Pediatric Nutrition in Practice 2nd Edition by Berthold Koletzko, Peter Cooper, Maria Makrides, R Uauy ISBN 3318026913 9783318026917

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ISBN 10: 3318026913 
ISBN 13: 9783318026917
Author: Berthold Koletzko, Peter Cooper, Maria Makrides, R Uauy

There is no other time in life when the provision of adequate and balanced nutrition is of greater importance than during infancy and childhood. During this dynamic phase characterized by rapid growth, development and developmental plasticity, a sufficient amount and appropriate composition of nutrients both in health and disease are of key importance for growth, functional outcomes such as cognition and immune response, and the metabolic programming of long-term health and well-being. This compact reference text provides concise information to readers who seek quick guidance on practical issues in the nutrition of infants, children and adolescents. After the success of the first edition, which sold more than 50’000 copies in several languages, the editors prepared this thoroughly revised and updated second edition which focuses again on nutritional challenges in both affluent and poor populations around the world. Serving as a practical reference guide, this book will contribute to further improving the quality of feeding of healthy infants and children, as well as enhancing the standards of nutritional care in sick children.

Pediatric Nutrition in Practice 2nd Table of contents:

1 Specific Aspects of Childhood Nutrition
1.1 Child Growth
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Growth of the Healthy Child
Regulation of Growth
Nutritional Problems Affecting Growth
Growth and Long-Term Health
Growth Monitoring
Conclusions
References
1.2 Nutritional Assessment
1.2.1 Clinical Evaluation and Anthropometry
Key Words
Key Messages
Nutritional Assessment
Nutritional Intake
Taking a Feeding History
Basic Anthropometry: Assessment of Body Form
Growth
Normal Growth: Simple Rules of Thumb
Patterns of Growth
Anthropometric Indices and Definitions of Malnutrition
Classifications of Malnutrition
When to Intervene
Conclusions
References
1.2.2 Diet History and Dietary Intake Assessment
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Assessment of Barriers
Dietary History Method
Diet Records
Interpretation and Advice
Conclusions
References
1.2.3 Use of Technical Measurements in Nutritional Assessment
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Resting Energy Expenditure
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
Other Techniques for Assessing Body Composition
Conclusions
References
1.2.4 Use of Laboratory Measurements in Nutritional Assessment
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Protein
Vitamins and Minerals
Tests of Maldigestion/Malabsorption/Enteric Protein Loss
References
1.3 Nutritional Needs
1.3.1. Nutrient Intake Values: Concepts and Applications
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Definitions of NIV
Limitations to the Estimation of NIV
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
1.3.2 Energy Requirements of Infants, Children and Adolescents
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Approaches to Estimating Energy Requirements
Energy Requirements of Infants
Energy Requirements of Children and Adolescents
Recommendations for Physical Activity
Conclusions
References
1.3.3 Protein
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Protein Requirement
Expression of Requirement
Protein Requirements for Infants and Children
Infants: 0-6 Months
Infants: 7-12 Months
Children: 1-18 Years
Amino Acid Requirement for Infants and Children
Protein Quality
Protein Sources
Conclusions
References
1.3.4 Digestible and Non-Digestible Carbohydrates
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Digestible Carbohydrates
Non-Digestible (Resistant) Carbohydrates
Dietary Fibres
Fibres: Clinical Importance
Prebiotics
Conclusions
References
1.3.5 Fats
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Fats in the First Year of Life
Essentiality of PUFA and LCPUFA
Lipids in Human Milk
Fats in the Second Year of Life and Beyond
Conclusions
References
1.3.6 Fluid and Electrolytes
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Regulation of Sodium Balance
Regulation of Body Water
Gastrointestinal Regulation of Fluids and Electrolytes
Intracellular Regulators of Ion Flux
Intercellular Regulators of Ion Flux
Other Regulatory Factors
Effects of Environment and Physical Activity
Principles of Rehydration and Fluid Maintenance
Conclusions
References
1.3.7 Vitamins and Trace Elements
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Sources of Micronutrients for Human Consumption
Vitamins and Trace Elements Intrinsic to Foods
Vitamins and Trace Elements Added to Foods
Micronutrient Supplements
Factors Affecting Vitamin and Trace Element Nutrition
Theoretical and Practical Precautions and Caveats regarding Vitamin and Trace Element Nutrition
Conclusions
References
1.4 Physical Activity, Health and Nutrition
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Outcomes
Conclusions
References
1.5 Early Nutrition and Long-Term Health
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
1.6 Food Safety
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Residues
Contaminants
Food Toxicology
Infectious Foodborne Diseases
Infant Formulae
Conclusions
References
1.7 Gastrointestinal Development, Nutrient Digestion and Absorption
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Conclusions
References
1.8 Gut Microbiota in Infants
Key Words
Key Messages
Initial Establishment of Microbiota
Source of Original Microbiota
Succession of Microbial Communities
Gut Microbiota in the First Six Months of Life
Gut Microbiota in Infants from Six Months Onward
Immune Development
Intestinal Function
Maintenance and Modulation of the Individually Optimized Healthy Microbiota
Conclusions
References
2 Nutrition of Healthy Infants, Children and Adolescents
2.1 Breastfeeding
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Content of Human Milk
Positive Effects on the Infant and Mother
Potential Untoward Effects of Breastfeeding
Transmission of HIV
Hypernatremic Dehydration
Environmental Contaminants
Maternal Medication
Support of Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding of Preterm Infants
Conclusions
References
2.2 Formula Feeding
Key Words
Key Messages
Infant Formula
Optional Ingredients in Infant Formula
Infant Formula Based on Soy Protein Isolate
Infant Formula Based on Protein Hydrolysates
Preparation, Storage and Handling of Infant Formula
Follow-Up Formula for Infants
Follow-Up Formula for Young Children
Conclusions
References
2.3 Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
The International Code
Violations of the Code
Monitoring the Code
Impact on Mortality and Morbidity
Situations in Which Breast Milk Substitutes Can Be Used
Conclusions
References
2.4 Complementary Foods
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Timing of Complementary Feeding
Content of the Diet
Energy
Iron and Zinc
Salt and Sugar
Gluten
Vegetarian Diets
Allergy
Taste and Food Acceptance
Conclusions
References
2.5 Allergy Prevention through Early Nutrition
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Maternal Diet and Avoidance of Allergenic Foods during Pregnancy and Lactation
Breastfeeding
Feeding Hydrolyzed Infant Formulae
Protein Sources other than Cow’s Milk in Infant Feeding
Complementary Foods
Probiotics and Prebiotics
Conclusions
References
2.6 Toddlers, Preschool and School Children
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Principles of Children’s Diets and Eating
Recommended Diet Composition
Meals and Meal Patterns
Choice of Foods
Conclusions
References
2.7 Adolescent Nutrition
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Adolescent Nutrition Trends
Interventions
Intervention Delivery and Challenges
Conclusions
References
2.8 Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Folic Acid
Iodine
Iron
Calcium
Vitamin D
Multifetal Pregnancies
Vegetarian Diets
Mercury in Fish
Herbal Teas and Herbal Supplements
Listeriosis
Caffeine (Coffee, Tea and Caffeine Soft Drinks)
Alcohol
Conclusions
References
2.9 Vegetarian Diets
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Growth and Development
Special Nutrient Considerations in Vegetarian Diets
Essential Fatty Acids
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D
Calcium
Iron
Zinc
Conclusions
References
3 Nutritional Challenges in Special Conditions and Diseases
3.1 Primary and Secondary Malnutrition
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
The Burden of Malnutrition
Causes of Malnutrition
Classification of Malnutrition
Management
Community-Based Management of SAM
Management of Secondary Malnutrition
Prevention
Conclusions
References
3.2 Micronutrient Deficiencies in Children
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Global Micronutrient Deficiencies: Perspective of Developing Countries
Iron and Anemia
Vitamin A Deficiency
Zinc Deficiency
Iodine Deficiency
Provision of MMN rather than Two or Fewer Micronutrients to Micronutrient-Deficient Children
Provision of MMN during Pregnancy and Fetal Outcome
Interventions to Combat Micronutrient Deficiencies in Children
Conclusion
References
3.3 Enteral Nutritional Support
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Enteral Formula Properties and Selection Criteria
Administration of EN
Sites of Delivery
Routes of Delivery
Modes to Deliver EN
Initiation of EN
Monitoring and Complications
Areas for Future Developments and Research
Conclusions
References
3.4 Parenteral Nutritional Support
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Water
Energy
Amino Acids
Glucose
Lipids
Other Aspects
Conclusions
References
3.5 Management of Child and Adolescent Obesity
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Clinical Assessment
Treatment Strategies
Elements of Treatment
Family Focus
A Developmentally Appropriate Approach
Behavior Modification
Dietary Change and Eating Behaviors
Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors
Long-Term Weight Maintenance
Nonconventional Therapies
Health Service Delivery Issues
References
3.6 Reducing the Burden of Acute and Prolonged Childhood Diarrhea
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Interventions for Diarrhea Prevention and Management
Nutrition in Acute and Persistent Diarrhea
Intervention Delivery Strategies
Way Forward
Conclusions
References
3.7 HIV and AIDS
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Feeding the HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infant
Breastfeeding
Replacement Feeding
Other Measures
Feeding the HIV-Infected Child Not on ART
Feeding the HIV-Infected Child on ART
Conclusions
References
3.8 Nutritional Management in Cholestatic Liver Disease
Key Words
Key Messages
Conclusions
References
3.9 Malabsorptive Disorders and Short Bowel Syndrome
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Rationale for EF
Which Diet Should Be Used
Advancement of Feeding
Conclusions
References
3.10 Celiac Disease
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Gluten-Free Diet
Compliance with GFD
Limits
Alternative Therapies
Prevention
Other Conditions Requiring GFD
Conclusions
References
3.11 Food Intolerance and Allergy
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations of Food Allergy
Lactose Intolerance
Diagnostic Evaluation
Dietary Management of Food Allergy
Conclusions
References
3.12 Regurgitation and Gastroesophageal Reflux
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
3.13 Childhood Feeding Problems
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Caregiver Feeding Practices
Screening, Recommendations, and Interventions
Conclusions
References
3.14 Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Nourishing Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Early Phase
Parenteral Nutrition
Enteral Nutrition
Transition Phase
Late Phase
After Discharge
References
3.15 Nutritional Management of Diabetes in Childhood
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Goals of Nutrition Therapy
Eating Patterns
Energy Balance
Carbohydrate Assessment
Glycemic Index
Specific Advice for Different Age Groups
Nutritional Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Children
Conclusions
References
3.16 Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism
Organic Acidurias
Urea Cycle Disorders
Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Disorders of Galactose and Fructose Metabolism
Disorders of Gluconeogenesis and Glycogen Storage
Conclusions
References
3.17 Hypercholesterolemia
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Lipoproteins
Hypercholesterolemia
Dietary Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia
Conclusions
References
3.18 Enteral Nutrition for Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Treatment of Active Crohn Disease
Evidence of Efficacy
Patient Selection
Therapeutic Regimens
Exclusive versus Supplementary Enteral Nutrition
Mode of Administration
Target Volume and Calories
Choice of Formula
Duration of EEN
Reintroduction of Solid Food
Facilitation of Linear Growth
Maintenance of Clinical Remission
Conclusions
References
3.19 Nutrition in Cystic Fibrosis
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Infants
Toddlers
School-Age Children
Adolescence
Bone Health
Follow-Up
When Things Go Wrong
Management of the Malnourished Child
Nutritional Intervention
Growth Hormone and Appetite Stimulants
Conclusions
References
3.20 Heart Disease
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Impact of Home Surveillance Program on Nutrition and CHD
Nutrition: Breast Milk, Breastfeeding and Fortification
Normal Infant Growth and Development and Gastroesophageal Reflux
Anticoagulants
Constipation
Milk Protein Allergy
References
3.21 Nutritional Management in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Epidemiology of Growth
Causes of Poor Growth
Causes of Poor Nutritional Intake
Management of Poor Nutrition
The Role of the Dietician
Energy
Protein
Calcium and Phosphate
Sodium, Bicarbonate and Water
Potassium
Vitamins and Minerals
Enteral Feeding
Obesity
References
3.22 Nutrition Rehabilitation in Eating Disorders
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Nutritional Rehabilitation
Choice of Refeeding Methods
Refeeding Syndrome and Outcome
Conclusions
References
3.23 Haemato-Oncology
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Provision of Nutritional Support
ETF and PN
Late Nutritional Complications
Conclusions
References
3.24 Intensive Care
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Nutritional Requirements
Energy
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Burn Injury
Nutritional Support
Indication and Goal
Timing of Nutritional Support
Route of Nutritional Support
Type of Formula
Compliance
Follow-Up of Nutritional Support
Conclusions
References
4 Annexes
4.1 The WHO Child Growth Standards
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Construction of the WHO Child Growth Standards
Implications of Adopting the WHO Child Growth Standards
Conclusions
References
4.2 The CDC and Euro Growth Charts
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
CDC Growth Charts: USA
Euro Growth Charts
Comment
References
4.3 Reference Nutrient Intakes of Infants, Children and Adolescents
References
4.4 Feeding My Baby – Advice for Families
Breastfeeding
Practical Recommendations for Breastfeeding
Infant Formula
Feeding Solid Foods (Complementary Foods or ‘Beikost’)
Beverages
Further Advice and Information
References
4.5 Increasing Dietary Energy and Nutrient Supply
Elements of a Stepwise Approach to Increase Energy and Nutrient Supply
Infants: Options for Increasing Energy Density of Expressed Human Milk or Infant Formula
Increased Concentration of Infant Formula
Addition of Glucose Polymers
Addition of Glucose Polymer-Fat Mixtures to Infant Formula
Addition of Oils or Fat Emulsions
Use of Enteral Infant Feed
Children: Preferential Choice of Energy-Dense Foods, Drinks and Snacks
Children: Options for Increasing the Energy Density of Foods
Addition of Fats and Oils to Foods
Addition of Glucose Polymers to Drinks and Semisolid Foods
Use of Liquid Feeds with High Energy and Nutrient Density
4.6 Dietary Assessment in Children
Key Words
Key Messages
Introduction
Dietary Methods
Diet Records/Diaries
24-hour Recall
Food Frequency Questionnaires
Nutrient Analysis
Misreporting of Intake
Interpretation
Conclusion
References

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