Pharmacology in Rehabilitation 5th edition by Charles Ciccone ISBN 0803640293 978-0803640290

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ISBN 10: 0803640293 
ISBN 13: 978-0803640290
Author:  Charles Ciccone 

• Understand the benefits and adverse effects of medications commonly taken by patients receiving physical rehabilitation.
• Know the latest changes in traditional treatment paradigms for specific diseases.
• Discover how and why various medications are being used in new ways.

Pharmacology in Rehabilitation 5th Table of contents:

Section 1 General Principles of Pharmacology

Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology

RELEVANCE OF PHARMACOLOGY IN REHABILITATION

DRUG NOMENCLATURE

SUBSTITUTION OF GENERIC DRUGS FOR BRAND-NAME PRODUCTS

WHAT CONSTITUTES A DRUG: DEVELOPMENT AND APPROVAL OF THERAPEUTIC AGENTS

Drug Approval Process

Orphan Drugs

Off-Label Prescribing

Prescription Versus Over-the-Counter Medication

Controlled Substances

BASIC CONCEPTS IN DRUG THERAPY

Dose-Response Curves and Maximal Effi cacy

Potency

ELEMENTS OF DRUG SAFETY

Quantal Dose-Response Curves and the Median Effective Dose

Median Toxic Dose

Therapeutic Index

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 2 Pharmacokinetics I: Drug Administration, Absorption, and Distribution

ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

Enteral

Parenteral

Transdermal

BIOAVAILABILITY AND DRUG ABSORPTION ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE

Membrane Structure and Function

Movement Across Membrane Barriers

DISTRIBUTION OF DRUGS WITHIN THE BODY

Factors Affecting Distribution

Volume of Distribution

DRUG STORAGE

Storage Sites

Adverse Consequences of Drug Storage

NEWER TECHNIQUES FOR DRUG DELIVERY

Controlled-Release Preparations

Implanted Drug Delivery Systems

Targeting Drug Delivery to Specifi c Cells and Tissues

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 3 Pharmacokinetics II: Drug Elimination

BIOTRANSFORMATION

Cellular Mechanisms of Drug Biotransformation

Organs Responsible for Drug Biotransformation

Enzyme Induction

DRUG EXCRETION

DRUG ELIMINATION RATES

Clearance

Half-Life

DOSING SCHEDULES AND PLASMA CONCENTRATION

VARIATIONS IN DRUG RESPONSE AND METABOLISM

Genetics

Disease

Drug Interactions

Age

Diet

Sex

Other Factors

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chatper 4 Drug Receptors

RECEPTORS LOCATED ON THE CELL’S SURFACE

Surface Receptors Linked Directly to Ion Channels

Surface Receptors Linked Directly to Enzymes

Surface Receptors Linked to Regulatory (G) Proteins and the Role of the Second Messenger

INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS

DRUG–RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS

FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF DRUG–RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS

Drug Selectivity and Receptor Subtypes

Dose-Response

Classifi cation of Drugs: Agonist Versus Antagonist

Competitive Versus Noncompetitive Antagonists

Partial Agonists

Mixed Agonist–Antagonists and Inverse Agonists

RECEPTOR REGULATION

Receptor Desensitization and Down-Regulation

Receptor Supersensitivity

NONRECEPTOR DRUG MECHANISMS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Section 2 Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System

Chapter 5 General Principles of Central Ner vous System Phar macology

CNS ORGANIZATION

Cerebrum

Basal Ganglia

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon and Brainstem

Cerebellum

Limbic System

Spinal Cord

THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

CNS NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Acetylcholine

Monoamines

Amino Acids

Peptides

Other Transmitters

THE GENERAL MECHANISMS OF CNS DRUGS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 6 Sedative-Hypnotic and Antianxiety Drugs

SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC DRUGS

Benzodiazepines

Nonbenzodiazepines

Pharmacokinetics

Problems and Adverse Effects of Sedative-Hypnotics

ANTIANXIETY DRUGS

Benzodiazepines

Buspirone

Use of Antidepressants in Anxiety

Other Antianxiety Drugs

Problems and Adverse Effects of Anxiolytics

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC DRUGS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 7 Drugs to T reat Affective Disorders: Depression and Bipolar Syndrome

DEPRESSION

Pathophysiology of Depression

Antidepressant Drugs

Pharmacokinetics of Antidepressants

Problems and Adverse Effects

Antidepressants and Chronic Pain

BIPOLAR DISORDER

Lithium

Other Drugs for Bipolar Disorder

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 8 Antipsychotic Dr ugs

SCHIZOPHRENIA

Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia

Neurotransmitter Changes in Schizophrenia

ANTIPSYCHOTICS MECHANISM OF ACTION

ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS

Traditional Antipsychotics

Atypical Antipsychotics

PHARMACOKINETICS

OTHER USES OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS

PROBLEMS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS

Extrapyramidal Symptoms

Nonmotor Effects

Other Side Effects

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 9 Antiepileptic Drugs

CLASSIFICATION OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES

RATIONALE FOR DRUG TREATMENT

ANTISEIZURE DRUGS

First-Generation Antiseizure Drugs

Second-Generation Agents

SELECTION OF A SPECIFIC ANTIEPILEPTIC AGENT

PHARMACOKINETICS

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS DURING PREGNANCY

TREATMENT OF STATUS EPILEPTICUS

WITHDRAWAL OF ANTISEIZURE MEDICATIONS

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 10 Pharmacological Management of Parkinson Disease

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PARKINSON DISEASE

ETIOLOGY OF PARKINSON DISEASE: GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Genetic Factors

Environmental Factors

THERAPEUTIC AGENTS IN PARKINSONISM

Levodopa

Pharmacokinetics of Levodopa

Use of Peripheral Decarboxylase Inhibitors

Problems and Adverse Effects of Levodopa Therapy

Drug Holidays From Levodopa

OTHER DRUGS TO TREAT PARKINSON DISEASE

Dopamine Agonists

Anticholinergic Drugs

Amantadine

Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors

Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors

CLINICAL COURSE OF PARKINSON DISEASE: WHEN TO USE SPECIFIC DRUGS

NEUROSURGICAL INTERVENTIONS IN PARKINSON DISEASE

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

ANTI-PARKINSON DRUGS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 11 General Anesthetics

REQUIREMENTS FOR GENERAL ANESTHESIA

INDUCTION STAGES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA

GENERAL ANESTHETIC AGENTS: CLASSIFICATION AND USE ACCORDING TO ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION

Inhalation Anesthetics

Intravenous Anesthetics

PHARMACOKINETICS

MECHANISM OF ACTION

ADJUVANTS IN GENERAL ANESTHESIA

Preoperative Medications

Neuromuscular Blockers

Nondepolarizing Blockers

Depolarizing Blocker

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

GENERAL ANESTHETICS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 12 Local Anesthetics

TYPES OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS

PHARMACOKINETICS

CLINICAL USE OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS

Topical Administration

Transdermal Administration

Infiltration Anesthesia

Peripheral Nerve Block

Central Neural Blockade

Sympathetic Blockade

Intravenous Regional Anesthesia (Bier Block)

MECHANISM OF ACTION

DIFFERENTIAL NERVE BLOCK

SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

LOCAL ANESTHETICS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Section 3 Drugs Affecting Skeletal Muscle

Chapter 13 Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

INCREASED MUSCLE TONE: SPASTICITY VERSUS MUSCLE SPASMS

ANTISPASM DRUGS

Diazepam

Centrally Acting Antispasm Drugs

ANTISPASTICITY DRUGS

Baclofen

Intrathecal Baclofen

Dantrolene Sodium

Diazepam

Gabapentin

Tizanidine

USE OF BOTULINUM TOXIN AS A MUSCLE RELAXANT

Mechanism of Action

Clinical Use of Botulinum Toxin

Limitations and Adverse Effects

PHARMACOKINETICS

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

MUSCLE RELAXANTS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Section 4 Drugs Used to Treat Pain and Inf ammation

Chapter 14 Opioid Analgesics

SOURCES OF OPIOID ANALGESICS

ENDOGENOUS OPIOID PEPTIDES AND OPIOID RECEPTORS

Endogenous Opioids

Opioid Receptors

CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIFIC AGENTS

Strong Agonists

Mild-to-Moderate Agonists

Mixed Agonist–Antagonists

Antagonists

PHARMACOKINETICS

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Sites of Opioid Effects

Effects of Opioids on Synaptic Activity

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Treatment of Pain

Use of Opioids in Patient-Controlled Analgesia

Other Opioid Uses

PROBLEMS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS

CONCEPTS OF ADDICTION, TOLERANCE, AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE

Tolerance

Physical Dependence

Tolerance and Dependence During Therapeutic Opioid Use

Use of Opioids in Patient-Controlled Analgesia

Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia

Pharmacological Treatment of Opioid Addiction

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

OPIOID ANALGESICS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 15 Nonsteroidal Anti-Inf ammatory Drugs

ASPIRIN AND OTHER NSAIDS: GENERAL ASPECTS

PROSTAGLANDINS, THROMBOXANES, AND LEUKOTRIENES

Eicosanoid Biosynthesis

Role of Eicosanoids in Health and Disease

MECHANISM OF NSAID ACTION: INHIBITION OF PROSTAGLANDIN AND THROMBOXANE SYNTHESIS

ASPIRIN: THE PROTOTYPICAL NSAID

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF ASPIRINLIKE DRUGS

Treatment of Pain and Infl ammation

Treatment of Fever

Treatment of Vascular Disorders

Prevention of Cancer

PROBLEMS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ASPIRINLIKE DRUGS

Gastrointestinal Problems

Cardiovascular Problems

Other Side Effects

COMPARISON OF ASPIRIN WITH OTHER NSAIDS

COX-2 SELECTIVE DRUGS

COX-2 Drugs and the Risk of Heart Attackand Stroke

ACETAMINOPHEN

PHARMACOKINETICS OF NSAIDS AND ACETAMINOPHEN

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 16 Pharmacological Management of Rheumatoid Ar thritis and Osteoar thritis

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Immune Basis for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Overview of Drug Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis

NSAIDs

Glucocorticoids

Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs

Traditional (Nonbiological) DMARDs

Biological DMARDs

Other DMARDs

DMARD Combinations Used in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Dietary Implications for Rheumatoid Arthritis

OSTEOARTHRITIS

Acetaminophen and NSAIDs

Viscosupplementation

Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 17 Patient-Controlled Analgesia

PHARMACOKINETIC BASIS FOR PCA

PCA DOSING STRATEGIES AND PARAMETERS

TYPES OF ANALGESICS USED FOR PCA

PCA PUMPS

ADMINISTRATION ROUTES DURING PCA

IV PCA

Epidural PCA

Regional PCA

Transdermal PCA

Other Potential Administration Routes for PCA

COMPARISON OF PCA TO OTHER METHODS OF ANALGESIC ADMINISTRATION

COMPARISON OF PCA TO CONTINUOUS NERVE BLOCKS

PROBLEMS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS OF PCA

Pharmacological Adverse Effects

Problems With PCA Delivery

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Section 5 Autonomic and Cardiovascular Pharmacology

Chapter 18 Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology

ANATOMY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS

Preganglionic and Postganglionic Neurons

Sympathetic Organization

Parasympathetic Organization

Functional Aspects of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA

AUTONOMIC INTEGRATION AND CONTROL

AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine

Other Autonomic Neurotransmitters

AUTONOMIC RECEPTORS

Cholinergic Receptors

Adrenergic Receptors

PHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF AUTONOMIC RECEPTORS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 19 Cholinergic Drugs

CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS

CHOLINERGIC STIMULANTS

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Stimulants

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Stimulants

Clinical Applications of Cholinergic Stimulants

Problems and Adverse Effects of Cholinergic Stimulants

ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS

Source and Mechanism of Action of Antimuscarinic Anticholinergic Drugs

Clinical Applications of Antimuscarinic Drugs

Problems and Adverse Effectsof Anticholinergic Drugs

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 20 Adrenergic Drugs

ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR SUBCLASSIFICATIONS

ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

Alpha-1-Selective Agonists

Alpha-2-Selective Agonists

Beta-1-Selective Agonists

Beta-2-Selective Agonists

Drugs With Mixed Alphaand Beta-Agonist Activity

ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS

Alpha Antagonists

Beta Antagonists

Other Drugs That Inhibit Adrenergic Neurons

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 21 Antihypertensive Drugs

NORMAL CONTROL OF BLOOD PRESSURE

PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERTENSION

Essential Versus Secondary Hypertension

Possible Mechanisms in Essential Hypertension

DRUG THERAPY

Diuretics

Sympatholytic Drugs

Vasodilators

Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors

Calcium Channel Blockers

DRUG SELECTION FOR SPECIFIC PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION

NONPHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

HYPERTENSION

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 22 Treatment of Angina Pectoris

DRUGS USED TO TREAT ANGINA PECTORIS

Organic Nitrates

Beta-Adrenergic Blockers

Calcium Channel Blockers

OTHER DRUGS AFFECTING MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN BALANCE IN ANGINA PECTORIS

USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS IN ANGINA PECTORIS

TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC TYPES OF ANGINA PECTORIS

Stable Angina

Variant Angina (Prinzmetal Ischemia)

Unstable Angina

NONPHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ANGINA PECTORIS

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

ANTIANGINAL DRUGS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 23 Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias

CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

Cardiac Action Potentials

Normal Cardiac Rhythm

Normal Conduction of the Cardiac Action Potential

MECHANISMS OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS

TYPES OF ARRHYTHMIAS

CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS

Class I: Sodium Channel Blockers

Class II: Beta Blockers

Class III: Drugs That Prolong Repolarization

Class IV: Calcium Channel Blockers

OTHER DRUGS USED TO TREAT ARRHYTHMIAS

NONPHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 24 Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

The Vicious Cycle of Heart Failure

Congestion in Left and Right Heart Failure

PHARMACOTHERAPY

DRUGS THAT INCREASE MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION FORCE (POSITIVE INOTROPIC AGENTS)

Digitalis

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Dopamine and Dobutamine

AGENTS THAT DECREASE CARDIAC WORKLOAD

Drugs Affecting the Renin-Angiotensin System

Beta Blockers

Diuretics

Vasodilators

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 25 Treatment of Coagulation Disorders and Hyperlipidemia

NORMAL MECHANISM OF BLOOD COAGULATION

Clot Formation

Clot Breakdown

DRUGS USED TO TREAT OVERACTIVE CLOTTING

Anticoagulants

Antiplatelet Drugs

Fibrinolytics

TREATMENT OF CLOTTING DEFICIENCIES

Hemophilia

Deficiencies of Vitamin K–Dependent Clotting Factors

Antifibrinolytics

AGENTS USED TO TREAT HYPERLIPIDEMIA

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)

Fibric Acids

Other Lipid-Lowering Agents

Adverse Effects of Antihyperlipidemic Agents

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

CLOTTING DISORDERS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Section 6 Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Pharmacology

Chapter 26 Respiratory Drugs

DRUGS USED TO TREAT RESPIRATORY TRACT IRRITATION AND CONTROL RESPIRATORY SECRETIONS

Antitussives

Decongestants

Antihistamines

Mucolytics and Expectorants

DRUGS USED TO MAINTAIN AIRWAY PATENCY IN OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Beta-Adrenergic Agonists

Xanthine Derivatives

Anticholinergic Drugs

Glucocorticoids

Cromones

Leukotriene Inhibitors

TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

Pathophysiology of Bronchial Asthma

Long-Term Management of Asthma

TREATMENT OF REVERSIBLE BRONCHOSPASM IN COPD

TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

RESPIRATORY DRUGS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 27 Gastrointestinal Drugs

DRUGS USED TO CONTROL GASTRIC ACIDITY AND SECRETION

Antacids

H2 Receptor Blockers

Proton Pump Inhibitors

Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Gastric Ulcer Disease

Other Agents Used to Control and Treat Gastric Ulcers

ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENTS

Opioid Derivatives

Bismuth Salicylate

Miscellaneous Agents Used to Treat Diarrhea

LAXATIVES AND CATHARTICS

Specific Agents and Mechanism of Action

Adverse Effects

MISCELLANEOUS GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS

Digestants

Emetics

Antiemetics

Cholelitholytic Agents

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Section 7 Endocrine Pharmacology

Chapter 28 Introduction to Endocrine Pharmacology

PRIMARY ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR HORMONES

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Gland

Parathyroid Gland

Pancreas

Adrenal Gland

Gonads

ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY

Hormone Chemistry

Synthesis and Release of Hormones

Feedback Control Mechanisms in Endocrine Function

Hormone Transport

Hormone Effects on the Target Cell

CLINICAL USE OF ENDOCRINE DRUGS

Replacement Therapy

Diagnosis of Endocrine Disorders

Treatment of Excessive Endocrine Function

Exploitation of Benefi cial Hormone Effects

Use of Hormones to Alter Normal Endocrine Function

Use of Hormones in Nonendocrine Disease

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 29 Adrenocorticosteroids

STEROID SYNTHESIS

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Role of Glucocorticoids in Normal Function

Mechanism of Action of Glucocorticoids

Physiological Effects of Glucocorticoids

CLINICAL USES OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Glucocorticoid Use in Endocrine Disorders

Glucocorticoid Use in Nonendocrine Conditions

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Adrenocortical Suppression

Drug-Induced Cushing Syndrome

Breakdown of Supporting Tissues

Other Adverse Effects

DRUGS THAT INHIBIT ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONE BIOSYNTHESIS

MINERALOCORTICOIDS

Regulation of Mineralocorticoid Secretion

Mechanism of Action and Physiological Effects of Mineralocorticoids

Therapeutic Use of Mineralocorticoid Drugs

Adverse Effects of Mineralocorticoid Agonists

Mineralocorticoid Antagonists

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

ADRENOCORTICOSTEROIDS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 30 Male and Female Hormones

ANDROGENS

Source and Regulation of Androgen Synthesis

Physiological Effects of Androgens

CLINICAL USE OF ANDROGENS

Replacement Therapy

Catabolic States

Delayed Puberty

Breast Cancer

Anemia

Hereditary Angioedema

Specifi c Agents

Adverse Effects of Clinical Androgen Use

Antiandrogens

ANDROGEN ABUSE

Effects of Androgens on Athletic Performance

Adverse Effects of Androgen Abuse

ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Sexual Maturation

Regulation and Effects of Hormonal Synthesis During the Menstrual Cycle

Female Hormones in Pregnancy and Parturition

PHARMACOLOGICAL USE OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

Conditions Treated With Estrogen and Progesterone

Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy Following Menopause

Specifi c Agents

Adverse Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone

OTHER DRUGS THAT AFFECT ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ACTIVITY

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

Antiestrogens

Antiprogestins

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES

Types of Contraceptive Preparations

Mechanism of Contraceptive Action

Adverse Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives

CASE STUDY

MALE AND FEMALE HORMONES

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 31 Thyroid and P arathyroid Drugs: Agents Affecting Bone Mineralization

HORMONES OF THE THYROID GLAND

Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones

Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Release

Physiological Effects of Thyroid Hormones

Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones

TREATMENT OF THYROID DISORDERS

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

PARATHYROID HORMONE

REGULATION OF BONE MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS

Parathyroid Hormone and Bone Formation

Vitamin D

Calcitonin

Other Hormones

PHARMACOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BONE MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS

Calcium Supplements

Vitamin D

Bisphosphonates

Calcitonin

Estrogen Therapy

Other Agents That Promote Bone Mineral Content

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

AGENTS AFFECTING BONE MINERAL METABOLISM

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 32 Pancreatic Hormones and the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS

INSULIN

Effects of Insulin on Carbohydrate Metabolism

Effects of Insulin on Proteinand Lipid Metabolism

Cellular Mechanism of Insulin Action

GLUCAGON

CONTROL OF INSULIN AND GLUCAGON RELEASE

DIABETES MELLITUS

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes

Effects and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

USE OF INSULIN IN DIABETES MELLITUS

Therapeutic Effects and Rationale for Use

Insulin Preparations

Administration of Insulin

Intensive Insulin Therapy

Adverse Effects of Insulin Therapy

PRIMARY AGENTS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES

Drugs That Stimulate Insulin Secretion and Supply

Insulin Sensitizers

Other Antidiabetics

PREVENTION OF TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS: THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF IMMUNE-BASED THERAPIES

NONPHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION IN DIABETES MELLITUS

Dietary Management and Weight Reduction

Exercise

Tissue Transplants and Gene Therapy

CASE STUDY

DIABETES MELLITUS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Section 8 Chemotherapy of Infectious and Neoplastic Diseases

Chapter 33 Treatment of Infections I: Antibacterial Dr ugs

BACTERIA: BASIC CONCEPTS

Bacterial Structure and Function

Pathogenic Effects of Bacteria

Bacterial Nomenclature and Classifi cation

SPECTRUM AND ACTIVITY OF ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS

Spectrum of Antibacterial Activity

Bactericidal Versus Bacteriostatic Activity

BASIC MECHANISMS OF ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS

Inhibition of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesisand Function

Inhibition of Bacterial Protein Synthesis

Inhibition of Bacterial DNA/RNA Synthesisand Function

SPECIFIC ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS

ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS THAT INHIBIT BACTERIAL CELL WALL SYNTHESIS AND FUNCTION

Penicillins

Cephalosporins

Carbapenems

Other Agents That Inhibit Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis

Use of Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

DRUGS THAT INHIBIT BACTERIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Aminoglycosides

Erythromycin and Other Macrolides

Other Agents That Inhibit Bacterial Protein Synthesis

DRUGS THAT INHIBIT BACTERIAL DNA/RNA SYNTHESIS AND FUNCTION

Aminosalicylic Acid

Clofazimine

Dapsone

Fluoroquinolones

Metronidazole

Mupirocin

Rifamycins

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

OTHER ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS

Capreomycin

Daptomycin

Isoniazid

Methenamine

Nitrofurantoin

Pyrazinamide

CLINICAL USE OF ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS: RELATIONSHIP TO SPECIFIC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

RESISTANCE TO ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 34 Treatment of Infections II: Antiviral Drugs

VIRAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Classification of Viruses

Characteristics of Viruses

Viral Replication

SPECIFIC ANTIVIRAL DRUGS

Acyclovir and Valacyclovir

Amantadine and Rimantadine

Cidofovir

Docosanol

Dolutegravir, Elvitegravir, and Raltegravir

Enfuvirtide and Maraviroc

Famciclovir and Penciclovir

Foscarnet

Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir

Imiquimod

Trifl uridine

Oseltamivir and Zanamivir

Protease Inhibitors

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Ribavirin

VIRAL RESISTANCE

INTERFERONS

Synthesis and Cellular Effects of Interferons

Pharmacological Applications of Interferons

Adverse Effects of Interferons

CONTROL OF VIRAL INFECTION WITH VACCINES

HIV AND THE TREATMENT OF AIDS

Inhibition of HIV Proliferation in InfectedIndividuals

Anti-HIV Drug Combinations: Use of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

HIV Vaccines

Management of Opportunistic Infections

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

ANTIVIRAL DRUGS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 35 Treatment of Infections III: Antifungal and Antiparasitic Dr ugs

ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS

Systemic Antifungal Agents

Topical Antifungal Agents

ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS

Antimalarial Agents

Drugs Used to Treat Protozoal Infections in the Intestines and Other Tissues

Other Antiprotozoal Drugs

ANTHELMINTICS

Albendazole

Diethylcarbamazine

Ivermectin

Mebendazole

Praziquantel

Pyrantel Pamoate

Thiabendazole

Other Anthelmintics

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 36 Cancer Chemotherapy

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Cytotoxic Strategy

Cell-Cycle–Specific Versus Cell-Cycle–Nonspecific Drugs

Concepts of Growth Fraction and Cell Kill

Prevalence and Management of Adverse Effects

SPECIFIC ANTICANCER DRUGS

Alkylating Agents

Antimetabolites

Anticancer Antibiotics

Antimicrotubule Agents

Topoisomerase Inhibitors

Anticancer Hormones

Targeted and Biological Therapies

Platinum Coordination Complexes

Aspirin and Other NSAIDs

Miscellaneous Agents

COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY

USE OF ANTICANCER DRUGS WITH OTHER TREATMENTS

SUCCESS OF ANTICANCER DRUGS

RESISTANCE TO ANTICANCER DRUGS

FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 37 Immunomodulating Agents

OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

PHARMACOLOGICAL SUPPRESSION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

SPECIFIC IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS

Azathioprine

Cyclophosphamide

Cyclosporine

Glucocorticoids

Methotrexate

Mycophenolate Mofetil

Sulfasalazine

Sirolimus and other mTOR Inhibitors

Tacrolimus

Other Methods of Immunosuppression

IMMUNOSTIMULANTS

Bacille Calmette-Guérin

Immune Globulin

OTHER IMMUNOMODULATORS

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

IMMUNOMODULATING AGENTS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 38 Complementary and Alternative Medications

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CAMS

Misconceptions About CAM Safety

Failure to Report CAM Use

Lack of Standards for Quality and Purity of CAMs

Delayed Use of Conventional Medications

POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CAMS

SPECIFIC CAMS

Bee Venom

Echinacea

Garlic

Ginger

Ginkgo Biloba

Ginseng

Glucosamine and Chondroitin

Kava

Melatonin

Saw Palmetto

St. John’s Wort

Valerian

VITAMINS AND MINERALS

Vitamins

Minerals

Special Concerns for Rehabilitation Patients

CASE STUDY

COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICATIONS

SUMMARY

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