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ISBN 10: 3319339710
ISBN 13: 978-3319339719
Author: Pim de Voogt
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 239 1st Table of contents:
1. Sediment Risk Assessment and Ecotoxicology
- Introduction
- Benthic Ecology
- Ecosystem Functions and Services Provided by Benthic Organisms
- 3.1 Dealing with Vulnerable Key Species
- Specific Protection Goals for Sediment Risk Assessment
- Triggers for Prospective Sediment Risk Assessment in European Regulatory Frameworks
- Data Requirements for Effect Assessment
- 6.1 Toxicity Data Requirements in European Regulatory Frameworks
- 6.2 Main Differences Between Existing OECD, ASTM and US-EPA Guidelines
- 6.3 Recommendation for a Suite of Benthic Test Species
- Factors Affecting the Exposure of Sediment-Dwelling Organisms
- 7.1 Chemical Factors
- 7.2 Biological Factors
- 7.3 Spatial Factors
- 7.4 Temporal Factors
- Exposure Concentration in Sediment ERA
- 8.1 The Ecotoxicologically Relevant Concentration for Sediment-Dwelling Organisms
- 8.2 Overview of Fate and Exposure Models
- 8.3 Linking Exposure to Effects in Sediment ERA
- Tiered Effect Assessment for Benthic Test Species and Spiked Sediments
- 9.1 Tiered Approach
- 9.2 Tier-0 Effect Assessment Based on Equilibrium Partitioning
- 9.3 Tier-1 Effect Assessment Based on Protocol Tests for Benthic Invertebrates and Macrophytes
- 9.4 Tier-2 Effect Assessment Based on Laboratory Toxicity Data for Standard and Additional Benthic Invertebrates
- 9.4.1 Geometric Mean Approach
- 9.4.2 Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) Approach
- 9.5 Tier-3 Approach Based on Semi-Field Experiments
- 9.6 Tier-4 Approach Based on Field Studies
- 9.7 Effect Models to Supplement the Experimental Tiers
- 9.7.1 Individual Level Models
- 9.7.2 Population-Level Models
- 9.7.3 Ecosystem Level Models
- 9.7.4 Spatially Explicit Models
- 9.8 Effect Assessment for Vertebrates
- 9.9 Effect Assessment for Microorganisms
- Sediment Effect Assessment: Case Studies
- 10.1 The Pharmaceutical Ivermectin
- 10.1.1 Evaluation of Standard and Additional Toxicity Data for Pelagic Organisms and Ivermectin
- 10.1.2 Tier-0 Effect Assessment for Ivermectin Based on Equilibrium Partitioning
- 10.1.3 Tier-1 Effect Assessment for Benthic Organisms and Ivermectin
- 10.1.4 Tier-2 Effect Assessment for Ivermectin Based on Standard and Additional Test Species
- Geometric Mean Approach
- Species Sensitivity Distribution Approach
- 10.1.5 Tier-3 Effect Assessment for Ivermectin Based on Micro/Mesocosm Experiments
- 10.1.6 Conclusions from the Ivermectin Toxicity Data for Benthic Organisms
- 10.2 The Insecticide Chlorpyrifos
- 10.2.1 Evaluation of Standard and Additional Toxicity Data for Pelagic Organisms and Chlorpyrifos
- 10.2.2 Tier-0 Effect Assessment for Chlorpyrifos Based on Equilibrium Partitioning
- 10.2.3 Tier-1 Effect Assessment for Benthic Organisms and Chlorpyrifos
- 10.2.4 Tier-2 Effect Assessment for Chlorpyrifos Based on Standard and Additional Test Species
- Geometric Mean Approach
- Species Sensitivity Distribution Approach
- 10.2.5 Tier-3 Effect Assessment for Chlorpyrifos Based on Micro/Mesocosm Experiments
- 10.2.6 Conclusions from the Chlorpyrifos Toxicity Data for Benthic Organisms
- 10.3 The Biocide Tributyltin
- 10.3.1 Evaluation of Standard and Additional Toxicity Data for Pelagic Organisms and Tributyltin
- 10.3.2 Tier-0 Effect Assessment for Tributyltin Based on Equilibrium Partitioning
- 10.3.3 Tier-1 Effect Assessment for Benthic Organisms and Tributyltin
- 10.3.4 Tier-2 Effect Assessment for Tributyltin Based on Standard and Additional Test Species
- Geometric Mean Approach
- Species Sensitivity Distribution Approach
- 10.3.5 Tier-3 Effect Assessment for Tributyltin Based on Micro/Mesocosm Experiments
- 10.3.6 Conclusions from the Tributyltin Toxicity Data for Benthic Organisms
- 10.4 Main Outcomes from the Case Studies
- 10.1 The Pharmaceutical Ivermectin
- Main Recommendations for Prospective ERA for Sediment-Bound Organic Chemicals and Outlook
- 11.1 Specific Protection Goals
- 11.2 Triggers for Prospective Sediment ERA
- 11.3 Linking Exposure to Effects
- 11.4 The Tiered Approach in Effect Assessment
- Summary
- Appendices
- Appendix 1: List of Workshop Participants
- Appendix 2: List of Abbreviations
- References
2. Pollution Levels in Antarctica
- Introduction
- The Presence of Pollutants in Antarctica’s Environment
- 2.1 Abiotic Environment
- 2.1.1 Air
- 2.1.2 Snow and Ice
- 2.1.3 Soil and Permafrost
- 2.1.4 Catchment Areas
- 2.1.5 Ocean, Seas, and Bottom Sediments
- 2.2 Biotic Environment
- 2.2.1 Plants
- 2.2.2 Crustaceans, Benthic Organisms, and Fishes
- 2.2.3 Seabirds
- 2.2.4 Marine Mammals
- 2.1 Abiotic Environment
- Types of Pollutants Present in Antarctica’s Environment
- Detailed Information Pertaining to Analytical Research in Antarctica
- 4.1 History of Research on the Chemical Composition of Samples from Antarctica
- 4.2 Pollution Concentration Levels Over Decades
- 4.3 Analytical Techniques in the Study of the Antarctic Environment
- 4.4 Impact of Research Station Activities on Pollution Levels
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
3. Ecotoxicological Investigations Using Earthworms
- Introduction
- Role of Earthworms in Soil Ecosystems
- Advances in Earthworm Ecotoxicology
- Biomarker Responses and the Issue of Linkage to Higher-Level Responses
- 4.1 Biomarkers
- 4.2 Changes at Different Levels of Biological Organization
- 4.3 Establishing the Link Between Responses at Different Levels of Biological Complexity
- Effects of Mixtures
- 5.1 Environmental Pollutants as Mixtures
- 5.2 Effects of Mixtures on Earthworms
- 5.3 Assessment of Effects of Mixtures
- Occurrence of Hormetic Effect
- 6.1 Hormesis
- 6.2 Hormetic Effect in Earthworms
- 6.3 Hormetic Effect in Ecotoxicological Investigations
- Inclusion of Microcosmic Systems in Ecotoxicological Investigations
- 7.1 Characteristics of Soil Microcosm
- 7.2 Soil Microcosm in Ecotoxicological Studies
- Effects of Temperature Change on Toxic Effects of Pollutants and Biomarker Responses in Earthworms
- 8.1 Effects of Temperature Change
- 8.2 Interactions Between Temperature Change and Pollutant Toxicity to Earthworms
- 8.3 The Need for Further Assessment of the Effect of Temperature on Pollutant Toxicity to Earthworms
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