Pharmacologic Therapy of Ocular Disease 1st editon by Scott Whitcup, Dimitri Azar ISBN 3319582887 978-3319582887

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ISBN 10:  3319582887
ISBN 13: 978-3319582887
Author: Scott Whitcup, Dimitri Azar 

There have been major advancements in the pharmacologic treatment of eye diseases over the past decade. With newly discovered disease targets and novel approaches to deliver therapeutic compounds to the eye, patients are seeing improved outcomes. Not only are there better treatments for diseases where treatments existed, we now have effective therapy for previously untreatable and blinding eye disorders. This volume will cover the pharmacologic treatment of eye diseases from the front of the eye including eyelids, conjunctiva and cornea all the way back to the retina and optic nerve. The first section of the volume reviews general principles of ocular pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmaceutical sciences, and drug delivery. In addition, the volume provides an up to date guide to the pharmacologic approach to the key eye diseases that threaten sight or ocular function.

Pharmacologic Therapy of Ocular Disease 1st Table of contents:

1. Introduction

The introduction sets the stage for a discussion on ocular pharmacology, exploring the various aspects of drug action and therapeutic targets in the eye.

2. Receptor Profile

This section outlines the key receptors involved in ocular function, including:

• Ligand-Gated Ion Channels: Important for rapid signaling in the eye.

• G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): These receptors are involved in mediating complex responses to neurotransmitters.

• Kinase-Linked Receptors: Important for cellular signaling and regulating processes such as cell growth and differentiation.

• Nuclear Receptors: These receptors play a role in gene expression and are involved in long-term ocular responses.

3. Drug Receptor Targets as Modulators of Ocular Function

This section highlights various receptors targeted by drugs to treat different ocular conditions:

• Ion Channels, Adrenergic Receptors, Histamine Receptors, Prostaglandin Receptors: These receptors are crucial in regulating ocular pressure, inflammation, and other key functions.

• Kinase-Linked Receptors: Their involvement in cell signaling processes influencing eye function is explored.

4. Drug Interaction and Ocular Therapy

This section focuses on how drugs interact with different parts of the eye and the conditions they treat:

• Cornea: Conditions like dry eye, conjunctivitis, allergies, and infections.

• Uvea: Uveitis and inflammation.

• Retina/Anterior Eye Segment: Conditions like age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma.

• Other Regulators of IOP: Exploring mechanisms beyond traditional drug interactions.

5. Ocular Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of drugs in the ocular system is covered in-depth:

• Anterior Segment: The pharmacokinetics of topical, subconjunctival, and intracameral drug delivery.

• Posterior Segment: Focuses on transscleral and intravitreal delivery, as well as how disease states and pigmentation affect drug absorption.

6. Ocular Drug Delivery

This section covers various drug delivery methods and challenges for both anterior and posterior eye segments, including:

• Mucoadhesive Formulations, Prodrugs, Colloidal Systems: Modern approaches to drug delivery.

• Transscleral Iontophoresis, Microneedles, Implants: Innovative methods for drug administration targeting the posterior segment.

7. Ocular Pharmacology of Tear Film, Dry Eye, and Allergic Conjunctivitis

This section details the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for conditions like dry eye disease and allergic conjunctivitis, which involve complex immune mechanisms.

8. Anti-Infective and Anti-Inflammatory Pharmacotherapies

This section focuses on pharmacotherapies for managing infections and inflammation in the eye, including:

• Anti-infective Drugs: Various antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals.

• Anti-inflammatory Drugs: The use of corticosteroids, NSAIDs, and other agents in treating ocular inflammation.

9. Keratoconus and Other Corneal Diseases: Pharmacologic Cross-Linking and Future Therapy

Discusses the biomechanics, protocols, and therapies for corneal collagen cross-linking, including new methods and complications related to its use.

10. Lens: Management of Cataract Surgery, Cataract Prevention, and Floppy Iris Syndrome

This section provides insight into cataract management, including drugs used for anesthesia, mydriasis, and anti-inflammatory effects during surgery.

11. Glaucoma-Intraocular Pressure Reduction

Focuses on agents that reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma treatment, such as beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and adrenergic agonists, along with their mechanisms and adverse effects.

12. Translational Pharmacology in Glaucoma Neuroprotection

Explores neuroprotective strategies in glaucoma, the mechanisms of cellular dysfunction, and potential drug therapies aimed at preserving retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve function.

13. Pharmacologic Treatment of Noninfectious Uveitis

Discusses the management of noninfectious uveitis using corticosteroids, T-cell inhibitors, antimetabolites, and biologics.

14. Anti-angiogenic Therapy for Retinal Disease

Covers emerging therapies aimed at treating retinal diseases, especially those involving vascular abnormalities like diabetic retinopathy and AMD, including anti-VEGF therapies.

15. Corticosteroids and Anti-Complement Therapy in Retinal Diseases

Discusses the role of corticosteroids in managing diseases like diabetic macular edema, along with the potential of anti-complement therapy in retinal diseases.

16. Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Pharmacology

Outlines the current pharmacological interventions for managing dry AMD, with a focus on antioxidants, vitamins, and inflammatory modulators.

17. Hereditary Retinal Dystrophy

This section discusses gene therapies for various inherited retinal dystrophies, exploring cutting-edge genetic treatments like RPE65 and ABCA4 gene therapy.

18. Optic Nerve

Focuses on diseases affecting the optic nerve, including optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathies, and hereditary conditions like Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy.

Each section integrates the understanding of both basic and applied ocular pharmacology and therapeutic strategies, aimed at improving diagnosis, treatment, and drug delivery to the eye for various ocular diseases.

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