PRACTICAL UROLOGICAL ULTRASOUND 3rd edition by Pat Fulgham, Bruce Gilbert ISBN 303052308X 978-3030523084

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ISBN 10: 303052308X  
ISBN 13:  978-3030523084
Author:  Pat Fulgham, Bruce Gilbert 

Practical Urological Ultrasound has become a primary reference for urologists and sonographers performing urologic ultrasound examinations. This third edition is comprised of twenty-two chapters including newly added chapters on technical advancements in ultrasound, male reproduction ultrasound, point-of-care ultrasound, quality assessment and implementation for urologic practices, and sonographers in the urologic practice. All chapters are fully updated and expanded, covering additional literature on further elucidation of Doppler ultrasound principles, sonoelastography, quantitative evaluation of the clinical causes of ED, evaluations of the pelvic mesh implant and its complications, developments in multiparametic ultrasound of the prostate, and updated protocols in POCUS.

Written by experts in the field of urology, Practical Urological Ultrasound, Third Edition continues to serve as an important resource for the novice and a comprehensivereference for the advanced sonographer.

PRACTICAL UROLOGICAL ULTRASOUND 3rd Table of contents:

1: History of Ultrasound
History of Doppler Ultrasound
History of Ultrasound in Urology
Prostate
Kidney and Renal Hilum
Scrotum
Emerging Techniques
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound
Elastography
Histioscanning or Computer-Analyzed Ultrasound
Harmonics
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography
Multiparametric Ultrasound
Ultrasound in Therapeutics
Conclusion
References
2: Physical Principles of Ultrasound
Introduction
The Mechanics of Ultrasound Waves
Ultrasound Image Generation
Interaction of Ultrasound with Biological Tissue
Artifacts
Modes of Ultrasound
Gray-Scale, B-Mode Ultrasound
Doppler Ultrasound
Artifacts Associated with Doppler Ultrasound
Harmonic Scanning
Contrast Agents in Ultrasound
References
3: Bioeffects and Safety
Introduction
Bioeffects of Ultrasound
Thermal Effects
Mechanical Effects
Patient Safety
Mechanical Index
Thermal Index
ALARA
Scanning Environment
Patient Identification and Documentation
Equipment Maintenance
Cleaning and Disinfection of Ultrasound Equipment
References
4: Maximizing Image Quality: User-Dependent Variables
Introduction
Tuning the Instrument
Transducer Selection
Scanning Environment
Monitor Display
Scanning Technique
User-Controlled Variables
Dynamic Range (Contrast)
Conclusion
Summary
References
5: Renal Ultrasound
Introduction
Point-of-Service Ultrasound
Indications
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Anatomic Considerations for Renal Imaging
Imaging the Right Kidney
Technique
Imaging the Left Kidney
Technique
Normal Findings
Adjacent Structures
Ultrasound Report
Indications
Equipment
Findings
Impression
Image Documentation
Doppler
Resistive Index
Artifacts
Renal Findings
Extrarenal Pelvis
Normal Parenchymal Variants
Ultrasound Diagnosis of Renal Pathology
Renal Cysts
Parapelvic Cysts
Hydronephrosis
Urolithiasis
Renal Masses
Angiomyolipomas
Renal Scars
Medical Renal Disease
Applications of Intraoperative Renal Ultrasound
Conclusion
References
6: Scrotal Ultrasound
Introduction
Scanning Technique and Protocol
Transducer Selection
Overview of the Exam
Color and Spectral Doppler
Documentation
Indications
Normal Anatomy of the Testis and Paratesticular Structures
Scrotum
Testis
Epidymis
Vascular Anatomy
Embryology Relevant to Ultrasound Imaging of the Scrotum
Early Gonadal Developmental Anatomy
Testicular Descent
Development of the Scrotum
Pathologic Conditions and the Scrotal Ultrasound
Extratesticular Findings
Hydrocele
Pyocele
Scrotal Hernia
Sperm Granuloma
Tumors of the Spermatic Cord
Epididymal Findings
Epididymo-Orchitis
Torsion of the Appendix Epididymis and Testis
Benign Epididymal Lesions
Malignant Epididymal Lesions
Scrotal Wall Lesions
Scrotal Infectious Findings
Benign Scrotal Lesions
Epidermoid Cysts of the Scrotal Wall
Malignant Scrotal Lesions
Testicular Pathology
Nonmalignant Abnormalities of the Testis
Torsion of the Spermatic Cord or Testicular Torsion
Primary Orchitis and Testicular Abscess
Nonpalpable Testis
Testicular Microcalcification
Testicular Macrocalcification
Cystic Lesions
Intratesticular Varicocele
Congenital Testicular Adrenal Rests
Sarcoidosis
Testicular Trauma
Malignant Lesions of the Testis
Germ Cell Tumors
Non-germ Cell Tumors
Testicular Lymphoma
Metastasis
Regressed or Burnout Germ Cell Tumor
Incidentally Discovered Nonpalpable Testicular Lesions
Sonoelastography for Testis Lesions
Real-Time Sonoelastography
Shear Wave Sonoelastography
Differences Between the Technologies
Current Experience with Sonoelastography of Testicular Lesions
Clinical Role of Scrotal Sonoelastography
Intraoperative Testicular Ultrasound
Male Infertility
Varicocele
Azoospermia and Oligiospermia
Newer Ultrasound Technology to Assess Fertility
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography
Conclusions
References
7: Penile Ultrasound
Introduction
Penile Structural Anatomy
Corporal Bodies
Vascular Anatomy Relevant to Ultrasound Imaging of the Penis
Penile Blood Supply
Venous Return
Embryology Relevant to Ultrasound Imaging of the Penis
Development of the Urogenital Sinus
Development of the Male External Genitalia and Phallus
Imaging the Penis with Ultrasound
Ultrasound Settings
Scanning Technique
Importance of the Angle of Insonation
Patient Preparation
Penile Ultrasound Protocol
Proper Documentation
Focused Penile Ultrasound by Indication
Erectile Dysfunction
Role of Penile Ultrasound in Cardiovascular Health
Priapism
Penile Fracture
Dorsal Vein Thrombosis
Peyronie’s Disease
Penile Masses
Penile Urethral Pathologies
Conclusion
Appendix 1: Suggested Protocol for Evaluation of Erectile Dysfunction
Appendix 2: Patient Instructions for Penile Injection Therapy
I. Preparation for Injection
II. Self-injection Technique
References
8: Transabdominal Pelvic Ultrasound
Introduction
Indications
Patient Preparation and Positioning
Equipment and Techniques
Survey Scan of the Bladder
Measurement of Bladder Volume
Measurement of Bladder Wall Thickness
Evaluation of Ureteral Efflux
Common Abnormalities
Bladder Stones
Trabeculation and Diverticula
Ureteral Dilation
Neoplasms
Foreign Bodies and Perivesical Processes
Evaluation of the Prostate Gland
Documentation
Image Documentation
Ultrasound Report
Automated Bladder Scanning
Conclusion
References
9: Pelvic Floor Ultrasound
Female Pelvic Floor Ultrasound
Use of Ultrasound as the Imaging Modality for Video Urodynamics
A Technique of Transperineal 2D Imaging
Indications
Equipment
Transducer Placement
Scanning Position
Movements of the Transducer
Dynamic Imaging
Pelvic Floor Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Sling and Mesh Complications
Principles of Ultrasound Imaging of Slings and Meshes
Applications of Pelvic Floor Ultrasound in Sling Complications
Sling Failure
Obstructive Sling
Sling Erosion
The Patient with Multiple Slings
Assessment of Pain
Pelvic Floor Ultrasound in Assessment of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Male Pelvic Floor Ultrasound
Assessment of the Urethra
Assessment of Post-prostatectomy Incontinence (PPI)
Conclusion
References
10: Transrectal Ultrasound
Definition and Scope
Anatomy of the Prostate
Indications
Techniques
Documentation
Multiparametric Ultrasound and Emerging Technologies
Conclusion
References
11: Ultrasound for Prostate Biopsy
Introduction
History
Anatomy
Technique Preparation
Anesthesia
Transrectal Biopsy Technique
PSA Density
Prostatic and Paraprostatic Cysts
Hypoechoic Lesions
Color and Power Doppler
Biopsy Strategies
Repeat Biopsy
Saturation Biopsy
Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Transperineal Prostate Biopsy Using the Brachytherapy Template
MRI/Ultrasound Fusion-Guided Biopsy for Targeted Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer
TRUS Biopsy after Definitive Treatment and Hormonal Ablative Therapy
Complications
Pathologic Findings
HGPIN and ASAP
Predicting Outcomes Following Local Treatment
Summary
Appendix A List of medications to Be Avoided Prior to Biopsy
References
12: Pediatric Urologic Ultrasound
Introduction
Ultrasound Performance in Children
Definitions and Scope
Indications
Technique
Documentation
Kidney
Normal Anatomy
Renal Anomalies
Unilateral Renal Agenesis (Fig. 12.2)
Renal Ectopia and Fusion
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Infection and Scarring (Fig. 12.6)
Renal Cystic Diseases
Polycystic Kidney Disease (Fig. 12.9)
Renal Tumors
Stones
Hydronephrosis
Collecting System Duplication
Prenatal Ultrasound
Bladder
Normal Bladder
Bladder Anomalies
Ureterocele
Vesicoureteral Reflux
Posterior Urethral Valves
Neurogenic Bladder
Scrotum
Undescended Testis
Hydrocele
Disorders of Sexual Differentiation
Acute Testicular Pain (Case Study 3)
Conclusion
References
13: Applications of Urologic Ultrasound During Pregnancy
Ultrasound Evaluation During Pregnancy
Renal Pelvic APD and Calyceal Measurements Suggesting Obstruction
Ultrasound-Guided Ureteroscopy During Pregnancy
Room Setup and Patient Positioning
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
References
14: Application of Urologic Ultrasound in Pelvic and Transplant Kidneys
Ultrasound Evaluation of Pelvic Kidneys
Ultrasonic Findings in Transplant Complications
References
15: Intraoperative Urologic Ultrasound
Types of Transducers (Fig. 15.1)
The Kidneys
Percutaneous Nephrostomy and Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
Percutaneous Renal Biopsy
Laparoscopic Ablative and Partial Nephrectomy
Robotic Partial Nephrectomy
The Adrenal Gland
The Bladder
Suprapubic Tube Placement or Suprapubic Aspiration
The Prostate
Transrectal Ultrasound
Transperineal Prostate Biopsies (TPB)
Cryotherapy
Brachytherapy
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound
Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy
The Testis
The Renal Pelvis and Ureters
Stent Placement During Pregnancy and Patients in the ICU
Conclusion
References
16: Male Reproductive Ultrasound
Introduction
Scrotal Ultrasound
Transrectal Ultrasound
Aspiration for Obstruction
Penile Ultrasound
Erectile Dysfunction
Peyronie’s Disease
Ejaculatory Dysfunction
Ultrasound for Ejaculatory Dysfunction
Perineal Ultrasound
Conclusion
References
17: Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Urology
Introduction
Available Equipment
Urologic Applications
Flank Pain and Costovertebral Angle Tenderness
Suprapubic Pain
Acute Pain of the External Male Genitalia
Oliguria
Protocols and Guidelines
Indications
Training Guidelines for POCUS
Scanning Technique
Documentation
Image Capture and Storage
Billing and Reimbursement
Conclusion
Bibliography
18: Urologic Ultrasound Protocols
Introduction
Documentation
Components of Proper Documentation
Written Report
Images
Specific Ultrasound Protocols
Color and Spectral Doppler
Sonoelastography
Specific Protocol for Scrotal Ultrasound
Scanning Technique
Transducer Selection
Survey Scan
Penile Ultrasound
Patient Preparation
Routine Survey Scan
Penile Ultrasound Protocol
Baseline Study
Penile Study for Vascular Integrity
Perineal (Bulbocavernosal Muscle aka Bulbospongiosus Muscle)
Bladder
Basic Scanning Technique
Transabdominal Bladder
Transabdominal Prostate
Abdominal Prostate Imaging
Kidneys
Urinary Bladder and Adjacent Structures
Renal Ultrasound Protocol
Transabdominal Bladder
Transabdominal Prostate
Transrectal Prostate Ultrasound (TRUS)
Prostate Ultrasound Protocol (Split-Screen Views Preferred When Biplane Transducer Is Used)
Appendix A
References
19: Quality Assessment and Initiatives for Urologic Ultrasound Practices
Introduction
Ultrasound Accreditation
Continuing Education and Reaccreditation
Clinicians Performing Exam
Competency Assessment for Urology Residents
Equipment
Images/Reports
Reporting Abnormal and Nonroutine Results
Ultrasound Validity
Ultrasound Examiner
Patient Safety and Quality Assurance Protocols
Indications for Procedure
Equipment and Facilities
Scanning Protocol and Technique
Interpreting Physician
Reports and Interpretation
Looking Forward
Appendix A
References
20: Urology Ultrasound Practice Accreditation
The Safety of Ultrasound: Primum Non Nocere
The History of Ultrasound Practice Accreditation
Development of Standards in Ultrasound
AIUM Ultrasound Practice Accreditation in Urologic Ultrasound
The AIUM Accreditation Review Process
The Effect of Ultrasound Practice Accreditation
A Urology Practice Perspective
Appendix 1
Training Guidelines for Physicians Who Evaluate and Interpret Urologic Ultrasound Examinations
Physicians Performing and/or Interpreting Diagnostic Urologic Examinations Should Meet at Least 1 of the Following Criteria
Maintenance of Competence in Urologic Ultrasound
Continuing Medical Education in Urologic Ultrasound
Developed in Collaboration with the Following Organization
References
21: Sonographers in a Urologic Practice
Introduction
Training of the Sonographer
Features Unique to Urologic Ultrasound and a Urology Practice
Assuring Quality in the Urologic Practice
Optimization of Image Quality
Documenting Pathology in the Urologic Practice
Conclusion
References
22: Technological Advancements in Ultrasound
Ultrafast Imaging
Synthetic Transmit Aperture Imaging
Ultrafast Motion Tracking
Applications
Vector Flow Imaging
Axial Flow Estimation
Extension to Transverse Flow Imaging
Super-Resolution Ultrasound Localization Microscopy
Ultrasound Molecular Imaging
Noncontact Laser Ultrasound
References

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