The Routledge Handbook of Ideology and International Relations 1st edition by Leader Maynard Jonathan 9781000632385 9781000632385

1 Introduction: Ideology and the Study of World Politics

Introduction

Ideology and its Skeptics

Theorizing Ideology’s Influence

Streams of Ideology Research

Conclusion

Notes

Bibliography

Part 1 Ideologies, Nations, and the State

2 Ideology and Nation-States: Between Nationalism and Human Rights

Introduction

Ideological Transformations

The Delegitimisation of Alternatives

Reproducing Nationalism

Nationalism and the Ideological Doctrine of Human Rights

Institutionalisation of Human Rights at the World Polity Level

Conclusion

Notes

References

3 Ideologies and National Power

Domestic Political Regime Type and National Power

Dominant Democracies

The Autocratic Advantage

Dominant Democracies in the Empirical Record

Dominant Democracies Today

Conclusion

Notes

References

4 Authoritarian and Totalitarian Ideologies

Introduction1

The Illusion of Unideological Authoritarianism

The Need for Ideology in Authoritarian and Totalitarian States

Ideology as Political Resource

Ideology as Internalized Framework

Authoritarian and Totalitarian Ideologies Under Democracy

Conclusion: Ideology and the Authoritarian-Totalitarian Distinction

Notes

Bibliography

5 Ideology and National Security

Introduction

Ideology in the Study of National Security

Making Space for Ideology

Five Ways Ideology Matters for National Security

Diagnosing the National Interest

The Value of Diplomacy/Force

Identifying Threats

Alliance Choices

Domestic Priorities

Conclusion

Notes

Bibliography

Part 2 Ideologies, Conflict, and Peace

6 Extremist Islamic Ideology and Terrorism

Introduction

Ideology and Identity

Radicalization into Violent Islamic Extremism – Reconciling the Dichotomy

(Social) Psychological Conditions for Identity Receptivity to Extremism

Ideational and Religious Commitments

Conclusion

Notes

References

7 Leaders’ Ideology and Great Power Politics

What Are Ideologies and How Can We Measure Them?

How Leaders’ Ideologies Shape Their Foreign Policies

When Are Ideologies Most Likely to Shape Foreign Policies?

What Methods Are Most Effective in Judging Ideologies’ International Effects?

Conclusion

Notes

References

8 Ideology in Civil Wars

Introduction

Defining Ideology

Dimensions of Ideology

Ideology in Civil War Onset

Ideology in Civil War Dynamics

Legitimating Violence

Organizational Cohesion and Factional Fragmentation

Rebel Alliances and State Sponsorship

Ideology in Conflict Termination

Conclusion

Notes

References

9 IdeologIES and Revolutions

Definitions of Ideology and Revolutions

How Revolutions Affect International Politics

When Revolutions Affect International Politics

French Policy Toward Revolutions During the Ancien Regime and the Restoration

Conclusion

Notes

References

10 Ideology and Foreign Regime PromotionJohn M. Owen IV

Introduction

Ideologies and How They Work

Ideology and Foreign Regime Promotion

Three Facts about Ideology

Internal Security, External Security, or Both

How the Theory Explains Real Cases

External Security: The Soviets and Western Allies in Germany, 1945–4928

Internal Security: The Great Powers in Europe, 184931

External and Internal Security: England in Scotland, 1559–6037

Promoting a Different Regime: The United States in Latin America, Early Cold War

Conclusion

Notes

References

11 Ideological Conflict and Alliances of Convenience in International Politics1

What is an Alliance of Convenience?

A Typology of Defensive Alliances

A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Alliance Bargaining

The United States and Alliance Bargaining After World War II: A Paired Comparison

The U.S. Alliance of Convenience With Pakistan, 1981–88

The U.S. Special Relationship Alliance with the United Kingdom During the Korean War (1950–53)

Conclusion

Notes

References

Part 3 Ideologies and Transnational Issues

12 Ideological Religion in World Politics

Introduction

Ideology, Religion and the Problem of Reductivism

Defining Ideology and Religion

From Religion ‘as Ideology’, to Religion ‘Becoming Ideological’

Political Theology

Religious Ideologies

Religious Identitarianism

Ideological Religion in World Politics

Ideological Ambivalence and Religious Contexts

Violence and the Power of Ideological Religion

Contesting and Transforming World Orders

Conclusion

Notes

Bibliography

13 IDEOLOGY AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Characterizing Ideologies

Defining Human Rights

Human Rights as Mobilizing Ideology

Human Rights as Constraint on and Handmaiden to Power

Human Rights as Ideological Weapon

Ideological Conflict over Human Rights in International Institutions

Conclusion

Notes

References

14 Racial Ideologies in World Politics

Defining Racial Ideologies

The Effects of Racial Ideologies

IR Theory as a Racial Ideology?

The Rise of White Supremacist Ideologies

Ideological Challenges to White Supremacy: Pan-Asianism and Pan-Africanism

Conclusion: The Clash of Racial Ideologies in World Politics

Notes

References

15 Left and Right: The Significance of a Global Distinction

Introduction

The Ubiquitous and Enduring Left-Right Distinction

Contrasting Worldviews

Left and Right in Comparative Perspective

Left and Right in International Affairs

Foreign Policy

The Multilateral System

Transnational Actors

Conclusion

Notes

References

16 Ideology and Climate Change: A Complex Reflexive Systems Approach to Energy Transition Discourse Networks

Introduction

Making Sense of a Fragmented Field

Ideology and Climate Change

The Need for a New Approach

A Complex Reflexive Systems Approach to Ideology

Case Study: Ideological Conflict in Canada’s Energy Transition Discourse

Data and Methods

Ideological Discourse Networks in Canadian Parliamentary Hearings

Mapping Dominant Climate Ideologies

Limitations of the Study

Conclusion

Notes

Bibliography

Part 4 Ideologies, States, and Regions

17 Ideology and Indian Foreign Policy

Introduction

Party Ideology and Foreign Policy

The Case of India

Democracy, Secularism, Anti-Colonial Struggle: The Cornerstones of INC Party Ideology

Hindutva as the Cornerstones of BJP Party Ideology

Competing Party Ideologies and their Impact on Security and Foreign Trade

Security Policy

Free Trade

Conclusion

Notes

References

18 Ideology in Latin American Foreign Policies in the 21st Century1

Introduction

Ideology, Pragmatism and Foreign Policy: Concepts and Definitions

Ends and Purposes

The Available Means

Agency and the Human Factor

The Foreign Policy Process

The Historical and Political Context

Conclusion

Notes

Bibliography

19 Identity and Ideology in Middle Eastern International Relations

Ideologies as Power Resources in the Middle East: Scope Conditions

Ideological Polarization as a System Attribute

Conclusion

Notes

References

20 Ideology and Chinese Foreign Policy

Introduction

Ideology and Foreign Policy

Evolving Ideologies, Evolving Foreign Policies

Ideology in Xi’s China

Ideological Alternative?

Ideological Opportunism

Ideological Defense

Foreign Policy in Xi’s China

Conclusion

Notes

References

21 Ideology and African Politics

Introduction

Ideology as Irrelevant to African Politics

The ‘Failure’ of Ideology

Ideology, Nationalism, and Development

Ideology in Disguise in African Politics

Ideology in African Politics Today

Conclusion

Notes

Bibliography

22 The Role of Ideology in Russian Foreign Policy

Introduction

The Soviet Legacy

Russia as a Post-Ideological Power

Ideological Debates in Post-Soviet Russia

The Ideology of Putinism

History

Political Order

State

Sovereignty

Geopolitical Space

Traditional Values

Conclusion

Notes

References

23 Ideologies and U.S. Foreign Policy

Ideologies as Foreign Policy Schools of Thought

Ideas as “Republican” Not “Social” Constructivism

Ideas as Independent Causes

How Much Do Ideologies Matter?

Conclusion

Notes

References

24 Ideology and United States Grand Strategy

Ideology, Master Narratives and Grand Strategy

Narratives, Deep Engagement, and Offshore Balancing in Historical Perspective

Implications

Notes

References

25 Ideology, Europe, and the European Union

Introduction

Ideology in the History of European Politics

The Post-National and the Pursuit of the Post-Ideological

Contesting the EU Settlement

Conclusion

Notes

References

26 Ideology and Foreign Policy on the Korean Peninsula

Ideology and Foreign Policy

Ideology and Division of the Korean Peninsula

Ideological Division between North and South Korea

The Domestic Politics of South Korean Foreign Policy and Inter-Korea Relations

Ideology and Inter-Korea Policy

Progressives and Inter-Korea Peace and Reconciliation (1998–2008)

Conditional Engagement, Reciprocity, and Trust Under Conservatives (2008–2017)

Ideology, Preferences, and Moon Jae-in’s Inter-Korea Policy