a), (b) Regenerative Rankine cycle with closed feedwater heater.

Example 6.4

Problem

Solution

FIGURE E6.4 (a.i) Rankine cycle with no feedwater heater. (a.ii) T-s diagram of Rankine cycle with no open feedwater heater.

FIGURE E6.4 (b.i) Regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater. (b.ii) T-s diagram of regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater.

FIGURE E6.4 (c.i) Regenerative Rankine cycle with two open feedwater heaters. (c.ii) T-s diagram of regenerative Rankine cycle with two open feedwater heaters.

6.5 Air Preheater

Example 6.5

Problem

Solution

6.6 Economizer

Example 6.6

Problem

Solution

6.7 Availability Analysis of Vapor Power Cycles

(6.9)

(6.10)

(6.11)

(6.12)

Example 6.7

Problem

Solution

6.8 Cogeneration

FIGURE 6.8 Ideal cogeneration plant.

FIGURE 6.9 Schematic of a practical cogeneration plant.

(6.13)

(6.14)

(6.15)

(6.16)

(6.17)

Example 6.8

Problem

Solution

6.9 Binary Vapor Cycles

FIGURE 6.10 (a), (b) Mercury-water binary vapor cycle.

Example 6.9

Problem

Solution

6.10 Combined Gas-Vapor Power Cycles

FIGURE 6.11 (a), (b) Combined gas-steam power cycle.

Example 6.10

Problem

Solution

Problems

Rankine Cycle

The Reheat Rankine Cycle

The Regenerative Rankine Cycle

Air Preheater and Economizer

Availability Analysis of Vapor Power Cycles

Cogeneration

Binary Vapor and Combined Gas-Vapor Power Cycles

General Vapor Power Cycle

Computer, Design, and General Problems

7 Thermodynamic Property Relations

7.1 The Maxwell Relations

(7.1)

(7.2)

(7.3)

(7.4)

(7.5)

(7.6)

(7.7)

(7.8)

(7.9)

(7.10)

(7.11)

(7.12)

(7.13)

Example 7.1

Problem

Solution

(a)

(b)

Example 7.2

Problem

Solution

Example 7.3

Problem

Solution

Example 7.4

Problem

Solution

Example 7.5

Problem

Solution

7.2 The Clapeyron Equation

(7.14)

(7.15)

(7.16)

(7.17)

Example 7.6

Problem

Solution

(7.18)

(7.19)

(7.20)

Example 7.7

Problem

Solution

7.3 General Relations for Thermodynamic Properties

7.3.1 Internal Energy Changes

(7.21)

(7.22)

(7.23)

(7.24)

(7.25)

(7.26)

7.3.2 Enthalpy Changes

(7.27)

(7.28)

(7.29)

(7.30)

(7.31)

(7.32)

(7.33)

(7.34)

(7.35)

7.3.3 Entropy Changes

(7.36)

(7.37)

(7.38)

(7.39)

Example 7.8

Problem

Solution

(a)

(b)

Example 7.9

Problem

Solution

(a)

7.3.4 Specific Heats Cv and CP

(7.40)

(7.41)

(7.42)

(7.43)

(7.44)

(7.45)

(7.46)

(7.47)

Example 7.10

Problem

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

7.4 The Joule-Thomson Coefficient

(7.48)

FIGURE 7.1 Isenthalpic lines on a T-P diagram for a substance.

(7.49)

Example 7.11

Solution

7.5 Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Entropy Changes of Real Gases

7.5.1 Enthalpy Changes of Real Gases

(7.50)

(7.51)

(7.52)

(7.53)

(7.54)

(7.55)

(7.56)

7.5.2 Internal Energy Changes of Real Gases

(7.57)

7.5.3 Entropy Changes for Real Gases

(7.58)

(7.59)

FIGURE 7.2 Process path of ideal states used to evaluate the entropy changes of real gases during process 1–2.

(7.60)

(7.61)

Problems

The Maxwell Relations

The Clapeyron Equation

General Relations for Thermodynamic Properties

The Joule—Thomson Coefficient

Computer, Design, and General Problems

8 Principles of Energy (Heat) Transfer

8.1 Conduction

(8.1)

(8.2)

(8.3)

FIGURE 8.1 Fourier’s law applied to a plane wall.

FIGURE 8.2 Fourier’s law applied to a plane wall with three layers.

(8.4)

Example 8.1

Problem

Solution

Example 8.2

Problem

Solution

Example 8.3

Problem

Solution

Example 8.4

Problem

Solution

Example 8.5

Problem

Solution

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Example 8.6

Problem

Solution

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

8.2 Radiation

(8.5)

(8.6)

(8.7)

(8.8)

(8.9)

(8.10)

(8.11)

(8.12)

(8.13)

Example 8.7

Problem

Solution

Example 8.8

Problem

Solution

8.3 Convection

(8.14)

FIGURE 8.3 Newton’s law of cooling.

(8.15)

Example 8.9

Problem

Solution

Example 8.10

Problem

Solution

8.4 Combined Convection and Radiation

(8.16)

(8.17)

(8.18)

(8.19)

(8.20)

Example 8.11

Problem

Solution

Example 8.12

Problem

Solution

Example 8.13

Problem

Solution

Example 8.14

Problem

Solution

Problems

Conduction

Radiation

Convection

Combined Convection and Radiation

Computer, Design, and General Problems

Back Matter

Appendix A: A-Series Tables (SI)

TABLE A.1 Critical Constants

TABLE A.2 Properties of Selected Ideal Gases at 25°C, 0.1 MPa (or Saturation Pressure If It Is < 0.1 MPa)

TABLE A.3 Ideal-Gas Properties of Air, Standard Entropy at 0.1 MPa

TABLE A.4 Ideal-Gas Properties of Nitrogen, Entropies at 0.1 MPa

TABLE A.5 Ideal-Gas Properties of Oxygen, Entropies at 0.1 MPa

TABLE A.6 Beattie-Bridgeman Constants

FIGURE A.1 Nelson-Obert generalized compressibility chart—low pressures (0 < Pr < 1.0). (From Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M., Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994. With permission.)

FIGURE A.2 Nelson-Obert generalized compressibility chart—intermediate pressures (0 < Pr < 7). (From Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M., Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994. With permission.)

FIGURE A.3 Nelson-Obert generalized compressibility chart—high pressures (0 < Pr < 40). (From Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M., Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994. With permission.)

Appendix B: B-Series Tables (SI)

Thermodynamic Properties of Water

TABLE B.1 Saturated Water

TABLE B.2 Saturated Water Pressure First Independent Variable

TABLE B.3 Superheated Water Vapor

TABLE B.4 Compressed Liquid Water

Appendix C: C-Series Tables (SI)

Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia

TABLE C.1 Saturated Ammonia

TABLE C.2 Superheated Ammonia Vapor

TABLE C.3 Compressed Liquid Ammonia

Appendix D: D-Series Tables (SI)

Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Dioxide

TABLE D.1 Saturated Carbon Dioxide

TABLE D.2 Superheated Carbon Dioxide Vapor

TABLE D.3 Compressed Liquid Carbon Dioxide

Appendix E: E-Series Tables (SI)

Thermodynamic Properties of R-12

TABLE E.1 Saturated R-12

Table E.2 Superheated R-12 Vapor

Table E.3 Compressed Liquid R-12

Appendix F: F-Series Tables (SI)

Thermodynamic Properties of R-134a

TABLE F.1 Saturated R-134a

TABLE F.2 Superheated R-134a Vapor

TABLE F.3 Compressed Liquid R-134A

Appendix G: AA-Series Tables (US)

TABLE AA.1 Critical Constants

TABLE AA.2 Properties of Selected Ideal Gases at 77°F, 14.504 lbf/in.2 (or Saturation Pressure If It Is <14.504lbf/in.2)

TABLE AA.3 Ideal-Gas Properties of Air, Standard Entropy at 14.504 lbf/in.2

TABLE AA.4 Ideal-Gas Properties of Nitrogen, Entropies at 14.504 lbf/in.2

TABLE AA.5 Ideal-Gas Properties of Oxygen, Entropies at 14.504 lbf/in.2

TABLE AA-6 Beattie-Bridgeman Constants

Appendix H: BB-Series Tables (US)

Thermodynamic Properties of Water

TABLE BB.1 Saturated Water

TABLE BB.2 Superheated Water Vapor

Table BB.3 Compressed Liquid Water

Appendix I: CC-Series Tables (US)

Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia

TABLE CC.1 Saturated Ammonia

TABLE CC.2 Superheated Ammonia Vapor

TABLE CC.3 Compressed Liquid Ammonia

Appendix J: DD-Series Tables (US)

Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Dioxide

TABLE DD.1 Saturated Carbon Dioxide

TABLE DD.2 Superheated Carbon Dioxide Vapor

TABLE DD.3 Compressed Liquid Carbon Dioxide

Appendix K: EE-Series Tables (US)

Thermodynamic Properties of R-12

TABLE EE.1 Saturated R-12

TABLE EE.2 Superheated R-12 Vapor

TABLE EE.3 Compressed Liquid R-12

Appendix L: FF-Series Tables (US)

Thermodynamic Properties of R-134a

TABLE FF.1 Saturated R-134a

TABLE FF.2 Superheated R-134a Vapor

TABLE FF.3 U.S. Compressed Liquid R-134a

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