The Dental Reference Manual A Daily Guide for Students and Practitioners 1st edition by Geraldine Weinstein,Mitchell Zientz 3319397303 9783319397306

Part I: Essentials of Dental Practice

1: Comprehensive Head and Neck Exam

1.1 The Interview of the Patient Is Critical to Identify High Risk Factors

1.2 Extraoral Exam

1.3 Intraoral Exam

1.4 How to Record Findings

References

2: Dental Radiology

2.1 Radiation Safety and Protection

2.2 Normal Radiographic Anatomy (Fig. 2.1)

2.3 Radiographic Interpretation (Fig. 2.2)

2.4 Advanced Imaging

References

3: Caries Risk Assessment, Remineralizing, and Desensitizing Strategies in Preventive-Restorative D

3.1 Caries Risk Assessment

3.2 Current Therapeutics Available on the Market to Remineralize Active White Spot Lesions

3.2.1 Fluoride Varnish

3.2.2 NovaMin

3.2.3 Resin Infiltrants

3.2.4 Silver Diamine Fluoride

3.2.4.1 Procedure for Application of Silver Diamine Fluoride (Fig. 3.4):

3.3 Desensitizing Agents

3.3.1 Management of Dentin Hypersensitivity with Desensitizers

References

4: Local Anesthesia Challenges

4.1 Difficult Anesthesia

4.2 Techniques for Delivery of Anesthesia

4.3 Pearls for Success

References

5: Modern Day Treatment Planning Dilemmas; Natural Tooth Versus Implants

5.1 Restorative Choices Between an Endodontically Treated Tooth (RCT) Versus Single Tooth Implan

5.1.1 Introduction

5.1.2 Treatment Outcomes for the Compromised Tooth

5.2 Survival Versus Success

5.3 Outcomes Assessment and Prognosis

5.3.1 Systemic Factors

5.3.2 Site-Specific Factors

5.3.3 Local Factors

5.3.4 Ethical Factors

5.3.5 Patient-Related Factors

5.4 Biologic Width and Ferrule-Crown Margins and Crown Lengthening Considerations

5.5 Concluding Remarks

References

6: Restorative Considerations for Endodontically Treated Teeth

6.1 Endodontically Treated Teeth: To Post or Not to Post?

6.1.1 The Need for Cuspal Protection

6.1.2 Rationale for Using Posts to Restore Anterior Teeth

6.1.3 Quantifying Tooth Loss

6.1.4 Ferrule

6.1.5 Biologic Width and Crown Lengthening

6.1.6 Restorative Problems Associated with Premolars

6.1.7 Fiber-Reinforced Posts

6.1.8 Ceramic Posts

6.2 Factors Affecting Post Retention

6.3 Role of the Tooth in Survivability of the Restoration

6.4 Post Cementation

References

7: Fixed Restorative Materials

7.1 Clinical Basis for Selection of Restorative Material (All Ceramic, Zirconia, PFM, All Gold)

7.2 Types of Materials Available for Fabrication of Fixed Restorations

7.2.1 Noble Alloys

7.2.2 All-Ceramics Restorations

7.2.3 Other Metal

7.3 Design Guidelines for the Restoration

7.3.1 Laboratory Techniques (Our Special Acknowledgment to Mr. Lee Culp for Assisting Us in Writ

7.3.2 Tooth Preparation Guidelines

7.3.2.1 Veneer Preparations (Table 7.2)

7.4 Cements

7.4.1 Temporary Cements

7.4.2 Permanent Cements (Deghan 2014)

References

8: Removable Partial Dentures (RPD) Treatment: A Clinical Guide

8.1 Classification of Removable Partial Dentures (RPD)

8.1.1 Class I (Fig. 8.1)

8.1.2 Class II (Fig. 8.2)

8.1.3 Class III (Fig. 8.3)

8.1.4 Class IV (Fig. 8.4)

8.1.5 Applegate Rules

8.2 Fundamentals of RPD Design Considerations

8.3 RPD Fabrication Steps

8.3.1 Visit 1: Preliminary Impressions, Diagnostic Casts, and RPD Design

8.3.2 Visit 2: Mouth Preparations and Final Impression

8.3.3 Visit 2A: Mouth Preparations

8.3.4 Visit 2B: Final Impression

8.3.5 Visit 3: Framework Try-In and Records

8.3.6 Visit 4: Teeth Try-In

8.3.7 Visit 5: Delivery

8.3.8 Visit 6: 24-h Check

References

9: Introduction to Occlusion

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Occlusal Scheme and Clinical Implications

9.2.1 Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

9.2.2 Masticatory Muscles

9.2.3 Centric Relation (CR)

9.2.4 Vertical Dimension at Rest

9.2.5 Interocclusal Rest Space (IORS)

9.2.6 Protrusion

9.2.7 Incisal Guidance

9.2.8 Lateral Movement

9.2.9 Vertical Dimension of Occlusion (VDO)

9.3 Types of Occlusion

9.4 Diagnosis of Occlusal Disorder

9.4.1 What Is “Perfected Occlusion”?

9.4.2 Diagnosis: How to Determine if Occlusal Disorder Exists

9.5 Treatment of Occlusal Disorder

9.5.1 What Is an Anterior Deprogrammer?

9.5.2 Occlusal Guard

9.6 Preventing Iatrogenic Occlusal Problems

9.6.1 What Are the Results of a High Restoration?

9.6.2 When Restoring Teeth

9.6.3 Five Requirements for Occlusal Stability (Dawson 2007):

References

10: Indirect Restorations with CAD/CAM Technology

10.1 Material Selection

10.2 Tooth Preparation Guidelines for CAD/CAM Technology

10.2.1 Pearls for Tooth Preparation for All-Ceramic Restorations

10.2.2 A Few Pointers on Milled Restorations

10.3 The CAD/CAM Workflow

10.3.1 Scanning

10.3.2 Design and Milling

10.3.3 Glazing the Porcelain and Crystallizing

10.3.4 Bonding of CAD/CAM Restoration

10.4 Creative Restorations with CAD/CAM

References

11: Digital Impressions

11.1 Intraoral Scanners

11.1.1 Capabilities of Intraoral Scanners

11.1.1.1 Advantages

11.1.1.2 Disadvantages

11.2 Proper Technique for Imaging

11.3 Applications

References

Part II: The Specialties in General Dentistry

12: Endodontics for the General Practitioner

12.1 Sequela for Diagnosis

12.2 Arriving at the Diagnosis

12.3 Endodontic Emergencies

12.3.1 Treatment Considerations

12.4 Endodontic Pearls

12.5 When to Refer (Endodontic Case Difficulty Assessment)

References

13: Periodontics for the General Dental Practitioner

13.1 Epidemiology: Prevalence of Periodontitis

13.2 Classification

13.2.1 Chronic Periodontitis

13.2.2 Aggressive Periodontitis (Lang et al. 1999)

13.2.2.1 Localized Aggressive (LAP)

13.2.2.2 Generalized Aggressive (GAP)

13.3 Patient Assessment

13.4 Risk Factors

13.4.1 Plaque Deposits/Specific Pathogenic Bacteria

13.4.2 Tobacco Smoking

13.4.2.1 Potential Mechanisms to Mediate Effect on Periodontium

13.4.3 Diabetes

13.4.3.1 Potential Mechanisms to Mediate Effect on Periodontium (Mealey and Oates 2006)

13.5 Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy

13.5.1 Goals

13.5.2 Components

13.5.3 Basic Principles

13.5.4 Expectation Setting for Your Patient

13.5.4.1 Calculus Detection

13.5.5 How Do I Know If What I’m Feeling Is Calculus?

13.5.6 What Else Could It Be?

13.5.6.1 Effectiveness of Calculus Removal (Table 13.5)

13.5.6.2 Nonsurgical Therapy: Expected Results

13.5.6.3 Nonsurgical Instrumentation

13.6 Hand Instrumentation (Table 13.7)

13.6.1 Working with Gracey Curettes (Table 13.8)

13.6.2 Hand Instrument Adaptations

13.6.3 Guidelines for Sharpening of Hand Instruments

13.7 Ultrasonic Instrumentation (Table 13.10)

13.7.1 Use

13.8 Re-evaluation: Key Decisions (Segelnick and Weinberg 2006)

13.8.1 Questions to Ask at Re-evaluation

13.8.2 Decision-Making at Re-evaluation

13.9 Periodontal Maintenance

13.9.1 Components of Periodontal Maintenance Visit

13.10 Surgical Periodontal Treatment Considerations

13.11 Periodontal Emergencies

13.11.1 Periodontal-Endodontic Lesions

13.11.1.1 Clinical Findings

13.11.1.2 Treatment

13.11.2 Gingival Enlargement

13.11.2.1 Clinical Findings

13.11.2.2 Predisposing Factors

13.11.2.3 Associated Drugs

13.11.2.4 Treatment

13.11.3 Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG)

13.11.3.1 Clinical Findings

13.11.3.2 Treatment (Table 13.11)

13.11.4 Periodontal Abscess

13.11.4.1 Clinical Findings (Herrera et al. 2014)

13.11.4.2 Predisposing Factors

13.11.4.3 Treatment Options (Fig. 13.8)

13.12 Periodontal Dilemmas

13.12.1 Gingivitis or Periodontitis?

13.12.2 Treat or Maintain?

13.12.3 Antibiotics or Not?

13.13 Appendix: Oral Hygiene and Smoking Cessation

13.13.1 Oral Hygiene and Prevention

13.13.2 Smoking Cessation: The 5 As

13.13.2.1 Ask

13.13.2.2 Advice

13.13.2.3 Assess

13.13.2.4 Assist

13.13.2.5 Arrange

References

14: Common Lesions in Oral Pathology for the General Dentist

14.1 Introduction

14.2 White Soft Tissue Lesions

14.2.1 Leukoplakia

14.2.1.1 Synonyms

14.2.1.2 Introduction

14.2.1.3 Demographics

14.2.1.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.1a–d)

14.2.1.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.2.1.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.2.2 Lichen Planus (LP)

14.2.2.1 Synonyms

14.2.2.2 Introduction

14.2.2.3 Demographics

14.2.2.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.2a–e)

14.2.2.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.2.2.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.2.3 Leukoedema

14.2.3.1 Introduction

14.2.3.2 Demographics

14.2.3.3 Appearance (Fig. 14.3)

14.2.3.4 Clinical Differences Diagnosis

14.2.3.5 Treatment and Prognosis

14.2.4 Cheek/Tongue Chewing

14.2.4.1 Synonyms

14.2.4.2 Introduction

14.2.4.3 Demographics

14.2.4.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.4a, b)

14.2.4.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.2.4.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.2.5 Candidiasis (See Candidiasis in Red Lesions)

14.3 Red Soft Tissue Lesions

14.3.1 Geographic Tongue

14.3.1.1 Synonyms

14.3.1.2 Introduction

14.3.1.3 Demographics

14.3.1.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.5a, b)

14.3.1.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.3.1.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.3.2 Desquamative Gingivitis

14.3.2.1 Synonyms

14.3.2.2 Introduction

14.3.2.3 Demographics

14.3.2.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.6a, b)

14.3.2.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.3.2.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.3.3 Candidiasis

14.3.3.1 Synonyms

14.3.3.2 Introduction

14.3.3.3 Demographics

14.3.3.4 Appearance (Fig.14.7a–e)

14.3.3.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.3.3.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.3.4 Erythroplakia

14.3.4.1 Synonyms

14.3.4.2 Introduction

14.3.4.3 Demographics

14.3.4.4 Appearance (Fig.14.8a, b)

14.3.4.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.3.4.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.4 Ulcers in the Soft Tissue

14.4.1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma

14.4.1.1 Synonyms

14.4.1.2 Introduction

14.4.1.3 Demographics

14.4.1.4 Appearance (Figs. 14.9a–e and 14.10)

14.4.1.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.4.1.6 Radiographic Features

14.4.1.7 Treatment and Prognosis

14.4.2 Aphthous Stomatitis

14.4.2.1 Synonyms

14.4.2.2 Introduction

14.4.2.3 Demographics

14.4.2.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.11a–d)

14.4.2.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.4.2.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.4.3 Oral Herpetic Stomatitis

14.4.3.1 Synonyms

14.4.3.2 Introduction

14.4.3.3 Demographics

14.4.3.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.12a–e)

14.4.3.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.4.3.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.4.4 Traumatic Ulcers

14.4.4.1 Synonyms

14.4.4.2 Introduction

14.4.4.3 Demographics

14.4.4.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.13a–e)

14.4.4.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.4.4.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.5 Raised Soft Tissue Lesions (Bumps)

14.5.1 Pyogenic Granuloma

14.5.1.1 Synonyms

14.5.1.2 Introduction

14.5.1.3 Demographics

14.5.1.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.14a–c)

14.5.1.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.5.1.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.5.2 Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma

14.5.2.1 Synonyms

14.5.2.2 Introduction

14.5.2.3 Demographics

14.5.2.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.15a, b)

14.5.2.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.5.2.6 Radiographic Features

14.5.2.7 Treatment

14.5.3 Fibroma

14.5.3.1 Synonyms

14.5.3.2 Introduction

14.5.3.3 Demographics

14.5.3.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.16a–d)

14.5.3.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.5.3.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.5.4 Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma

14.5.4.1 Synonyms

14.5.4.2 Introduction

14.5.4.3 Demographics

14.5.4.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.17a–c)

14.5.4.5 Radiographic Features

14.5.4.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.5.5 Mucocele

14.5.5.1 Synonyms

14.5.5.2 Introduction

14.5.5.3 Demographics

14.5.5.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.18a–d)

14.5.5.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.5.5.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.5.6 Papilloma

14.5.6.1 Synonyms

14.5.6.2 Introduction

14.5.6.3 Demographics

14.5.6.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.19a–d)

14.5.6.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.5.6.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.5.7 Lymphoepithelial Cyst

14.5.7.1 Synonyms

14.5.7.2 Introduction

14.5.7.3 Demographics

14.5.7.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.20a–c)

14.5.7.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.5.7.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.6 Pigmented Soft Tissue Lesions

14.6.1 Varicosity

14.6.1.1 Synonyms

14.6.1.2 Introduction

14.6.1.3 Demographics

14.6.1.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.21a–c)

14.6.1.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.6.1.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.6.2 Amalgam Tattoo

14.6.2.1 Synonyms

14.6.2.2 Introduction

14.6.2.3 Demographics

14.6.2.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.22a–d)

14.6.2.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.6.2.6 Radiographic Features

14.6.2.7 Treatment and Prognosis

14.6.3 Oral Melanotic Macule

14.6.3.1 Synonyms

14.6.3.2 Introduction

14.6.3.3 Demographics

14.6.3.4 Appearance (Fig. 14.23a–d)

14.6.3.5 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

14.6.3.6 Treatment and Prognosis

14.7 Radiolucent Lesions of the Oral Cavity

14.7.1 Periapical Granuloma/Abscess

14.7.1.1 Synonyms

14.7.1.2 Introduction

14.7.1.3 Demographics

14.7.1.4 Appearance

14.7.1.5 Clinical/Radiographic Differential

14.7.1.6 Radiographic Features: (Fig. 14.24a, b)

14.7.1.7 Treatment and Prognosis

14.7.2 Periapical Cyst

14.7.2.1 Synonyms

14.7.2.2 Introduction

14.7.2.3 Demographics

14.7.2.4 Appearance

14.7.2.5 Clinical/Radiographic Differential

14.7.2.6 Radiographic Features: (Fig. 14.25a, b)

14.7.2.7 Treatment and Prognosis

14.7.3 Dentigerous Cyst

14.7.3.1 Synonyms

14.7.3.2 Introduction

14.7.3.3 Demographics

14.7.3.4 Appearance

14.7.3.5 Clinical/Radiographic Differential

14.7.3.6 Radiographic Features: (Fig. 14.26a, b)

14.7.3.7 Treatment and Prognosis

14.7.4 Odontogenic Keratocyst

14.7.4.1 Synonyms

14.7.4.2 Introduction

14.7.4.3 Demographics

14.7.4.4 Appearance

14.7.4.5 Clinical/Radiographic Differential

14.7.4.6 Radiographic Features: (Fig. 14.27a, b)

14.7.4.7 Treatment and Prognosis

14.7.5 Lateral Periodontal Cyst (LPC)

14.7.5.1 Synonyms

14.7.5.2 Introduction

14.7.5.3 Demographics

14.7.5.4 Appearance

14.7.5.5 Clinical/Radiographic Differential

14.7.5.6 Radiographic Features: (Fig. 14.28a, b)

14.7.5.7 Treatment and Prognosis

14.7.6 Ameloblastoma

14.7.6.1 Synonyms

14.7.6.2 Introduction

14.7.6.3 Demographics

14.7.6.4 Appearance

14.7.6.5 Clinical/Radiographic Differential

14.7.6.6 Radiographic Features: (Fig. 14.29a, b)

14.7.6.7 Treatment and Prognosis

14.7.7 Simple Bone Cyst

14.7.7.1 Synonyms

14.7.7.2 Introduction

14.7.7.3 Demographics

14.7.7.4 Appearance

14.7.7.5 Clinical/Radiographic Differential

14.7.7.6 Radiographic Features: (Fig. 14.30a, b)

14.7.7.7 Treatment and Prognosis

14.7.8 Nasopalatine Duct Cyst

14.7.8.1 Synonyms

14.7.8.2 Introduction

14.7.8.3 Demographics

14.7.8.4 Appearance

14.7.8.5 Clinical/Radiographic Differential

14.7.8.6 Radiographic Features: (Fig. 14.31a, b)

14.7.8.7 Treatment and Prognosis

14.8 Radiopaque Lesions

14.8.1 Odontoma

14.8.1.1 Synonyms

14.8.1.2 Introduction

14.8.1.3 Demographics

14.8.1.4 Appearance

14.8.1.5 Clinical/Radiographic Differential Diagnosis

14.8.1.6 Radiographic Features: (Fig. 14.32a, b)

14.8.1.7 Treatment and Prognosis

14.8.2 Cemento-Osseous Dysplasias

14.8.2.1 Synonyms

14.8.2.2 Introduction

14.8.2.3 Demographics

14.8.2.4 Appearance

14.8.2.5 Clinical/Radiographic Differential Diagnosis

14.8.2.6 Radiographic Features: (Fig. 14.33a–c)

14.8.2.7 Treatment and Prognosis

14.8.3 Idiopathic Osteosclerosis

14.8.3.1 Synonyms

14.8.3.2 Introduction

14.8.3.3 Demographics

14.8.3.4 Appearance

14.8.3.5 Clinical/Radiographic Differential Diagnosis

14.8.3.6 Radiographic Features: (Fig. 14.34a, b)

14.8.3.7 Treatment and Prognosis

14.8.4 Condensing Osteitis

14.8.4.1 Synonyms

14.8.4.2 Introduction

14.8.4.3 Demographics

14.8.4.4 Appearance

14.8.4.5 Clinical/Radiographic Differential Diagnosis

14.8.4.6 Radiographic Features

14.8.4.7 Treatment and Prognosis

References

White Soft Tissue Lesions

Lichen Planus (LP)

Leukoedema

Cheek/Tongue Chewing

Geographic Tongue

Desquamative Gingivitis

Candidiasis

Erythroplakia

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Apthous Stomatitis

Oral Herpetic Stomatitis

Traumatic Ulcers

Pyogenic Granuloma

Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma

Fibroma

Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma

Mucocele

Papilloma

Lymphoepithelial Cyst

Varicosity

Amalgam Tattoo

Oral Melanotic Macule

Periapical Granuloma/Abscess

Periapical Cyst

Dentigerous Cyst

Odontogenic Keratocyst

Lateral Periodontal Cyst (LPC)

Ameloblastoma

Simple Bone Cyst

Nasopalatine Duct Cyst

Odontoma

Cemento-Osseous Dysplasias

Idiopathic Osteosclerosis

Condensing Osteitis

15: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

15.1 Exodontia

15.1.1 Diagnosis and Treatment Planning

15.1.2 Armamentarium

15.1.3 Simple Exodontia

15.1.4 Bone and Site Preservation

15.1.5 Complex Exodontia

15.1.6 Debridement and Closure

15.1.7 Medications

15.1.8 Informed Consent

15.1.9 Complications

15.1.10 Indications for Referral to Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

15.2 Pre-prosthetic Surgery

15.2.1 Alveoloplasty

15.2.2 Labial Frenectomy

15.2.3 Lingual Frenectomy

15.2.4 Tori Removal

15.2.5 Complications

15.3 Management of Infections

15.3.1 Diagnosis and Treatment Planning

15.3.2 Antibiotics

15.3.3 Incision and Drainage

15.3.4 Indications for Referral to Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery or to Emergency Department

15.4 Oral Pathology

15.4.1 Indications to Biopsy

15.4.2 Biopsy Procedure

15.4.3 Indications for Referral to Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

References

Suggested Reading

16: Pediatric Dentistry for the General Practitioners

16.1 Tooth Development and Eruption

16.2 Behavioral Management Consideration

16.2.1 First Meeting with the Dentist

16.2.2 Types of Children (Casamassimo et al. 2013)

16.2.3 Kids’ Language

16.2.4 Tell-Show-Do

16.2.5 Desensitization

16.2.6 Positive Reinforcement

16.2.7 Distraction

16.2.8 Modeling

16.2.9 Voice Control

16.2.10 Parental Presence or Absence

16.3 Pharmacologic Considerations

16.3.1 Fluoride

16.3.1.1 Topical Fluoride

16.3.2 Local Analgesics

16.3.3 Postoperative Pain Control in Pediatric Patients

16.3.4 Common Antibiotics for Odontogenic Infection in Children

16.3.5 Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas)

16.3.5.1 Contraindications

16.3.5.2 Nitrous Oxide Dosage (AAPD 2013)

16.3.5.3 Delivery Protocol (AAPD 2013)

16.3.5.4 Clinical Tips (Rappaport et al. 2011)

16.4 Treatment Considerations

16.4.1 Medical History: The Exam and Caries Risk Assessment

16.4.2 Sealants

16.4.3 Restorations Consideration in Primary Teeth (Casamassimo et al. 2013)

16.4.3.1 Composite Restorations

16.4.3.2 Amalgam Restorations

16.4.4 Pulp Therapies (Table 16.8)

16.4.5 Stainless Steel Crowns (SSCs)

16.4.5.1 Indications for SSC (Casamassimo et al. 2013):

16.5 Pediatric Emergencies

16.5.1 Assess the Emergency

16.6 Pediatric Pearls

16.7 Miscellaneous Pediatric/Orthodontic Considerations

16.7.1 Common Space Maintainers

16.7.2 Common Orthodontic Appliances

16.7.3 Extraction Under Orthodontic Guidance

16.7.4 Phase I Orthodontic Treatment

16.7.5 Full Orthodontic Treatment (Proffit et al. 2012)

16.7.6 Orthodontic Myths Among General Dentists (Proffit et al. 2012)

16.8 When to Refer to a Pediatric Dentist

References

17: Orthodontics

17.1 Diagnosis

17.1.1 Medical and Dental History

17.1.2 Orthodontic Evaluation and Records

17.1.2.1 Clinical Exam

17.1.2.2 Study Models

17.1.2.3 Photographs

17.1.2.4 Radiographs

17.1.3 Creating the Orthodontic Problem List and Objectives

17.1.3.1 Ideal Soft Tissue, Skeletal, and Occlusal Features

17.1.3.2 Developing the Problem List

17.2 Orthodontic Treatment in the Primary and Mixed Dentition

17.2.1 Timing and Goals of Treatment

17.2.2 Indications for Early Orthodontic Referral and Treatment

17.2.2.1 Severe Overjet

17.2.2.2 Deep Impinging Bite

17.2.2.3 Posterior Crossbites

17.2.2.4 Anterior Crossbites

17.2.2.5 Parafunctional Habits

17.2.2.6 Severe Crowding

17.2.2.7 Ectopic Eruption

17.2.2.8 Delayed Eruption and Impacted Teeth

17.2.2.9 Psychological Factors

17.2.2.10 Growth Discrepancies

17.2.2.11 Space Maintenance and Maintainers

17.3 Orthodontics for Restorative Treatment

17.4 Invisalign® for the General Dentist

References

18: Implants for the General Practitioner

18.1 Implants and Osseointegration

18.2 Diagnosis and Treatment Planning

18.2.1 Medical Risk Assessment (Gomez-de Diego et al. 2014; Hwang and Wang 2006, 2007)

18.2.1.1 Absolute Contraindications

18.2.1.2 Relative Contraindications

18.2.1.3 Other Considerations

18.2.2 Articulated Diagnostic Casts

18.2.3 Full-Mouth Radiographs and Panorex

18.2.4 Preoperative Photographs

18.2.5 Diagnostic Wax-Up

18.2.6 CT Scan if Indicated and/or Available

18.2.7 Periodontal Status of the Patient

18.2.8 Patient Expectations

18.3 Planning a Single-Tooth Implant in the Posterior

18.3.1 Guided Surgery

18.3.1.1 CT- or Lab-Fabricated Guide (Guerrero et al. 2006)

18.3.1.2 In-Office Guide Design

18.3.2 Ridge Preservation

18.3.3 Cementation Versus Screw-In

18.4 Implant Mandibular Overdenture

18.5 Peri-implantitis

18.5.1 Symptoms of Peri-implantitis (AAP 2013)

18.5.2 Peri-implantitis Treatment (Nguyen-Hieu et al. 2012)

References

Part III: References for Everyday Practice

19: The Examination, Differential Diagnosis, and Management of Toothache Pain

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Other Sources of Perceived Toothache Pain

19.3 Myofascial Pain in the Head and Neck

19.3.1 Degenerative Joint Disease (and Arthralgia) of the Temporomandibular Joint

19.3.2 Rhinosinusitis

19.3.3 Sialadenitis of the Submandibular Gland

19.3.4 Ischemic Heart Disease

19.3.5 Neuropathic Pain

19.3.5.1 Trigeminal Neuralgia

19.4 Nonodontogenic Sources of Pain

19.4.1 Nonodontogenic Toothache or Persistent Dentoalveolar Pain (Previously Atypical Odontalgia)

19.4.2 Phantom Tooth Pain

19.5 Other Considerations

References

Books and Chapters

20: Communicating with Dental Laboratories

20.1 The Architect-Builder Relationship

20.2 The Restorative Process

20.2.1 Step 1: Diagnostic Wax-Up

20.2.2 Step 2: Preparation and Impressions

20.2.3 Step 3: Occlusal Records

20.2.4 Step 4: Creating the Blueprint

Considerations for Selection of Articulators

20.3 The Digital Future

References

21: Navigating Evidence-Based Dentistry

21.1 How to Assess the Validity of Research and Make Informed Decisions

21.2 Learning How to Use Databases and Literature to Find Evidence

21.3 Sources of Information

21.3.1 Organizations

21.3.2 Journals

21.3.3 Databases

21.3.4 Critical Appraisal Tools

21.3.5 Other Resources

References

22: Common Dental Prescriptions

22.1 Anatomy of a Prescription

22.2 Antibiotics Indications

22.2.1 Precautions for All Antibiotics

22.2.1.1 Guidelines for Antibiotic Prophylaxis

22.2.1.2 Antibiotics for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

22.2.1.3 Antibiotics for Periodontal Disease

22.2.1.4 Antibiotics for Dental Implants

22.3 Prescriptions

22.3.1 Antifungals

22.3.2 Antivirals (for Oral Herpes Simplex)

22.3.3 Anxiolytics

22.3.4 Fluoride Considerations

22.3.5 Other Considerations

22.4 Pain Management

22.4.1 Examples of Pain Rxs

Reference

Further Reading

23: Medical Considerations and Emergency Protocols

23.1 Emergency Action Plan for the Office

23.1.1 Designation of Responsibility

23.1.2 Adult Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) (AHA 2015)

23.1.3 Child and Infant CPR (Infant to Puberty)

23.2 What Should Be in Every Office’s Emergency Kit? (Fig. 23.3)

23.3 What to Ask for in a Medical Consult

23.3.1 Surgical Risk Assessment

23.4 Most Common Medical Conditions and the Necessary Precautions

References

Part IV: Pathways of a Dental Career

24: Private Practice

24.1 Defining a Dental Associate

24.1.1 Two Types of Associate Classification

24.2 Seeking Out Associateships

24.2.1 Where to Find Associate Opportunities

24.3 Expectations of Associateships

24.4 Reviewing Contracts for Associateships

24.5 Recommendations for Successful Associateships: Pearls for Private Practice

References

25: The President’s Dentist

26: On Building a Dental School

26.1 Choosing Dentistry

26.2 Entry into Full-Time Academia

26.3 Time of Transition

26.4 Early History of the East Carolina University School of Dental Medicine

26.5 The ECU Model

26.6 Curriculum Development

26.7 Joining the ECU School of Dental Medicine

26.8 Recruiting and Admitting the Inaugural Class

26.9 Accreditation

26.10 The Inaugural Class

26.11 Simultaneous Construction, Accreditation, Ribbon Cuttings, and Ongoing Dental School Operati

26.12 CSLC Rotations, CODA, and Our First Graduation

26.13 Inaugural Class Graduation

26.14 Continuing Our Mission

27: In Pursuit of Dentistry from Zimbabwe!