Research Methodology A Step By Step Guide for Beginners 3rd Edition by Ranjit Kumar 1849203016 978-1849203012

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ISBN 10: 1849203016

ISBN 13: 978-1849203012

Author: Ranjit Kumar

 

Research Methodology A Step By Step Guide for Beginners 3rd Table of contents:

 

1 Research: a way of thinking

Research: an integral part of your practice

Research: a way to gather evidence for your practice

Applications of research

Research: what does it mean?

The research process: characteristics and requirements

Types of research

Types of research: application perspective

Types of research: objectives perspective

Types of research: mode of enquiry perspective

Paradigms of research

Summary

2 The research process: a quick glance

The research process: an eight-step model

Phase I: deciding what to research

Step I: formulating a research problem

Phase II: planning a research study

Step II: conceptualising a research design

Step III: constructing an instrument for data collection

Step IV: selecting a sample

Step V: writing a research proposal

Phase III: conducting a research study

Step VI: collecting data

Step VII: processing and displaying data

Step VIII: writing a research report

Summary

STEP I FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM

3 Reviewing the literature

The place of the literature review in research

Bringing clarity and focus to your research problem

Improving your research methodology

Broadening your knowledge base in your research area

Enabling you to contextualise your findings

How to review the literature

Searching for the existing literature

Reviewing the selected literature

Developing a theoretical framework

Developing a conceptual framework

Writing about the literature reviewed

Summary

4 Formulating a research problem

The research problem

The importance of formulating a research problem

Sources of research problems

Considerations in selecting a research problem

Steps in formulating a research problem

The formulation of research objectives

The study population

Establishing operational definitions

Formulating a research problem in qualitative research

Summary

5 Identifying variables

What is a variable?

The difference between a concept and a variable

Converting concepts into variables

Types of variable

From the viewpoint of causal relationship

From the viewpoint of the study design

From the viewpoint of the unit of measurement

Types of measurement scale

The nominal or classificatory scale

The ordinal or ranking scale

The interval scale

The ratio scale

Summary

6 Constructing hypotheses

The definition of a hypothesis

The functions of a hypothesis

The testing of a hypothesis

The characteristics of a hypothesis

Types of hypothesis

Errors in testing a hypothesis

Hypotheses in qualitative research

Summary

STEP II CONCEPTUALISING A RESEARCH DESIGN

7 The research design

What is a research design?

The functions of a research design

The theory of causality and the research design

Summary

8 Selecting a study design

Differences between quantitative and qualitative study designs

Study designs in quantitative research

Study designs based on the number of contacts

Study designs based on the reference period

Study designs based on the nature of the investigation

Other designs commonly used in quantitative research

The cross-over comparative experimental design

The replicated cross-sectional design

Trend studies

Cohort studies

Panel studies

Blind studies

Double-blind studies

Study designs in qualitative research

Case study

Oral history

Focus groups/group interviews

Participant observation

Holistic research

Community discussion forums

Reflective journal log

Other commonly used philosophy-guided designs

Action research

Feminist research

Participatory and collaborative research enquiry

Summary

STEP III CONSTRUCTING AN INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION

9 Selecting a method of data collection

Differences in the methods of data collection in quantitative and qualitative research

Major approaches to information gathering

Collecting data using primary sources

Observation

The interview

The questionnaire

Constructing a research instrument in quantitative research

Asking personal and sensitive questions

The order of questions

Pre-testing a research instrument

Prerequisites for data collection

Methods of data collection in qualitative research

Constructing a research instrument in qualitative research

Collecting data using secondary sources

Problems with using data from secondary sources

Summary

10 Collecting data using attitudinal scales

Measurement of attitudes in quantitative and qualitative research

Attitudinal scales in quantitative research

Functions of attitudinal scales

Difficulties in developing an attitudinal scale

Types of attitudinal scale

The summated rating or Likert scale

The equal-appearing interval or Thurstone scale

The cumulative or Guttman scale

Attitudinal scales and measurement scales

Attitudes and qualitative research

Summary

11 Establishing the validity and reliability of a research instrument

The concept of validity

Types of validity in quantitative research

Face and content validity

Concurrent and predictive validity

Construct validity

The concept of reliability

Factors affecting the reliability of a research instrument

Methods of determining the reliability of an instrument in quantitative research

External consistency procedures

Internal consistency procedures

Validity and reliability in qualitative research

Summary

STEP IV SELECTING A SAMPLE

12 Selecting a sample

The differences between sampling in quantitative and qualitative research

Sampling in quantitative research

The concept of sampling

Sampling terminology

Principles of sampling

Factors affecting the inferences drawn from a sample

Aims in selecting a sample

Types of sampling

Non-random/non-probability sampling designs in quantitative research

Systematic sampling design: a ‘mixed’ design

The calculation of sample size

Sampling in qualitative research

The concept of saturation point in qualitative research

Summary

STEP V WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

13 How to write a research proposal

The research proposal in quantitative and qualitative research

Contents of a research proposal

Preamble/introduction

The problem

Objectives of the study

Hypotheses to be tested

Study design

The setting

Measurement procedures

Ethical issues

Sampling

Analysis of data

Structure of the report

Problems and limitations

Appendix

Work schedule

Summary

STEP VI COLLECTING DATA

14 Considering ethical issues in data collection

Ethics: the concept

Stakeholders in research

Ethical issues to consider concerning research participants

Collecting information

Seeking consent

Providing incentives

Seeking sensitive information

The possibility of causing harm to participants

Maintaining confidentiality

Ethical issues to consider relating to the researcher

Avoiding bias

Provision or deprivation of a treatment

Using inappropriate research methodology

Incorrect reporting

Inappropriate use of the information

Ethical issues regarding the sponsoring organisation

Restrictions imposed by the sponsoring organisation

The misuse of information

Summary

STEP VII PROCESSING AND DISPLAYING DATA

15 Processing data

Part one: Data processing in quantitative studies

Editing

Coding

Part two: Data processing in qualitative studies

Content analysis in qualitative research – an example

The role of statistics in research

Summary

16 Displaying data

Methods of communicating and displaying analysed data

Text

Tables

Graphs

Summary

STEP VIII WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT

17 Writing a research report

Writing a research report

Developing an outline

Writing about a variable

Referencing

Writing a bibliography

Summary

18 Research methodology and practice evaluation

What is evaluation?

Why evaluation?

Intervention–development–evaluation process

Perspectives in the classification of evaluation studies

Types of evaluation from a focus perspective

Evaluation for programme/intervention planning

Process/monitoring evaluation

Evaluating participation of the target population

Evaluating service delivery manner

Impact/outcome evaluation

Cost–benefit/cost-effectiveness evaluation

Types of evaluation from a philosophical perspective

Goal-centred/objective-oriented evaluation

Consumer-oriented/client-centred evaluation

Improvement-oriented evaluation

Holistic/illuminative evaluation

Undertaking an evaluation: the process

Step 1: Determining the purpose of evaluation

Step 2: Developing objectives or evaluation questions

Step 3: Converting concepts into indicators into variables

Step 4: Developing evaluation methodology

Step 5: Collecting data

Step 6: Analysing data

Step 7: Writing an evaluation report

Step 8: Sharing findings with stakeholders

Involving stakeholders in evaluation

Ethics in evaluation

Summary

Appendix: Developing a research project: a set of exercises for beginners

Glossary

Bibliography

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