Technical Communication A Reader Centered Approach 9th Edition by Paul Anderson 1305667883 9781305667884

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ISBN 10: 1305667883

ISBN 13: 9781305667884

Author: Paul Anderson

Join the thousands of students who have used Anderson’s TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION: A READER-CENTERED APPROACH to develop the communication skills that employers consistently rank at the very top of the qualifications they seek in college graduates. You will learn to meet the special demands and expectations of the workplace by adapting and building on what you already know about writing and speaking effectively. Chapters guide you through the writing process and teach you how to communicate successfully at work, whether in print, orally, online, or through social media. Throughout, you’ll find easy-to-learn guidelines and thoroughly annotated examples of effective communications.

Technical Communication A Reader Centered Approach 9th Table of contents:

Part I. Introduction

Chapter 1. Communication, Your Career, and This Book

Communication Expertise Will Be Critical to Your Success

Learning Objectives for This Chapter

Characteristics of Workplace Writing

Serves Practical Purposes

Must Satisfy a Wide Variety of Readers, Sometimes in a Single Communication

Uses Distinctive Kinds of Communication

Shaped by Context

Adheres to Organizational Expectations

Created Collaboratively

Uses Social Media for Practical Purposes

At Work, Writing Is an Action

At Work, Writing Supports the Reader’s Action

The Two Essential Qualities of Effective Writing at Work: Usefulness and Persuasiveness

The Main Advice of This Book: Think Constantly about Your Readers

The Dynamic Interaction between Your Communication and Your Readers

Readers Construct Meaning

Readers’ Responses Are Shaped by the Situation

Readers React Moment by Moment

Six Reader-Centered Strategies You Can Begin Using Now

Communicating Ethically

How to Get Lasting Value from This Book and Your Course

Reflection

Framework

Developing the Habit of Reflecting

Section Content

Chapter 2. Overview of the Reader-Centered Approach: Writing for a Job

Understanding Your Reader

Your Three-Part Job Application

But First: Check Your Online Presence

How to Write an Effective Résumé

GUIDELINE 1. Address your résumé to specific employers

GUIDELINE 2. Define your résumé’s objectives by learning exactly what your reader wants

GUIDELINE 3. Think creatively about the ways your knowledge and experience match the qualifications the employer wants

GUIDELINE 4. Choose the type of résumé that will display your qualifications most effectively

GUIDELINE 5. Draft your résumé’s text to highlight the qualifications that will most appeal to the employer

GUIDELINE 6. Design your résumé’s appearance to support rapid reading, emphasize your qualifications, and look attractive

GUIDELINE 7. Revise your résumé to increase its impact and to eliminate errors and inconsistencies

Writer’s Tutorial. Using Tables to Design a Résumé

Make a Table to Serve as the Visual Framework for Your Résumé

Adapting Your Print Résumé or Online Submission for Computer Evaluation

Scannable Résumés

How to Create an Effective Professional Portfolio

How to Write an Effective Application Letter

GUIDELINE 1. Learn about each employer

GUIDELINE 2. Use or adapt the conventional organization for workplace letters

GUIDELINE 3. Revise your letter to polish the image it projects of you

Ethical Issues in the Job Search

Writing for Employment in Other Countries

Interviewing Effectively

Conclusion

Part II. The Reader-Centered Communication Process

Chapter 3. Defining Your Communication’s Goals

Your Goal: To Envision Your Reader’s Response to Each Specific Aspect of Your Communication

How to Determine What Your Communication Must Do to Be Useful

GUIDELINE 1. Describe your reader’s goal

GUIDELINE 2. Describe the tasks your reader will perform while reading your communication

GUIDELINE 3. Identify the information and ideas your reader will want your communication to provide

GUIDELINE 4. Describe the way your reader will look for the information

How to Determine What Your Communication Must Do to Be Persuasive

GUIDELINE 1. Describe your reader’s current attitudes and what you want them to be after reading your communication

GUIDELINE 2. Find out why your reader holds his or her current attitudes

How to Identify Factors that May Influence Your Reader’s Responses to Your Communication

GUIDELINE 1. Describe your reader’s professional role and characteristics

GUIDELINE 2. Describe your reader’s relevant personal characteristics

GUIDELINE 3. Describe the context in which your reader will read

GUIDELINE 4. Global Guideline: Describe your reader’s cultural characteristics

GUIDELINE 5. Learn who all your readers will be

Identify Any Constraints on the Way You Write

How to Treat Your Communication’s Stakeholders Ethically

GUIDELINE 1. Ethics Guideline: Identify your communication’s stakeholders

GUIDELINE 2. Determine how your communication’s stakeholders will view its impact on them

Putting Your Definition into Action: An Example

Conclusion

Chapter 4. Conducting Reader-Centered Research: Gathering, Analyzing, and Thinking Critically about Information

What to Focus on Learning in this Chapter

What Counts as Good Research in the Workplace?

How to Conduct Focused Research

How to Conduct a Thorough, Focused Search for Information and Ideas

GUIDELINE 1. Identify the full range of sources and methods that may provide helpful information

GUIDELINE 2. Use secondary sources your readers will find credible and unbiased

GUIDELINE 3. Use primary research methods in a credible and unbiased way

GUIDELINE 4. Gather information that can be analyzed in subgroups

GUIDELINE 5. Take careful notes

Intermission

How to Conduct Evidence-Based Analyses

GUIDELINE 1. Take another look at your research goals

GUIDELINE 2. Arrange your information in an analyzable form

GUIDELINE 3. Look for meaningful relationships in your results

How to Draw Evidence-Based Conclusions

GUIDELINE 1. Choose conclusions that align with your readers’ decisions and actions

GUIDELINE 2. Acknowledge uncertainty

GUIDELINE 3. Explain the significance of your conclusions to your readers

How to Make Evidence-Based Recommendations

How to Think Critically Throughout Your Research Process

GUIDELINE 1. Let go of your anchor

GUIDELINE 2. Value counterarguments, counterevidence, and exceptions

GUIDELINE 3. Avoid personal or organizational biases

How to Observe Intellectual Property Law and Document Your Sources

Intellectual Property Law

Ethical Guidelines for Documenting Sources

Conclusion

Chapter 5. Using Six Reader-Centered Research Methods

Exploring Your Own Memory and Creativity

Brainstorming

Draw a Picture of Your Topic

Cluster Sketch

Create and Study a Table or Graphic of Your Data

Searching the Internet

Using Search Engines and Internet Directories Effectively

Using Search Engines Efficiently

Evaluating Your Search Results

Keeping Records

Using Social Media

Examples of Social Media Used for Research

Using Social Media for Your Research

Using the Library

Obtaining Assistance from Reference Librarians

Using the Library Catalog

Conducting Subject and Word Searches

Refining and Extending Your Search

Using Databases

Reference Works

Government Documents

Interviewing

Preparing for an Interview

Writer’s Tutorial. Conducting Efficient Library Research

Finding Books

Conducting the Interview

Concluding the Interview

Conducting a Survey

Deciding What to Ask About

Writing the Questions

Selecting Your Respondents

Contacting Respondents

Interpreting Your Results

Chapter 6. Organizing Reader-Centered Communications

Include everything your reader needs—and nothing else GUIDELINE 1

GUIDELINE 1. Include everything your reader needs—and nothing else

GUIDELINE 2. Group together the items your reader will use together

GUIDELINE 3. Give the bottom line first

GUIDELINE 4. Adapt an appropriate superstructure or other pattern familiar to your reader

GUIDELINE 5. Organize hierarchically

GUIDELINE 6. Plan your graphics

GUIDELINE 7. Outline, if this will be helpful

GUIDELINE 8. Treat your communication’s stakeholders ethically

How to Check the Usefulness and Persuasiveness of Your Organization

Conclusion

Chapter 7. Drafting Reader-Centered Communications

The Similarities among Paragraphs, Sections, Chapters, and Short Communications

Starting Segments

GUIDELINE 1. Begin by announcing your topic

GUIDELINE 2. Present your generalizations before your details

Draft Clear, Coherent, and Persuasive Segments

GUIDELINE 1. Move from most to least important or impressive

GUIDELINE 2. Write segments using patterns familiar to your readers

GUIDELINE 3. Smooth the flow of thought from sentence to sentence

GUIDELINE 4. Present background information where it will most help your readers

Help Your Readers See the Organization of Your Communication

GUIDELINE 1. Use headings

GUIDELINE 2. Use the visual arrangement of your text

GUIDELINE 3. Use forecasting statements

GUIDELINE 4. Use transitions

Global Guideline: Adapt to Your Reader’s Cultural Background

Write a Beginning that Motivates Your Readers to Read

GUIDELINE 1. Announce your topic and its benefit to your readers

GUIDELINE 2. Refer to your readers’ request

GUIDELINE 3. Offer to help your readers solve a problem

GUIDELINE 4. Adjust the length of your beginning to the situation

GUIDELINE 5. Adapt your beginning to your readers’ cultural background

How to Write Endings that Support Your Communication’s Goals

GUIDELINE 1. Help your readers remember what you most want them to take away from your communication

GUIDELINE 2. Help your readers know what to do next

GUIDELINE 3. Follow applicable social conventions

GUIDELINE 4. After you’ve made your last point, stop

Ethics Guideline: Examine the Human Consequences of What You’re Drafting

Mining Accidents

Writing with Awareness of Human Consequences

Section Content

Chapter 8. Using Eight Reader-Centered Patterns for Presenting Information and Ideas

Grouping Items Formally (Formal Classification)

How Formal Classification Works

Grouping Items Informally (Informal Classification)

Example of Informal Classification

Comparing Alternatives

Two Patterns for Organizing Comparisons

When to Use Each Pattern

Describing an Object (Partitioning)

Example: Partitioning a Car

Description Organized by Partitioning

Describing a Process (Segmenting)

Principles of Classification for Segmenting

Describing a Cause-and-Effect Relationship

Helping Readers Understand a Cause-and-Effect Relationship

Persuading Readers that a Cause-and-Effect Relationship Exists

Logical Fallacies Common in Arguments about Cause and Effect

Describing a Problem and Its Solution

Proposing the Solution to a Problem

Reporting on a Past Problem-Solving Project

Combining Organizational Patterns

Section Content

Chapter 9. Persuading Your Readers

The Competitive and Collaborative Uses of Persuasion

To Persuade, Influence Your Readers’ Attitudes

Focus on Your Readers’ Goals and Values

Organizational Goals

Values-Based Goals

Personal Growth and Achievement Goals

Reason Soundly

GUIDELINE 1. Present sufficient and reliable evidence

GUIDELINE 2. Explicitly justify your line of reasoning

GUIDELINE 3. Respond to—and learn from—your readers’ concerns and counterarguments

Build an Effective Relationship with Your Readers

GUIDELINE 1. Establish your credibility

GUIDELINE 2. Present yourself as a partner, not a critic

Organize to Create a Favorable Response

GUIDELINE 1. Choose between direct and indirect organizational patterns

GUIDELINE 2. Create a tight fit among the parts of your communication

Introduce Emotional Arguments if Relevant

Global Guideline: Adapt to Your Readers’ Cultural Background

Ethics Guideline: Persuade Ethically

Conclusion

Chapter 10. Developing an Effective, Professional Style

Create an Effective, Professional Voice

GUIDELINE 1. Find out what’s expected

GUIDELINE 2. Consider the roles your voice creates for your readers and you

GUIDELINE 3. Consider how your attitude toward your subject will affect your readers

GUIDELINE 4. Say things in your own words

GUIDELINE 5. Global Guideline: Adapt your voice to your readers’ cultural background

GUIDELINE 6. Ethics Guideline: Avoid stereotypes

How to Construct Sentences Your Reader Will Find Easy to Understand, Easy to Remember, and Interesting

GUIDELINE 1. Simplify your sentences

GUIDELINE 2. Put the action in verbs

GUIDELINE 3. Use the active voice unless you have a good reason to use the passive voice

GUIDELINE 4. Emphasize what’s most important

GUIDELINE 5. Vary your sentence length and structure

GUIDELINE 6. Global Guideline: Adapt your sentences for readers who are not fluent in your language

Choose Words that Convey Your Meaning Clearly and Precisely

GUIDELINE 1. Use concrete, specific words

GUIDELINE 2. Use specialized terms when—and only when—your readers will understand them

GUIDELINE 3. Use words accurately

GUIDELINE 4. Choose plain words over fancy ones

GUIDELINE 5. Choose words with appropriate associations

GUIDELINE 6. Global Guideline: Consider your readers’ cultural background when choosing words

GUIDELINE 7. Ethics Guideline: Use inclusive language

Conclusion

Chapter 11. Writing Reader-Centered Front and Back Matter

How to Plan Front and Back Matter

GUIDELINE 1. Review the ways your readers will use the communication

GUIDELINE 2. Review your communication’s persuasive goals

GUIDELINE 3. Find out what’s required

GUIDELINE 4. Find out what’s expected

A Word about Conventions and Local Practice

How to Write a Reader-Centered Transmittal Letter

How to Write Reader-Centered Front Matter

Cover

Title Page

Summary or Abstract

Table of Contents

Lists of Figures and Tables

How to Write Reader-Centered Back Matter

Appendixes

References List, Endnotes, or Bibliography

Glossary and List of Symbols

Index

Chapter 12. Creating Reader-Centered Graphics

Identify Places Where Graphics Would Increase Your Communication’s Effectiveness

GUIDELINE 1. Find places where graphics would make your communication easier to use

GUIDELINE 2. Find places where graphics can increase your communication’s persuasiveness

Choose the Type of Graphic Best Matched to Your Communication’s Goals

GUIDELINE 1. Consider your readers’ tasks

GUIDELINE 2. Consider your readers’ attitudes

Make Your Graphics Easy for Your Readers to Understand and Use

GUIDELINE 1. Design your graphics to support your readers’ tasks

GUIDELINE 2. Consider your readers’ knowledge and expectations

GUIDELINE 3. Simplify your graphics

GUIDELINE 4. Label the important content clearly

GUIDELINE 5. Provide informative titles

Use Color to Support Your Message

Use Graphics Software and Existing Graphics Effectively

How to Integrate Your Graphics with Your Text

GUIDELINE 1. Introduce your graphics in your text

GUIDELINE 2. Place your graphics near your references to them

GUIDELINE 3. State the conclusions you want your readers to draw

GUIDELINE 4. When appropriate, include explanations in your figures

Global Guideline: Adapt Your Graphics When Writing to Readers in Other Cultures

Use Graphics Ethically

GUIDELINE 1. Ethics Guideline: Avoid graphics that mislead

Ethical bar Graphs and Line Graphs

Ethical Pictographs

Ethical Use of Color

GUIDELINE 2. Ethics Guideline: Obtain permission and cite the sources for your graphics

Conclusion

Chapter 13. Creating Eleven Types of Reader-Centered Graphics

Writer’s Tutorial. Tables

How to Create Formal Tables

How to Create Informal Tables

How to Create Tables that Contain Only Text

Writer’s Tutorial. Line Graphs

How to Create Line Graphs

How to Create Line Graphs Comparing Trends

How to Create Line Graphs Showing Interactions among Variables

Writer’s Tutorial. Bar Graphs

How to Create bar Graphs

How to Create bar Graphs Showing Trends

How to Create Multibar Graphs Showing Several Comparisons

More Types of bar Graphs

Writer’s Tutorial. Pictographs

How to Create Pictographs

Writer’s Tutorial. Pie Charts

How to Create Pie Charts

How to Avoid Distortion in Pie Charts

Writer’s Tutorial. Photographs

How to Create Photographs that Are Useful to Your Readers

How to Use Software to Create Reader-Centered Photographs

Writer’s Tutorial. Drawings

How to Create Drawings

How to Create Drawings that Show How to Do Something

How to Create Drawings Showing Appearance and Structure

Writer’s Tutorial. Screenshots

How to Create Screenshots

Helping Readers Locate an On-Screen Item

Guiding Your Readers through a Sequence of Steps

Writer’s Tutorial. Flowcharts

How to Create Flowcharts

Writer’s Tutorial. Organizational Charts

How to Create Organizational Charts

How to Create Organizational Charts that Show Reporting Lines

Writer’s Tutorial. Schedule Charts

How to Create Schedule Charts

How to Create Gantt Charts

Chapter 14. Designing Reader-Centered Pages and Documents

Design Elements of a Communication

Help Your Reader See How Your Communication Is Organized

GUIDELINE 1. Create a grid to serve as the visual framework for your page

Writer’s Tutorial. Designing Grid Patterns for Print

Basic Designs

Variations on Basic Designs

Introduction to Guidelines 2, 3, 4

GUIDELINE 2. Align related elements with one another

GUIDELINE 3. Group related items visually

GUIDELINE 4. Use contrast to establish hierarchy and focus

Other Visual Organizers

Use Page Design to Unify a Long Communication Visually

Using Word-Processing Programs to Achieve Consistency

Select Type that Is Easy for Your Readers to Read

Choose the Physical Characteristics That Support Your Communication’s Goals

Conclusion

Chapter 15. Revising Your Drafts

The Three Activities of Revising

Identify Ways to Improve Your Draft

GUIDELINE 1. Check from your readers’ point of view

GUIDELINE 2. Check from your employer’s point of view

GUIDELINE 3. Distance yourself from your draft

GUIDELINE 4. Read your draft more than once, changing your focus each time

GUIDELINE 5. Use computer aids to find (but not cure) possible problems

GUIDELINE 6. Take special care with social media

GUIDELINE 7. Ethics Guideline: Consider the stakeholders’ perspective

Obtain Truly Helpful Advice from People Who Review Your Drafts—And Give Good Advice when You Are Reviewing Someone Else’s Draft

GUIDELINE 1. Discuss the objectives of the communication and the review

GUIDELINE 2. Build a positive interpersonal relationship with your reviewers or writers

GUIDELINE 3. Rank suggested revisions—and distinguish matters of substance from matters of taste

GUIDELINE 4. Explore the reasons for your suggestions

GUIDELINE 5. Present your suggestions in the way that will be most helpful to the writer

GUIDELINE 6. Ethics Guideline: Review from the stakeholders’ perspective

Writer’s Guide for Reviewing

Produce the Maximum Improvement in Limited Time

GUIDELINE 1. Adjust your effort to the situation

GUIDELINE 2. Make the most significant revisions first

GUIDELINE 3. To revise well, follow the guidelines for writing well

GUIDELINE 4. Revise to learn

Conclusion

Chapter 16. Testing Your Drafts for Usefulness and Persuasiveness

The Logic of Testing

How to Define the Goals of Your Test

How to Choose Test Readers

How to Test Your Draft’s Usefulness

GUIDELINE 1. Ask your test readers to use your draft the same way your target readers will

GUIDELINE 2. Interview your test readers after they have used your draft

GUIDELINE 3. Minimize the impact of your presence

How to Test Your Draft’s Persuasiveness

GUIDELINE 2. Use Likert-scale questions to evaluate persuasiveness

GUIDELINE 2. Avoid biasing your test results

How to Interpret the Results of Your Test

How to Test Communications You Write to Readers in Another Culture

How to Treat Test Readers Ethically

Conclusion

Part III. Applications of the Reader-Centered Approach

Chapter 17. Creating Communications with a Team

Varieties of Team Structures

Keys to Team Success

Treat Other Team Members with Sensitivity and Respect

Develop a Shared Understanding of Team Goals and Procedures

GUIDELINE 1. Create a shared understanding of the communication’s goals

GUIDELINE 2. Develop and share a detailed plan for the finished communication

GUIDELINE 3. Make a project schedule

Make Team Meetings Efficient and Highly Productive

GUIDELINE 1. Set and follow an agenda

GUIDELINE 2. Encourage discussion, debate, and diversity of ideas

GUIDELINE 3. Take special care when revising drafts

GUIDELINE 4. Global Guideline: Help your team work across cultural differences

Use Internet and Cloud Technology for Drafts

GUIDELINE 1. Choose the computer technology best suited to your team’s project

GUIDELINE 2. Use social media to your advantage

GUIDELINE 3. For virtual teams, foster personal relationships and conversational interchanges

Learning Team Skills through Feedback

Section Content

Chapter 18. Creating and Delivering Listener-Centered Oral Presentations

Define Your Presentation’s Objectives

GUIDELINE 1. Determine who your listeners are, what task they want to perform, and what they need and expect from you

GUIDELINE 2. Define your persuasive goals

Select the Oral and Visual Media Most Likely to Achieve Your Objectives

GUIDELINE 1. Choose the type of oral delivery by considering your audience and purpose

GUIDELINE 2. Choose your visual medium by considering your audience, topic, and purpose

Help Your Listeners Fully Understand and Remember Your Main Points

GUIDELINE 1. Identify the main points you want to make

GUIDELINE 2. Create a simple structure built around your major points

GUIDELINE 3. Help your listeners follow the structure of your presentation

GUIDELINE 4. Make easy-to-understand visuals

GUIDELINE 5. Plan the verbal and visual parts of your presentation as a single package

GUIDELINE 6. Adapt to your listeners’ cultural background

Maintain Your Listeners’ Attention and Goodwill

GUIDELINE 1. Speak in a conversational style

GUIDELINE 2. Establish and maintain a personal connection with your audience

GUIDELINE 3. Respond effectively to your audience’s comments and questions

GUIDELINE 4. Rehearse

GUIDELINE 5. Accept your nervousness—and work with it

Make Effective Team Presentations

GUIDELINE 1. Plan thoroughly as a team

GUIDELINE 2. Maintain overall consistency while allowing for individual differences

GUIDELINE 3. Make smooth transitions between speakers

GUIDELINE 4. Rehearse together

Conclusion

Chapter 19. Managing Client and Service-Learning Projects

Project Management and Client Communication

Establish a Detailed, Mutual Understanding of All Important Aspects of the Project

GUIDELINE 1. Determine what your client wants and why

GUIDELINE 2. Develop your own assessment of the situation

GUIDELINE 3. Define what you will do for your client and how you will do it

GUIDELINE 4. Give your client a written proposal—and ask for a written agreement

Maintain a Productive Relationship with Your Client throughout Your Project

GUIDELINE 1. Communicate candidly with your client during the project

GUIDELINE 2. Advocate and educate, but defer to your client

Hand off Your Project in a Way Your Client Will Find Helpful

Conclusion

Chapter 20. Creating Reader-Centered Websites and Professional Portfolios

How to Gain the Most Value from this Chapter

This Chapter’s Example: Digital Portfolio Websites

Define Your Website’s Goals

Writer’s Tutorial. Creating a Website Using Tables

Define Your Website’s Goals

Plan Your Website

Make Your Website Folder

Create Your Home Page

Create One Other Page

Open Your Home Page for Editing

Enter Information into Your Home Page

Enter Information into Your Topic Pages

Finish Your Pages

Test Your Website

Research to Identify Useful, Persuasive Content

Organize to Help Your Readers Quickly Find What They Are Looking for

Draft Your Website To Be Easy To Use, Persuasive, and Attractive

GUIDELINE 1. Include a variety of navigational guides in your web pages and website

GUIDELINE 2. Design your pages so readers can immediately understand their organization

GUIDELINE 3. Make your text easy to read

GUIDELINE 4. Unify your website verbally and visually

Writer’s Tutorial. Designing Grid Patterns for Web Pages

Basic Designs

Elaborate Designs

Design Your Website for Diverse Readers

GUIDELINE 1. Ethics Guideline: Construct your website for use by readers with disabilities

GUIDELINE 2. Global Guideline: Design your website to serve readers from countries and cultures other than your own

Follow Ethical and Legal Practices concerning Your Website’s Content

GUIDELINE 1. Observe copyright law and acknowledge your sources

GUIDELINE 2. Provide thorough, accurate information that won’t harm others

Writer’s Guide and Other Resources

Section Content

Chapter 21. Writing Reader-Centered Correspondence: Letters, Memos, and Emails

Use the Appropriate Level of Formality

Take a Reader-Centered “You Attitude”

Apply Reader-Centered Advice from Other Chapters to Your Correspondence

GUIDELINE 1. State your main point up front—unless you expect your readers to react negatively

GUIDELINE 2. Keep it short

GUIDELINE 3. Use headings and lists

GUIDELINE 4. Avoid communication clichés

GUIDELINE 5. Global Guideline: Learn the customs of your readers’ culture

GUIDELINE 6. Follow format conventions and other customs

Writing Reader-Centered Letters

Conventional Format for Letters

Writer’s Tutorial. Writing Letters

Letter Printed on Plain Paper (Not Letterhead)

Writing Reader-Centered Memos

Memo Format

Special Considerations for Writing Memos

Writing Reader-Centered Email

Writer’s Tutorial. Writing Memos

Second and Subsequent Pages

Writer’s Tutorial. Writing Email

Chapter 22. Writing Effectively on Social Media at Work

Kinds of Social Media Used at Work

Reader-Centered Guidelines for Writing Effectively on Social Media

GUIDELINE 1. Understand your readers and their reasons for reading

GUIDELINE 2. Follow local conventions for the social media you are using

Applying the General Guidelines for Three Major On-the-Job Writing Tasks

Writing to Obtain Information

Sharing Information

Using Social Media to Help a Team Work Effectively and Efficiently

Ethical Guidelines for Using Social Media

Section Content

Chapter 23. Writing Reader-Centered Proposals

The Variety of Proposal-Writing Situations

Example Situation 1

Example Situation 2

How Readers Use and Evaluate Proposals

Superstructure for Proposals

Crafting the Major Elements of a Proposal

Introduction

Problem

Objectives

Solution

Method

Resources

Schedule

Qualifications

Management

Costs

Bringing It All Together

Sample Proposals

Writer’s Guides and Other Resources

Chapter 24. Writing Reader-Centered Empirical Research Reports

Typical Writing Situations

How Readers Use and Evaluate Empirical Research Reports

Superstructure for Empirical Research Reports

Crafting the Major Elements of an Empirical Research Report

Introduction

Objectives of the Research

Method

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Sample Empirical Research Reports

Writer’s Guides and Other Resources

Chapter 25. Writing Reader-Centered Feasibility Reports

How Readers Use and Evaluate Feasibility Reports

Superstructure for Feasibility Reports

Conducting Research for Feasibility Reports

Organizing Feasibility Reports

Crafting the Major Elements of a Feasibility Report

Introduction

Criteria

Method

Overview of Alternatives

Evaluation of the Alternatives

Conclusions

Sample Feasibility Report

Writer’s Guides and Other Resources

Chapter 26. Writing Reader-Centered Progress Reports

Typical Writing Situations

Readers’ Concern with the Future

How Readers Use and Evaluate Progress Reports

Superstructure for Progress Reports

Crafting the Major Elements of a Progress Report

Introduction

Facts and Discussion

Conclusions

Tone in Progress Reports

Writer’s Guide and Other Resources

Chapter 27. Writing Reader-Centered Instructions

How Readers Use and Evaluate Instructions

Superstructure for Instructions

Guiding You through the Process of Preparing Instructions

Defining Your Instruction’s Goals

Planning

Drafting and Revising

Crafting the Major Elements of Instructions

Introduction

Description of the Equipment

List of Materials and Equipment Needed

Directions

Troubleshooting

Physical Construction of Instructions

Sample Printed Instructions

Web Page Instructions

Video Instructions

Writer’s Guides and Other Resources

Style and Usage Guide to Accompany Paul V. Anderson’s: Technical Communication a Reader-Centered Approach

Preface

Subject Table of Contents

Abbreviations

Names and Titles

Time and Dates

Organizations

Research

Measurements

Business

Acronyms and Initialisms

Active and Passive Voice

Adapt, Adopt

Addresses

Affect, Effect

Already, All Ready

All Right, All-Right, Alright

Altogether, All Together

Among, Between

Amount, Number

And/Or

Apostrophes

Awkward Constructions

Brackets

Capital, Capitol

Capitalization

Case

Cite, Site, Sight

Colons

Commas

Comma Splices

Comparative and Superlative Degrees (of Adjectives and Adverbs)

Complement, Compliment

Continual, Continuous

Contractions

Criterion, Criteria

Dangling modifiers

Dashes

Dates

Different from, Different than

Ellipsis Points

Eminent, Imminent

Exclamation Points

Explicit, Implicit

Fewer, Less

First, Firstly

Foreword, Forward

Fragments

Fused Sentences

Good, Well

Hyphens

Imply, Infer

Insure, Ensure, Assure

Italics

Its, It’s

Lay, Lie

Like, as

Mean, Median

Misplaced Modifiers

Miss, Mr., Mrs., Ms.

Numbers

Parallelism

Parentheses

Passive Voice

Periods

Phenomenon, Phenomena

Principal, Principle

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

Pronoun Reference

Question Marks

Quotation Marks

Quotations

Semicolons

Sentence Types

Set, Sit

Sexist and Discriminatory Language

Shifts

Slashes

Specialized Terms

Stationary, Stationery

Subject-Verb Agreement

Superlative Degree

There, Their, They’re

Who, Which, and That

Who’s, Whose

Exercises

Apostrophes

Awkward Constructions

Capitalization

Case

Colons, Dashes, and Parentheses

Commas

Comma Splices

Dangling Modifiers

Fragments

Fused Sentences

Misplaced Modifiers

Parallelism

Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

Pronoun Reference

Quotations and Quotation Marks

Semicolons

Sentence Types

Sexist and Discriminatory Language

Shifts

Subject-Verb Agreement

Solutions

Apostrophes

Awkward Constructions

Capitalization

Case

Colons, Dashes, and Parentheses

Commas

Comma Splices

Dangling Modifiers

Fragments

Fused Sentences

Misplaced Modifiers

Parallelism

Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

Pronoun Reference

Quotations and Quotation Marks

Semicolons

Sentence Types

Sexist and Discriminatory Language

Shifts

Subject-Verb Agreement

Just in Time Quick Reviews

Quick Review: Understanding Writing Assignments

Understanding Context, Purpose, and Audience

Reading and Analyzing the Assignment

Quick Review: Understanding the Rhetorical Situation

Define and Consider Purpose

Define and Consider Audience

Define and Consider Context

Quick Review: Writing Thesis Statements

Generating and Narrowing Ideas for a Topic

Developing a Strong Thesis Statement

Quick Review: Organizing Your Essay

Patterns of Organization

Quick Review: Writing Introductions and Conclusions

Writing an Effective Introduction

Writing an Effective Conclusion

Quick Review: Reading Critically

Read Actively

Read Critically

Quick Review: Understanding Fact and Opinion

Facts: Reading and Writing

Opinions: Reading and Writing

Quick Review: Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

Avoiding Plagiarism

Quoting

Paraphrasing

Summarizing

Quick Review: Writing Topic Sentences

General versus Specific Statements

Generate and Narrow Ideas for a Topic

Develop a Strong Topic Sentence

Topic Sentences Work Together in Essays

Quick Review: Including Supporting Ideas

Types of Support

Generating Support

Supporting a Topic Sentence in a Paragraph

Supporting a Thesis Statement in an Essay

Quick Review: Writing Unified Paragraphs

Ensuring Paragraph Unity

Quick Review: Writing Coherent Paragraphs

Organizational Strategies

Transitional Words and Phrases

Key Words

Pronouns

Quick Review: Varying Sentence Structure

Sentence Types

Coordination: Combining Ideas of Equal Importance

Combining Sentences by Using Coordinating Conjunctions

Combining Sentences by Using Conjunctive Adverbs

Subordination: Combining Ideas of Unequal Importance

Combining Sentences by Using Participial Phrases

Avoid Creating Dangling Modifiers

Quick Review: Making Subjects and Verbs Agree

Ensuring Subject-Verb Agreement

Quick Review: Revising Sentence Fragments

Identifying Fragments

How to Correct Sentence Fragments

Quick Review: Revising Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices

Identifying and Correcting Run-On Sentences

Identifying and Correcting Comma Splices

Quick Review: Choosing Appropriate Language

Selecting and Maintaining Appropriate Tone

Avoiding Slang, Vulgar Language, Jargon, and Colloquialisms

Avoiding Sexist Language

Avoiding Clichés

Avoiding Contractions and Nonstandard Spelling

Quick Review: Using Concise Language

Eliminate Redundant Words and Phrases

Express Your Thoughts Clearly and Directly

Combine Closely Related Sentences

Quick Review: Understanding Sound Alike and Look Alike Words

Tips for Spelling Homonyms Correctly

Ten Most Commonly Confused Sets of Homonyms

Additional Commonly Confused Homonyms

Quick Review: Using Commas

Commas in Compound Sentences

Commas in a Series

Commas with Introductory Material

Commas with Interrupters

Commas with Dialogue or Quotations

Commas in Addresses, Dates, Letters, Numbers, and Titles

Quick Review: Using Capital Letters

Rules for Capitalization

Appendix A. Documenting Your Sources

Appendix B. Reflecting for Transfer

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