Oral Microbiology and Immunology 3rd Edition by Richard J Lamont ISBN 1683672909 9781683672906

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ISBN 10: 1683672909 
ISBN 13: 9781683672906
Author: Richard J. Lamont

Oral Microbiology and Immunology 3rd Table of contents:

Section I: General Principles of Oral Microbiology and Immunology
1. General Microbiology
Introduction
Biological Classification Scheme
Bacterial Classification
Bacterial Architecture
Membranes
Cell Wall Peptidoglycan
Lipopolysaccharides
Lipoteichoic Acids
Other Important Components Produced by Bacteria
Capsule
Fimbriae and Pili
Fibrillar Layers
Flagella
Vesicles
Surface Layers
Endospores
Genetic Organization in Bacteria
The Bacterial Chromosome
Chromosome Replication in Bacteria
Gene Transfer in Bacteria
Bacterial Growth and Nutrition
Growth
Nutrient Acquisition
Environmental Sensing
Secretion
Introduction to Fundamental Concepts in Oral Microbial Ecology
Microbial Biofilms
Microbial Cooperativity
Microbial Antagonism
Polymicrobial Communities
Ecology of the Oral Microbiota and Development of Oral Diseases
Key Points
2. The Immune System and Its Functions
Introduction—What Is Immunity?
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
BOX: Cells of the Immune System
Immune Recognition Mechanisms
Innate Immune Recognition: Pattern Recognition Receptors
Adaptive Immune Recognition: Antigen Receptors
Induction and Stages of the Immune Response
Tailored Immunity Requires Specialized Subsets of Immune Cells
Hallmark Properties of Immunity
Properties of Adaptive Immunity
Properties of Innate Immunity
Key Points
Further Reading
3. The Oral Environment
Introduction
Oral Diseases
General Features of the Oral Environment
Teeth
The Oral Soft Tissues (Periodontium, Oral Mucosa, and Tongue)
Physical and Host Parameters Affecting Oral Microbial Colonization
Temperature
pH
Oxygen
Mechanical Abrasive Forces
Fluid Flow
Host Age
The Oral Microbiota
Tooth (Dental) Plaque: Early Determinants of Plaque Formation
Calculus
The Mucosal Microbiota
Recent Concepts of Dental Biofilm Formation
Saliva and the Salivary Proteome
Saliva-Microbe Interactions
Clearance of Bacteria from the Oral Cavity: Agglutinins
Pellicle Adhesion Receptors
Antimicrobial Components in Saliva
Antiviral Components in Saliva
Saliva as a Source of Bacterial Nutrition
Gingival Crevicular Fluid
Key Points
Further Reading
4. Isolation, Classification, and Identification of Oral Bacteria
Introduction
Diversity of the Oral Microbiota
The Ribosomal 16S rRNA Gene and Bacterial Identification and Classification
16S rRNA Genes and Phylogeny
Sampling Oral Bacteria and Recovery of Bacterial DNA from Samples
Identifying Oral Bacteria Using Molecular Techniques
PCR Detection
Quantitative PCR
DNA Hybridization Assays
Ribosomal 16S rRNA Gene Cloning and Sequence Analysis
Next-Generation Sequencing of 16S rRNA Genes
Metagenomic Sequence Analysis
Species and Strains of Oral Bacteria
Naming of Bacteria and Molecular Analysis
Direct Observation of Oral Bacteria
Cultivation of Oral Bacteria
Oxygen Requirements
Culture Media
Innovations in Bacterial Cultivation
Single-Cell Genomics
Classification of Cultured Bacteria
Antibiotic Susceptibility
Other Oral Microorganisms
Key Points
Further Reading
5. Oral Microbial Ecology
Introduction
Acquisition of Oral Bacteria
Colonization by Oral Bacteria
Surface Structures and Molecules Involved in Adhesion
Mechanisms of Adhesion
Host Surface-Specific Constraints on Bacterial Adhesion
Adhesion and Metabolism
Bacterial Communication
Quorum Sensing
Competence
Contact-Dependent Interactions
Antagonism
Multicomponent Interactions
Communication with Host Cells
Gene Regulation
Key Points
Further Reading
6. Oral Microbial Physiology
Introduction
Survey of Metabolic Activities Important to the Oral Bacterial Community
Carbohydrate Fermentation
Metabolism of Organic Acids
Energy Generation Using Lactate
Metabolism of Amino Acids
The Role of Proteases in Energy Generation
Amino Acid Metabolism by the Stickland Reaction
Amino Acid Fermentation by Fusobacterium nucleatum
Arginine Metabolism by the Arginine Deiminase System
Cross Feeding and Cross Respiration
Acid-Base Physiology of Oral Microorganisms
Acid-Base Cycling in the Mouth
The Range of Acid Tolerance among Oral Bacteria Related to Oral Ecology
Acid Tolerance Related to Specific Functions
Constitutive and Adaptive Acid Tolerance
Alkali Production and Tolerance
Acid-Base Physiology, Virulence, and Disease
Oxygen Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, and Adaptation
Sources of Oxygen for Oral Bacteria
Oxygen Levels and Oxidation-Reduction Potentials in Dental Plaque
Oxygen Metabolism in Oral Bacteria, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Oxidative Damage
Repair Systems
Physiology of Oral Biofilms
Physicochemical Gradients in Oral Biofilms and Concentrative Capacities of Biofilms for Fluoride and Other Antimicrobials
Plaque Nutrition Related to Biofilm Physiology
Key Points
Further Reading
7. Genetics and Molecular Biology of Oral Microorganisms
Introduction
Fundamental Terms in Bacterial Genetics
Bacterial DNA Inheritance
Vertical Gene Transfer
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Defense from Foreign DNA
Genetic Manipulation and Analysis
Cloning and Vectors
Mutagenesis
Complementation
Transposon Mutagenesis
Screening
Conclusions
Key Points
Further Reading
8. Applied Molecular Biology and the Oral Microbes
Introduction
Genomics
Gene Organization and Regulation
Transcriptional Initiation
Measurement of Gene Expression
Genomic Structure
Small Noncoding RNAs
CRISPR
Tn-Seq
Transcriptomics
Proteomics
Methods for Protein Identification
Posttranslational Modifications
Protein Expression Levels
Metabolomics and Metabonomics
Metabolic Fingerprint
Metabonomics
Multi-Omics
Key Points
Further Reading
9. Population Genetics of Oral Bacteria
Introduction
Bacterial Species Show Different Patterns of Evolution
Localized Sex in Bacteria
Differences in Pathogenicity of Strains
Specific Host Adaptation of Bacterial Clones
Population Sizes of Pathogenic and Commensal Bacteria
Oral Bacteria Show Varying Degrees of Genetic Diversity
The Oral Microbiome Is a Dynamic Population Undergoing Constant Changes
Virulence Differences within Species of Oral Bacteria?
Methods of Strain Differentiation and Search for Virulent Clones
Population Genetics Structure of Oral Bacteria
Key Points
Further Reading
10. Immunology of the Oral Cavity
Introduction
Oral Secretory Immunity
Overview of Innate Host Defense Factors in Saliva
Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides
Proteins with Bacterial Agglutination Properties
Metal Ion Chelators
Protease Inhibitors
Enzymes Acting against Bacterial Cell Walls
The Peroxidase System
Overview of Specific Host Defense Factors in Saliva
The Mucosal Immune System and Induction of S-IgA Antibodies in Saliva
Biological Activities of S-IgA Antibodies
Subgingival Immunity
Innate and Adaptive Immune Players below the Gum Line
Features of the Subgingival Environment and Their Impact on Host Response
Toll-Like Receptors and Coreceptors
Neutrophils
Complement
Gingival Crevicular Epithelium
Adaptive Immunity in the Periodontium
Key Points
Further Reading
Section II: Infection-Driven Oral Diseases
11. Dental Caries: Etiology and Pathogenesis
Introduction
Tooth Structure and Development
Sites of Carious Lesions
Coronal Caries
Root Surface Caries
Diet and Dental Caries
Cariogenic Effect of the Diet
Anticariogenic Properties of Food
Cariogenic Dental Biofilm Formation
Biochemical Composition of the Cariogenic Biofilm
Physicochemical Phenomena in Dental Biofilm
Caries Prevention Using Fluoride
Experimental Caries Models
Laboratorial Methods
Animal Models
In Situ (Intraoral) Models
Key Points
Further Reading
12. Pathogenic Mechanisms in Dental Caries
Introduction
The Cariogenic Biofilm: Mutans Group Streptococci and Dietary Sugars
Exopolysaccharides and Biofilm Matrix
Sugar Transport and Acid Production
Acid Stress Tolerance and Survival
Other Stress Resistance- and Virulence-Related Mechanisms
Polymicrobial Interactions and Cariogenicity
Commensal-Pathogen Interactions
Acidogenic Interactions
Alkalinogenic Interactions
Bacterial-Fungal interactions
Future Directions and Perspectives
Key Points
Further Reading
13. Periodontal Diseases: General Concepts
Introduction
Current Classification of Periodontal Diseases
Epidemiology of Periodontal Diseases
Microbial Etiology of Periodontal Diseases
Prevention and Control of Periodontal Diseases
Periodontal Diseases and General Health Outcomes
Key Points
Further Reading
14. Virulence Factors of Periodontal Bacteria
Introduction
Colonization
Localization in the Gingival Crevice
Attachment
Invasion
Community Development
Toxins
Leukotoxin
Cytolethal Distending Toxin
Proteolytic Enzymes
Acquisition of Iron
Surface-Associated Bioactive Components
Lipopolysaccharide
Capsule and Exopolysaccharide
Toxic Bacterial Components and Enzymes
Outer Membrane Vesicles
Secretion of Virulence Factors
Resistance to Neutrophil Killing
Key Points
Further Reading
15. Immunopathogenic Mechanisms in Periodontal Disease
Introduction
Immune Players in Periodontal Disease
Complement: Microbial Manipulation and Destructive Inflammation
Neutrophils: More Than Just Acute Responders
Macrophages: Little Known, More To Unearth
Osteoimmunology: Linking Inflammation to Bone Loss
Adaptive Immunity: More Harm Than Good?
T Lymphocytes
B-Lineage Cells
Aging and the Host Response: Inflamm-Aging of the Periodontium
Key Points
Further Reading
16. Oral Virology
Introduction
What Is Oral Virology?
What Is a Virus?
How Is a Virus Transmitted?
The Virus
How Viruses Change: Viral Evolution
The Viral Life Cycle
Virus Taxonomy
Discovery of New Viruses
Oral Virology: The Viruses
Viruses That Can Cause Pathologies in the Oral Cavity
Picornaviridae
Human Herpesviruses
Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus
Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8
Human Papillomaviruses
Viruses Present in the Oral Cavity
Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis C Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Viral Immune Responses
Viruses and the Innate Immune System
Viruses and the Adaptive Immune System
Viral Evasion Strategies
Antiviral Vaccines and Therapies
History of Viral Vaccines
Antiviral Immunoglobulin Preparations and Vaccines
Antiviral Compounds and Therapies
Key Points
Further Reading
17. Fungi and Fungal Infections of the Oral Cavity
Introduction
Biology
Morphology
Fungal Interactions
Replication
Pathogenesis
Acquisition
Virulence
Host Defenses against Fungal Infection
Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms
Specific Defense Mechanisms
Antifungal Therapy
Growth and Identification of Fungi
Principles of Antifungal Chemotherapy
Clinical Conditions
Candidiasis
Aspergillosis
Cryptococcosis
Histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Mucormycosis
Key Points
Further Reading
18. Endodontic Infections and Therapeutic Approaches
Introduction
Overall Definitions and Concepts
Pathways of Root Canal Infection
Microbial Agents of Endodontic Infections
Microbes Associated with Primary Apical Periodontitis
Microbes Associated with Posttreatment Apical Periodontitis
Extraradicular Infection
Biofilms and the Endodontic Microenvironment
Root Canal Treatment: Challenges and Current Therapeutic Approaches
Variations in Bacterial Susceptibility to Disinfection Procedures
Chemomechanical Preparation
Root Canal Irrigation
Intracanal Medication
Root Canal Obturation and Coronal Restoration
Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
Key Points
Further Reading
19. Systemic Disease and the Oral Microbiota
Introduction
Routes from Oral to Systemic Compartments
Breaches in the Oral Mucosa
Transport and Translocation of Microbes
The Potential of Commensal Bacteria To Behave as Pathogens
Microbial Chameleons: Changing Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Signals
Host Defenses
Systemic Diseases Associated with Oral Microbes
Bacteremia
Infective Endocarditis
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Atherosclerosis
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Diabetes
Obesity
Certain Cancers
Sequelae of Oral Viral Infections
Immunological Aspects of Oral Microbes and Systemic Disease
Heat Shock Proteins
Autorecognition Induced by Oral Microorganisms
Inflammation: A Link Between Local Dental Disease and Systemic Pathology?
Summary
Key Points
Further Reading
Section III: Control of Oral Diseases
20. Antibiotics: Mechanisms of Action, Resistance, and Clinical Use in Dentistry
Introduction
Antibiotics: Types and Mechanisms of Action
Cell Wall-Active Agents
Antiribosomal Agents
Antifolate Agents
Topoisomerase Inhibitors
Miscellaneous Agents
Antibiotic Combinations
Antibiotic Adjuvants
Measuring the Effects of Antibiotics
Nonantibiotic Antimicrobial Agents and Disinfectants
Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics
Resistance: Health Effects and Economic Costs
Overview of Resistance Mechanisms
Intrinsic and Acquired Resistance
Biofilm-Associated Drug Tolerance
Use of Antibiotics in Dentistry
Treatment of Endodontic (Periapical) Infections
Treatment of Odontogenic Infections
Systemic Antibiotics Commonly Used To Treat Odontogenic Infections
Empirical Antibiotics of Choice for Treating Odontogenic Infections
Use of Systemic Antibiotics in Periodontal Therapy
Use of Antibiotics To Prevent Infection
Key Points
Further Reading
21. Therapeutic Approaches for Biofilm Control and Host Modulation in Oral Diseases
Introduction
Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation
Antibiofilm Approaches To Control Oral Diseases
Oral Surface Modification
Control of Bacterial Force-Sensing
EPS Inhibition
Probiotic Strategies
Disruption of Biofilms
Antimicrobial Peptides
EPS Matrix Degradation
Metabolic Strategies
Atmospheric-Pressure Nonthermal Plasma (Cold Plasma)
Antimicrobial Nanoparticles
New Generation of Antibiofilm Nanostructures
Host Response Modulation in Oral Diseases
Immunization against Dental Caries
Rationale and Scope for Host Modulation Therapies in Periodontal Disease
Immunization against Periodontal Disease
Strategies for Inhibition and Resolution of Periodontal Inflammation
Approaches for Direct Inhibition of Periodontal Tissue Destruction
Potential Safety Issues
Key Points
Further Reading
22. Infection Prevention and Control in Dentistry
Introduction
Introduction to Risk Control
Quality Assurance Is the Promise of Performance
Cross-Infection Control Is Essentially a Set of Management Strategies for Risk Control
What Is Risk Management?
Cross-Infection Risks in Dentistry
Routes of Spread of Infection
Management of Recently Identified Infection Control Risks
Practical Application of Infection Control Measures in General Dentistry
Definition of Terms
Problems Posed for Prevention of Cross-Infection in General Dental Practice
Standard Precautions
Infection Control Checklist
Sterilization of Instruments

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