Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma 4th Edition by Raymond Fonseca, Dexter Barber, Michael Powers, David Frost ISBN 9780323242035 0323242030

Part I: Principles in the Management of Traumatic Injuries

Chapter 1: Metabolic Response to Trauma

Physiologic Response

Mediators of the Response

Clinical Implications

Summary

Chapter 2: Wound Healing

General Concepts of Wound Healing

Wound Repair in Other Tissues of the Head and Neck

Factors in Suboptimal Wound Healing

Wound Management

Summary

Chapter 3: Nutrition for the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Patient

Fasting- and Starvation-Induced Malnutrition Physiology

Trauma-, Stress-, and Sepsis-Induced Malnutrition Physiology

Substrate Depletion and Requirements

Assessment Tools for Diagnosis of Nutritional Failure

Nutritional Support Methods for Patients with Functioning Gastrointestinal Systems

Mechanics of Enteral Feeding

Enteral Diets

Parenteral Nutritional Therapy

Intermaxillary Fixation

Summary

Part II: Systematic Evaluation of the Traumatized Patient

Chapter 4: Initial Assessment and Intensive Care of the Trauma Patient

Patient Transport

Initial Assessment

Primary Survey

Secondary Assessment

Initial Management of the Trauma Patient in the Intensive Care Unit

Nonrespiratory Issues to Monitor in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 5: Emergency Airway Management in the Traumatized Patient

Systematic Approach to Airway Management

Pediatric Considerations

Summary

Chapter 6: Management of Nonpenetrating Chest Trauma

History of Chest Trauma

Motor Vehicle Accidents and Thoracic Injuries

General Management of Blunt Chest Trauma

Pneumothorax

Hemothorax

Hemopneumothorax

Pulmonary Contusion

Rib Fractures

Flail Chest

Fractured Sternum

Cervical Tracheal Disruption

Tracheobronchial Injuries

Esophageal Injuries

Penetrating Neck Trauma

Diaphragmatic Injuries

Rupture of the Aorta

Injuries of the Descending Thoracic Aorta

Myocardial Contusion

Chapter 7: Recognition and Management of Shock

Cellular Changes

Systemic Response

Major Categories of Shock

Treatment Principles

Summary

Acknowledgment

Chapter 8: Neurologic Evaluation and Management

Initial Assessment

Evaluation

Grading the Severity of Injury

Diagnostic Studies in Head Injury

Management of Head Injury

Cervical Spine Injury

Chapter 9: Abdominal Trauma: Evaluation and Management

Epidemiology

Mechanisms of Injury

Examination

Diagnostic Workup

Evaluation of Penetrating Injuries

Blunt Abdominal Injury

Pelvic Injuries

Pediatric Abdominal Trauma

Occult Abdominal Trauma

Abdominal Trauma in Pregnancy

Summary

Part III: Management of Head and Neck Injuries

Chapter 10: Applied Surgical Anatomy of the Head and Neck

Skin Lines and Lines of Langer

Scalp

Skin of the Face

Osteology

Mandibular Surgical Approaches

Intraoral Surgical Approaches

Muscles

Arterial Blood Supply to the Head and Neck

Veins of the Head and Neck

Neurologic Anatomy*

Regional Anatomy

Nasal Anatomy

Parotid Region

Floor of the Mouth

Acknowledgment

Chapter 11: Early Assessment and Treatment Planning of the Maxillofacial Trauma Patient

Airway (With Cervical Spine Protection)

Breathing and Ventilation

Circulation

Disability

Exposure

History of Present Illness

Review of Systems

Clinical Examination

Radiographic Evaluation

Postoperative Considerations

Acknowledgment

Chapter 12: Radiographic Evaluation of Facial Injuries

Maxillofacial Skeleton and Significance of Osseous Structures

Causes and Classification of Facial Injuries

Diagnostic Imaging of Maxillofacial Injuries

Facial Fractures

Summary

Chapter 13: Diagnosis and Management of Dentoalveolar Injuries

Examination and Diagnosis

Classification

Treatment

Mouth Protectors

Acknowledgment

Chapter 14: Mandibular Fractures

Historical Considerations

History of Treatment

Demographics and Epidemiology

Classification of Mandibular Fractures

Diagnosis of Mandibular Fractures

General Principles of Treatment

Open Reduction and Fixation Procedures

Endoscopic Repair

Complications of Mandibular Fracture Treatment

Summary

Acknowledgment

Chapter 15: Traumatic Injuries to the Mandibular Condyle

Condylar Neck Region Biomechanics

Classification of Temporomandibular Joint Fractures

Radiographic Evaluation of Condylar Fractures

Mandibular Condylar Fractures

Complications of Condylar Fracture Treatment

Condylar Fractures in Children

Physical Therapy for Condylar Fractures

Acknowledgment

Chapter 16: Fractures of the Zygomatic Complex and Arch

Anatomy

Terminology and Fracture Patterns

Classification of Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures

Diagnosis of Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures

Treatment of Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures

Zygomatic Arch Fractures

Complications

Chapter 17: Diagnosis and Treatment of Midface Fractures

Le Fort Classifications

Emergency Care

Facial Examination

Le Fort Type I Fractures

Le Fort Type II (Pyramidal) Fractures

Palatal Fractures

Naso-Orbital-Ethmoid Injuries

Le Fort Type III Fractures

Malunion of Midface Fractures

Orbital Wall Fractures

Complications after Treatment of Midface Fractures

Lacrimal System

Emerging Surgical Techniques and Materials

Chapter 18: Ophthalmic Consequences of Maxillofacial Injuries

Ophthalmic Assessment

Minor Eye Injuries

Nonperforating Eye Injuries

Perforating Eye Injuries

Perforating Injuries of the Orbit

Retrobulbar Hemorrhage

Traumatic Optic Neuropathy

Disorders of Ocular Motility

Displacement of the Globe

Injuries to the Eyelids

Nasolacrimal Injuries

Indirect Ophthalmic Consequences of Injury

Relationship between Maxillofacial and Eye Injuries

Chapter 19: Evaluation and Management of Frontal Sinus Injuries

Development, Anatomy, and Function

Pathophysiology

History of Treatment

Overview of Clinical Decision Making

Diagnosis of Frontal Sinus Injuries

Management of Frontal Sinus Injuries

Complications in Frontal Sinus Injuries

Summary

Acknowledgments

Chapter 20: Nasal Fractures: Evaluation and Management

Function of the Nose

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Evaluation of Injury to the Nose

Treatment of Nasal Injuries

Post-Traumatic Deformity

Special Considerations for Pediatric Patients

Complications

Prevention of Nasal Injuries

Summary

Chapter 21: Management of Soft Tissue Injuries

Initial Examination

Anatomy of the Skin

Local Anesthesia

Suture Material

Surgical Needles

Wound Closure

Classification and Management of Soft Tissue Wounds

Injuries to Structures Requiring Special Treatment

Scar Formation

Burns

Chapter 22: Secondary Revision of Soft Tissue Injury

Soft Tissue Wound Healing

Principles of Wound Management

Preoperative Consultation

Scar Analysis

Timing of Scar Revision

Surgical Options

Complications

Specific Types of Scars

Resurfacing Procedures

General Postoperative Care for All Ablative Techniques

Adjunctive Scar Revision Procedures

Summary

Chapter 23: Management of Human and Animal Bites

Incidence of Bites

Pathophysiology

Treatment of Bite Injuries

Forensic Bite Mark Recognition, Evidence, and Analysis

Summary

Acknowledgments

Chapter 24: Diagnosis and Management of Traumatic Salivary Gland Injuries

Anatomy

Mechanism of Salivary Gland and Ductal Injuries

Diagnosis of Salivary Gland Injuries

Treatment of Salivary Gland Injuries

Management of Salivary Gland Injury Complications

Iatrogenic Injuries to the Salivary Gland

Chapter 25: Traumatic Injuries of the Trigeminal Nerve

Trigeminal Nerve Anatomy

Trigeminal Nerve Imaging

Classification of Trigeminal Nerve Injuries

Mechanisms of Injury to the Trigeminal Nerve

Clinical Neurosensory Testing

Microneurosurgery

Outcomes of Trigeminal Nerve Injury and Surgical Intervention

Part IV: Special Considerations in The Management of Traumatic Injuries

Chapter 26: Anesthetic Considerations in the Acutely Injured Patient

Importance of the Airway in Maxillofacial Trauma

Airway Examination and Management

Physical Examination

Anesthetic Strategies

Basic Principles of Management

Postoperative Airway Support

Summary

Chapter 27: Maxillofacial Ballistic and Missile Injuries

Epidemiology

Characteristics of Maxillofacial Ballistic and Missile Injuries

Acute Care Considerations

Management of Gunshot Wounds to the Face

Postoperative Complications

Summary

Chapter 28: Head and Neck Burn Injury

Epidemiology

Mechanisms of Burn Injury

Pathophysiology of Burns

Severity Index

Management

Summary

Chapter 29: Management of Pediatric Facial Fractures

Anatomic Considerations

Epidemiology of Facial Fractures

Diagnosis

Types of Fractures

Acknowledgment

Chapter 30: Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma in the Geriatric Patient

The Biology of Aging

System Changes

Nutrition

Psychosocial Issues

Soft Tissue Trauma and Wound Healing

Facial Fracture Management in the Geriatric Patient

Geriatric Trauma: Outcome and Survivability

Chapter 31: Reconstruction of Avulsive Defects of the Maxillofacial Complex

Causes of Avulsive Injuries of the Maxillofacial Complex

Incidence

Assessment and Initial Medical Management

Classification

Initial Surgical Management of Avulsive Maxillofacial Injuries

Reconstruction of Avulsive Soft Tissue Injuries

Adjunctive Therapy for Complete and Partial Soft Tissue Avulsions of the Maxillofacial Region

Reconstruction of Avulsive Hard Tissue Injuries

Midfacial and Upper Facial Third Reconstruction

Special Concerns

Chapter 32: Infection in the Patient with Maxillofacial Trauma

Causes of Infection

Management of Wounds

Preparation of the Patient for Surgery

Prophylactic Antibiotics

Early Detection of Infection

Treatment of Wound Infection

Infections Caused by Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma

Facial Bone Fractures

Treating the Patient with Viral Infection

summary

Chapter 33: Principles of Fixation for Maxillofacial Trauma

History of Fracture Treatment and Development of Modern Osteosynthesis

Biology of Bone and Bone Healing

Biophysics of the Facial Skeleton

Methods of Fixation

Rigid Versus Functionally Stable Fixation

Compression Plate Osteosynthesis

Noncompression Osteosynthesis

Lag Screws

Midface and Upper Face Fixation

Bioabsorbable Plate Fixation

Complications of Internal Fixation

Chapter 34: Minimally Invasive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Trauma

Endoscopic Treatment of Subcondylar Fractures

Endoscopic Treatment of the Frontal Sinus

Endoscopic Repair of the Zygomatic Complex Fracture

Endoscopic Repair of the Orbital Floor Fracture

Index