Textbook of Interventional Cardiology 8th Edition by Eric Topol, Paul Teirstein ISBN 9780323568135 0323568130

SECTION I. Patient Selection

1. Individualized Assessment for Percutaneous or Surgical-Based Revascularization

Need for Individualized Patient Assessment

Technologic Advances

Historic (Pre-Syntax) Clinical Trial Results

Individual Assessment from A Physician’s Perspective

SYNTAX-Based Clinical Tools

Individual Assessment from a Patient’s Perspective

Conclusions

2. Evidence-Based Interventional Practice

Overview

Prognostic Indications for Myocardial Revascularization

Prognostic Indication for Revascularization: Percutanous Coronary Intervention Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Medical Therapy Alone

Summary

3. Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis in Diabetes

Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes

Myocardial Ischemia Detection in Diabetic Patients

Revascularization Versus Medical Management

Diabetes and Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes

Early Invasive Versus Conservative Strategy

Diabetes and ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Glucose-Lowering Therapy in the Acute Phase of Acute Coronary Syndromes

Aspirin and Clopidogrel

Prasugrel and Ticagrelor

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonists and Anticoagulants

Long-Term Diabetes Management

Multifactorial Intervention

4. Noninvasive Evaluation: Functional Testing, Multidetector Computed Tomography, and Stress Cardiac MRI

Stress Testing

Contrast Perfusion Imaging

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Myocardial Viability Assessment

Hybrid Imaging

Appropriate Use Criteria

Radiation Exposure Relative Health Risks

Conclusions

5. Intracoronary Pressure and Flow Measurements

Fundamental Concepts of Coronary Blood Flow

Methodology of Coronary Pressure Measurement

Clinical Outcomes with Fractional Flow Reserve–Guided Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Conclusion

6. Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and the Role of Chronic Kidney Disease in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Introduction

Definition of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Pathophysiology

Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Predicting the Risk of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Prognosis of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Chronic Kidney Disease

Prevention Strategies to Minimize the Risk of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Population

Critical View and Future Demands

7. Radiation Safety During Cardiovascular Procedures

Introduction

Radiation Risk

Radiation Management

Fluoroscopic Imaging Equipment

Patient Radiation Dose Management

Staff Radiation Protection

8. Coronary and Valvular Intervention Prior to Noncardiac Surgery

Introduction

Perioperative Myocardial Infarction

Indications for Preoperative Coronary Angiography

Pharmacologic Therapy for Noncardiac Surgery

Preoperative Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Unanticipated Surgery After Stenting

Summary and Recommendations

Investigational Strategies

Novel Drug-Eluting Stent Platforms

9. Sex and Ethnicity Issues in Interventional Cardiology

Overview

Sex

Vascular Complications

Sex Differences in Adjunctive Pharmacotherapy

Sex Differences in Structural Interventional Procedures

Sex Differences in Peripheral Interventional Procedures

Race and Ethnicity

Conclusion

SECTION II. Pharmacologic Intervention

10. Platelet Inhibitor Agents

Basic principles of antiplatelet therapy

Aspirin

P2Y12 Inhibitors

Conclusion

11. Anticoagulation in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Introduction

The Biology of Atherothrombosis

Adverse Events Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Pharmacology of Anticoagulant Agents Used in Current ERA Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

New Pharmacologic Targets

Anticoagulant Therapy in STEMI, NSTEACS, and Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Summary

Special Patient Groups

Conclusion

12. Thrombolytic Intervention

Introduction

Thrombolytic Agents

Major Historical Comparative Thrombolytic Trials

Timing of Thrombolytic Therapy

Adjunctive Therapies

Facilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Pharmacoinvasive Strategy

International Perspective

Summary

13. Other Adjunctive Drugs for Coronary Intervention: Beta-Blockers, Calcium-Channel Blockers, and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Introduction

β-Adrenergic Receptors

Calcium Channels

Conclusion

SECTION III. Coronary Intervention

14. Coronary Stenting: Practical Considerations, Equipment Selection, Tips and Caveats

Introduction

Access Site Selection

Guide Catheter Selection

Guide Extensions

Coronary Guidewire Selection

Coronary Microcatheters and Over the Wire Balloons

Stent Selection

Facilitated Stent Delivery

Coronary Atherectomy

Contrast and Radiation Sparing

Management of Complications

Conclusion

15. Coronary Stenting

introduction

Bare-Metal Stent Overview

Drug-Eluting Stents Overview

Safety and Efficacy of Drug-Eluting Stents and Bare-Metal Stents: Synthesizing the Data Through Meta-Analyses

Polymer-Free Drug-Eluting Stents

Stents in Specific Situations

Stent Failure Mechanisms and Management

Conclusions and Future Directions

16. Bioresorbable Coronary Scaffolds

Introduction

Terminology: Stents, Scaffolds, Biodegradation, Bioabsorption and Bioresorption

Rationale and Promises of Bioresorbable Scaffold

Historic Development

Materials and Properties

Current Landscape of Clinically Tested Bioresorbable Scaffold

From Initial Trials and Promises to Current Status and Future Outlook

17. Drug-Eluting Balloons

Introduction

Preclinical Data

Clinical Data on Drug-Coated Balloons

The Future of Drug-Coated-Balloon Technology

Summary

18. Elective Intervention for Stable Angina or Silent Ischemia

Introduction

Revascularization in Patients With Chronic Stable Angina

Selection of Revascularization Strategy

Summary

19. Intervention for Non–ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes

Overview

Risk Stratification

Approach to Revascularization

Adjunctive Antithrombotic Therapies in NSTE-ACS

Radial VERSUS Femoral Approach

Considerations in Patients with Nste-Acs and Complex Coronary Disease

Culprit-Vessel Versus Multivessel Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Single-Sitting Versus Staged Multivessel Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

20. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Introduction

General Aspects

Time-To-Reperfusion and Outcome of Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Door-To-Balloon Time and Outcome of Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Network Systems Optimizing Reperfusion in Patients with St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Late Presenters

Interhospital Transfer for Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Facilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Routine Use of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention After Fibrinolysis – Pharmacoinvasive Strategy

Rescue Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Technical Aspects and Mechanical Strategies to Enhance Myocardial Salvage During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Primary Stenting

Radial Artery Versus Femoral Artery Vascular Access for Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Multivessel Intervention in Patients with St-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Distal Protection Devices in Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Mechanical and Aspiration Thrombectomy

Deferred Stenting

Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients with St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients with St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA Inhibitors

Therapies to Reduce Microvascular Obstruction, Reperfusion Injury, and Infarct Size

Cell-Based Therapy and Regenerative Agents After St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Special Issues in Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Conclusion

21. Post-Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Hospitalization, Length of Stay, and Discharge Planning

Introduction

Post-Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Discharge Planning

The Role of Post-Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Monitoring of Cardiac Biomarkers, Platelet Inhibition, and Renal Function

Trends in PostProcedure Length of Stay

Same-Day Discharge Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Conclusions

22. Interventions in Cardiogenic Shock

Background

Pathophysiology

Clinical Presentation

Treatment

Multivessel Disease

Long-Term Survival and Quality of Life

Conclusion

23. Bifurcations and Branch Vessel Stenting

Bifurcation Lesions

Two Stents as Intention-to-Treat

Two-Stent Techniques

Role of Adjunctive Procedures

Conclusions

24. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis

introduction

Anatomy and Pathology

Stenting Techniques

Stent Thrombosis and Antiplatelet Therapy after Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation

Current Status of Left Main Coronary Artery Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Selection of Revascularization Strategy

Conclusions

25. Complex and Multivessel Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Introduction

Multivessel Disease: Prevalence and Prognostic Implications

Revascularization in Patients with Multivessel Disease: Strategies, Landmark Studies, and Outcomes

Strategies to Improve Outcomes after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Multivessel Disease

Managing Multivessel Disease in Patients with Stemi

Conclusions

26. Intervention for Coronary Chronic Total Occlusions

Chronic Total Coronary Occlusion

Definition

Prevalence

pathology

Clinical Profile and Presentation

Indications for Revascularization

Ischemia and Left Ventricle Function

Collateral Circulation

Preparation for Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Approaches and Techniques

Structured Algorithms for Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Clinical Outcomes

Conclusion

27. Bypass Graft Intervention

The Scope of the Problem

Indications for Intervention

Technical Strategy

Results of Intervention

Complications

The Future of Bypass Graft Intervention

28. The Thrombus-Containing Lesion

Introduction

Processes of Thrombus Formation: Histopathology and Types

Thrombus Architecture and Related Characteristics

Detection of Thrombus-Containing Lesions

The Grading and Classification of Thrombi

Targeted Thrombus Revascularization Strategies

Pharmacotherapy

Mechanical Thrombus Removal

Stents for Targeted Thrombus Capture

Specific Thrombotic Lesions: Location, Effects, and Management Options

Left Main Coronary Lesions

Multivessel Coronary Thrombosis

Multiple Thrombi in a Single Vessel

Chronic Thrombotic Occlusion

Saphenous Vein Graft

Summary

29. Complications of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Introduction

Abrupt Closure

Coronary Perforation

Embolization of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Equipment

Emergency Coronary Bypass Surgery

Coronary No-Reflow

Radiocontrast Hypersensitivity

Bleeding

Conclusion

30. Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction and Embolism-Protection Devices

Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction

Embolism Protection Devices

Definition

Incidence

Underlying Pathophysiologic Mechanisms

Risk Factors Predisposing to Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction

Prognostic Implications of Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction

Prevention and Management of Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction

Conclusions

Embolic Protection Devices

Saphenous Vein Graft Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Conclusions

31. Access Management and Closure Devices

Introduction

Planning Access

Retrograde Puncture Technique for the Femoral Artery

Antegrade Puncture Technique for the Femoral Artery

Puncture Technique for the Brachial Artery

Puncture Technique for the Popliteal Artery

Transapical Left Ventricular Puncture

Hemostatic Methods After Percutaneous Cardiovascular Procedures

Access-Site Complications

Conclusions and Future Trends

32. Transradial Access for Cardiovascular Catheterization and Intervention

introduction

Rationale for Transradial Approach to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Feasibility and Security

Transradial Versus Transfemoral Approach for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Transradial Approach in St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Transradial Versus Transbrachial Approaches

Transradial Versus Transulnar Approach

Cost-Effectiveness

Practical Considerations for a Transradial Approach

33. Role of the Cardiac Surgeon and the Heart Team

Introduction

Role of The Surgeon on Surgical Standby

Transcatheter and Hybrid Cardiovascular Procedures

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Hybrid Cardiac Surgeon

34. Restenosis

Introduction

Arterial Injury and Mechanisms of Restenosis

Angiographic and Clinical Features of Restenosis

Prevention of Restenosis–Drug-Eluting Stent Evolution and Redesigns

Treatment of Restenosis

Summary

35. Role of Adjunct Devices: Atherectomy, Cutting Balloon, and Laser

Introduction

Historical Background

Percutaneous Transluminal Rotational Atherectomy

Orbital Atherectomy

Directional Coronary Atherectomy

Cutting Balloon Angioplasty

Scoring Balloon Angioplasty

Laser Angioplasty

36. Supported Percutaneous Intervention

Introduction and Rationale: Identifying the high-risk Patient

Approach to the Patient

Description of Devices and Available Clinical Data

conclusions

37. Regional Centers of Excellence for the Care of Patients With Acute Ischemic Heart Disease

Intoduction

The Case for Regionalized Care

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Centers without on-Site Cardiac Surgery

Benefits of Catheter-Based Therapy for Acute Coronary Syndromes

Non–St-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes

Regionalization of Care for Cardiogenic Shock

Limited Medical Resources

38. Diagnosis and Treatment of Coronary Microvascular Disease

Introduction

Interpretation of the Test Results

Conclusions

SECTION IV. Peripheral Vascular Interventions

39. Lower Extremity Interventions

Epidemiology and Natural History

Vascular Anatomy of the Lower Extremity

Diagnosis of Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease

Interventions

Acute Limb Ischemia

Miscellaneous Conditions

Conclusions and Future Directions

40. Upper Extremities and Aortic Arch

INTRODUCTION

Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Peripheral Arterial Disease

Vascular Anatomy of the Upper Extremity and Aortic Arch

Diagnostic Evaluation and Disease Classification

Treatment

Special Considerations

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

41. Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia: Diagnosis and Intervention

Background

Clinical Presentation

Diagnosis

Treatment

Conclusion

42. Renal Artery Stenosis

Introduction

Epidemiology and Natural History

Pathophysiology of Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy

Diagnostic Tests and Imaging

Functional Assessment of Renal Artery Stenosis

Renal Endovascular Interventions

43. Device Therapy for Resistant Hypertension

Definition and Epidemiology

Neuro Modification: Targeting the Sympathetic Nervous System and Hypertension

Renal Artery Denervation

Quantifying Procedural Technical Success, Titrating Ablative Therapy, and Targeting Ideal Patients for Rdn

Alternative Approaches to Sympathetic Modulation

Arteriovenous Anastomosis for the Reduction of Vascular Resistance And Increase of Compliance for Hypertension Management

Pacemaker-Mediated Programmable Hypertension Control Therapy

Regulatory Trial Execution

Matching Patients With Devices—Patient Selection

44. Aortic Vascular Interventions (Thoracic and Abdominal)

Aortic Dissection

Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

45. Venous Intervention

Introduction

The Venous System: Basic Histology and Physiology

Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation

Procedure

Follow-Up Care

Central Venous Stenosis—Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Deep Venous Thrombosis—Upper Extremity

Deep Venous Thrombosis—Lower Extremity

46. Carotid and Cerebrovascular Intervention

Introduction

Carotid Bifurcation Intervention

Complications of Carotid Intervention

Carotid Artery Stenting—Clinical Data

Carotid Artery Stenting—Future Perspective

Proximal Vertebral Artery Intervention

Intracranial Intervention

Conclusions

47. Stroke Centers and Interventional Cardiology

Introduction

New Imaging Strategies

The Management of Physiologic Variables

Reperfusion Strategies

Stroke Centers

The Role of Cardiology in a Stroke Program

SECTION V. Structural Interventions

48. Imaging for Intracardiac Interventions

Fluoroscopy and Angiography

Transesophageal Echocardiography

Intracardiac Echocardiography

Computed Tomography and “Fusion” Fluoroscopy

Summary

49. Percutaneous Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Septal Defect

Introduction

Patent Foramen Ovale

Atrial Septal Defect

Conclusions

50. Left Atrial Appendage Closure and Stroke: Local Device Therapy for Cardioembolic Stroke Protection

Introduction

Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke

Assessment of Thromboembolic and Bleeding Risk

Oral Anticoagulation for Stroke Prevention

Left Atrial Appendage Closure

Patient Selection

Conclusions

51. Mitral Valvuloplasty

Introduction

Devices and Techniques

Monitoring the Procedure and Evaluating Results

Selection of Patients

Experience of the Medical and Surgical Teams

Indications for Percutaneous Mitral Commissurotomy

Future Prospects

52. Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair and Replacement

Introduction

Mitral Valve Disease

Surgical Mitral Valve Repair

Annuloplasty-Based Mitral Valve Repair

Transcatheter Mitral Valve Implantation

Future Directions

53. Balloon-Expandable Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Systems

Disclosures

introduction

Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty

Retrograde Approach: Equipment and Procedural Steps

Antegrade Transseptal Approach

Current Perspectives of Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation with the Edwards Balloon-Expandable Prosthesis

Edwards Transcatheter Aortic Valves

Transapical Approach

Clinical Results

Balloon-Expandable Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

Conclusions

54. Self-Expanding Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Introduction

Corevalve and Evolut-R/Evolut-Pro Self-Expanding Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Procedure Description

Corevalve Clinical Studies Based on Surgical Risk

Evolut Low Risk Trial

Corevalve Expanded-Use Registries

Complications After Self-Expanding Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Predictors of Outcome

Clinical Contraindications

Potential Advantages of Self-Expanding Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Improvements in Quality of Life

Lotus Valve

Symetis Acurate Neo

Portico Valve

Jena Valve

Other Valve Prostheses

55. Percutaneous Transcatheter Valve-in-Valve Implantation

Background

Surgical Bioprosthetic Heart Valves

Sizing

History

Aortic Valve-in-Valve Procedure

Multidisciplinary Heart Team Assessment

Coronary Obstruction

Aortic Valve-in-Valve Procedure

Selection of a Transcatheter Heart Valve

Positioning and Deployment of a Transcatheter Heart Valve

Postdilation

Outcomes After Aortic Valve-in-Valve Procedures

Preprocedural Planning

Sizing

Outcomes

Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valve in Valve Procedures

Long-Term Durability

Thrombosis Risk and Anticoagulation

Summary

56. Pulmonary Valve Interventions

introduction

Percutaneous Pulmonary Valvuloplasty

Procedural Technique

Results and Outcome

Percutaneous Pulmonary Valve Implantation

57. Percutaneous Tricuspid Valve Repair

Introduction

The Tricuspid Valve Complex

Pathophysiology of Tricuspid Insufficiency

Imaging and Quantification of Tricuspid Insufficiency

Transcatheter Approaches to Tricuspid Regurgitation

Transcatheter technique for degenerated tv bioprosthesis

Conclusion

58. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Introduction

Epidemiology

Natural History of the Disease

Clinical Presentation

Diagnosis

Treatment

Conclusions

59. Percutaneous Balloon Pericardiotomy for Patients With Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade

Introduction

Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade

Pericardiocentesis

Percutaneous Balloon Pericardiotomy

Novel Catheter-Based Interventions in the Pericardial Space

Conclusions

60. Transcatheter Therapies for Congenital Heart Disease

Introduction

Pulmonary Balloon Valvuloplasty

Aortic Balloon Valvuloplasty

Balloon-Expandable Stenting for Pulmonary Artery Stenosis

Balloon-Expandable Stenting for Coarctation of the Aorta

Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement

Conclusion

61. Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease

Introduction

Novel Autologous Stem Cell Indications and Types

Other Strategies for Delivery of Stem Cells to the Myocardium

Stem Cell–Based Chemokine and Cytokine Strategies

Electrical Effects of Cell Therapy

Future Directions and Controversies

Conclusions

62. Percutaneous Treatment of Paravalvular Leak

Introduction

Assessment of Paravalvular Leaks

Outcomes

Transcatheter Closure Versus Surgical Repair

General Techniques

Specific Techniques

Special Situations

Complications

Follow-Up

63. Interventional Heart Failure

Introduction

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair

Percutaneous Tricuspid Valve Interventions

Percutaneous or Hybrid Ventricular Partitioning or Restoration

Interatrial Shunt Devices

Implantable Hemodynamic Monitors

Conclusions

SECTION VI. Evaluation of Interventional Techniques

64. Qualitative and Quantitative Coronary Angiography

Introduction

Qualitative Angiography

Quantitative Coronary Angiography

65. Intravascular Ultrasound

Introduction

Imaging Systems and Procedures

Image Interpretation

Diagnostic Applications

Interventional Applications

Bioresorbable Scaffolds

Summary and Future Perspectives

66. The Dynamic Spectrum of Coronary Atheroma: From Atherogenesis to Vulnerable Plaque to Plaque Regression

The Dynamic Nature of Coronary Atheroma: From Atherogenesis to Plaque Regression

Atherosclerotic Lesion Classification

Vascular Remodeling and Thin-Cap Fibroatheroma

The Myth of the “Vulnerable Plaque” and the Transition to Atherosclerotic Disease Burden

Intracoronary Imaging

Mechanisms of Plaque Regression

67. Optical Coherence Tomography

Introduction

Physical Principles of Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging

Image Acquisition

Artifacts

Image Interpretation and use

Accuracy in Optical Coherence Tomography Measurements

Current Clinical Application

Stent Assessment

Assessment of Stent Failure

Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffolds

Oct-Guided Stent Procedures: Impact on Clinical Outcome

Upcoming Technologies

Conclusions

SECTION VII. Outcome Effectiveness of Interventional Cardiology

68. Medical Economics in Interventional Cardiology

Introduction

Medical Economics: Concepts and Methods

Data Source for Economic Analysis and Decision Making

Medical Economics of Peripheral Vascular Interventions (TABLE 68.5)

Medical Economics of Structural Cardiac Interventions (TABLE 68.6)

69. Quality of Care in Interventional Cardiology

Introduction

Efforts to Improve Quality in U.S. Medicine

Quality in Interventional Cardiology

Judging Quality in Interventional Cardiology

Building Blocks of Quality

Developing A Quality Culture in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory

Public Reporting and the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory

Conclusions

70. Volume and Outcome

Introduction

Evidence for a Volume-Outcome Relationship

Conclusions

Index