Neuroanatomy for Speech Language Pathology and Audiology 2nd Edition by Matthew Rouse 9781284174441 1284174441

Chapter 1 Introduction to Neurology

Introduction: Defining Neurology

The Need for Neurological Training

A Broad Overview of the Nervous System

The Nervous System Is a Precious Resource

What Does Neurology Mean to Me?

Famous People With Neurological Conditions

Prevalence, Incidence, and Cost of Neurological Disorders

Classification of Neurological Disorders

A Brief History of Neuroscience

Prehistory

Early History

Later History

Modern History

Neuroscience Today

Structural Imaging Techniques

Functional Imaging Techniques

Combined Structural and Functional Imaging Techniques

Which Test When?

A Caution Regarding Imaging Techniques

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Study

Suggested Projects

References

Chapter 2 Navigation and Organization of the Nervous System

Introduction

Navigation of the Nervous System

Anatomical Terms

The Anatomical Position

Anatomical Versus Clinical Orientation

Body Planes

Directional Terms

Muscle Actions

Organizational Approaches to the Nervous System

An Anatomical Approach

A Functional Approach

A Developmental Approach

The Approach of This Text

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Study

Suggested Projects

References

Chapter 3 Development of the Nervous System

Introduction

Genes, Chromosomes, and Cells

Fertilization and the First Weeks of Life

Structural Development of the Infant Brain

Dorsal Induction (GA: 3–7 Weeks)

Ventral Induction (GA: 2–3 Months)

Neural Proliferation (GA: 3–4 Months)

Neuronal Migration (GA: 3–5 Months)

Cortical Organization and Synapse Formation (GA: 5 Months to Years Postnatal)

Myelination (GA: Birth to Years Postnatal)

Functional Development of the Infant Brain

The Development of the Adolescent Brain

The Brain in Normal Aging

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Study

Suggested Projects

References

Chapter 4 The Cells of the Nervous System

Introduction

Historical Considerations

Cell Structure and Function

Molecules

The Cell

Cells, Tissues, and Systems

An Overview of Nervous System Cells

Neurons

Glial Cells

Neuron Form and Function

Neuron Form

Important Aspects of Neuron Function

The Firing Neuron: The Analogy of a Gun

The All-or-None Principle

Select Disorders of Nervous System Cells

Intellectual Disability

Brain Tumors

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis

Myasthenia Gravis

Guillain–Barré Syndrome

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Studies

Suggested Projects

References

Chapter 5 The Spinal Cord, Brainstem, Cranial Nerves, and Cerebellum

Introduction

The Spinal Cord

Spinal Cord Form

Spinal Cord Function

Select Disorders of the Spinal Cord

Brainstem

External Organization of the Brainstem

Internal Organization of the Brainstem

Select Disorders of the Brainstem

The Cranial Nerves

Cranial Nerve I: The Olfactory Nerve

Cranial Nerve II: The Optic Nerve

Cranial Nerve III: The Oculomotor Nerve

Cranial Nerve IV: The Trochlear Nerve

Cranial Nerve V: The Trigeminal Nerve

Cranial Nerve VI: The Abducens Nerve

Cranial Nerve VII: The Facial Nerve

Cranial Nerve VIII: The Vestibulocochlear (or Auditory) Nerve

Cranial Nerve IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Cranial Nerve X: The Vagus Nerve

Cranial Nerve XI: The Spinal Accessory Nerve

Cranial Nerve XII: The Hypoglossal Nerve

The Cerebellum

Anatomy of the Cerebellum

Cerebellar Function

Select Disorders of the Cerebellum

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Studies

Suggested Projects

References

Chapter 6 Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia, and Brain Ventricles

Introduction

The Diencephalon

Thalamus

Subthalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

The Basal Ganglia

Structure and Function of the Basal Ganglia

Internal Capsule and Corona Radiata

Basal Ganglia Disorders

The Brain Ventricles

Structure and Function

Disorders of the Ventricles

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Study

Suggested Projects

References

Chapter 7 The Cerebrum: A Survey

Introduction

The Protection and Nourishment of the Cerebrum

Protection: The Meninges

Protection: The Blood–Brain Barrier

Nourishment: The Cerebral Arteries

Waste Removal: The Venous System

The Cerebrum

Important Cerebral Landmarks

Layers of the Cerebral Cortex

The Lobes of the Brain

Hemispheric Specialization and Connections

Hemispheric Specialization

Inter- and Intrahemispheric Connections

Cerebral Disorders

Cerebral Vascular Accident

Traumatic Brain Injury

Cerebral Palsy

Stuttering

Brain Plasticity

Use It or Lose It and Use It and Improve It

Specificity Matters

Repetition and Intensity Matter

Time Matters

Salience Matters

Age Matters

Transference Matters

Interference Matters

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Study

Suggested Projects

References

Chapter 8 The Cerebrum: Cerebral Function

Introduction

The Cerebral Cortex

Frontal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe: The Visual Cortex

Temporal Lobe

Cingulate Cortex

Insular Cortex

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Study

Suggested Projects

References

Chapter 9 Consciousness and Disorders of Consciousness

Introduction

What Is Consciousness?

The Neurology of Consciousness

Neural Mechanisms of Wakefulness

Neural Mechanisms of Core Consciousness and Extended Consciousness

Assessing Consciousness

The Glasgow Coma Scale

The Rancho Levels of Cognitive Functioning

Disorders of Consciousness

An Overview of Disorders of Consciousness

Specific Disorders of Consciousness

Treatment of People With Disorders of Consciousness

Disorders of Consciousness and Personhood

Two Broad Views of Personhood

Speech-Language Pathology, Audiology, and Disorders of Consciousness

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Study

Suggested Projects

References

Chapter 10 The Neurology of Hearing and Balance

Introduction

The Neurology of Hearing

The Peripheral Auditory System

The Central Auditory System

Select Disorders of the Auditory System

The Neurology of Balance

The Peripheral Vestibular System

The Central Vestibular System

Select Vestibular Disorders

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Study

Suggested Projects

References

Chapter 11 The Neurology of Speech

Introduction

The Motor Speech System

The Conceptual Level

The Linguistic Planning Level

The Motor Planning and Programming Levels

The Motor Control Circuits

The Direct Motor Pathway

The Indirect Motor System

The Final Common Pathway

Multisystem Damage

Sensory Pathways Important for Speech

Ascending Sensory Pathways

Kinesthesia

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Study

Suggested Projects

References

Chapter 12 The Neurology of Language

Introduction

A Definition of Language

The Components of Language

The Neural Basis of Language

Auditory Comprehension of Language

Visual Comprehension of Language

The Oral Production of Language

The Written Expression of Language

Language Disorders

Aphasia

Alexia

Agraphia

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Study

Suggested Projects

References

Chapter 13 The Neurology of Swallowing

Introduction

The Normal Swallow

The Oral Preparatory Stage

The Oral Stage

The Pharyngeal Stage

The Esophageal Stage

The Central Swallowing System

Brainstem Involvement

Subcortical and Cortical Controls

Neurology of the Cough Response

Neurology of Silent Aspiration

Neurological Swallowing Disorders

Causes

The General Nature of Neurogenic Dysphagia

Specific Neurological Conditions Involving Dysphagia

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Myasthenia Gravis

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Study

Suggested Projects

References

Chapter 14 The Neurology of Cognition

Introduction

Attention

Types of Attention

Neural Mechanisms of Attention

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Memory

Working Memory

Short-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory

Executive Functions

Cognitive-Communicative Disorders

Right Hemisphere Disorder

Traumatic Brain Injury

Dementia

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Study

Suggested Projects

References

Chapter 15 The Neurology of Emotion

Introduction

Emotional Intelligence

Theories of Emotion

The Neural Basis of Emotion

The Limbic System

The Amygdala

The Cingulate Cortex

The Insular Cortex

The Prefrontal Cortex

Disorders of Emotion

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome

Autism

Lability

Working With Patients’ Emotions: Counseling

A Tale of Two Minds

The Therapist’s Response to Patient Loss

Counseling as a Critical Skill in Medicine

Training Particular Counseling Skills

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Study

Suggested Projects

References

Chapter 16 The Neurological Exam

Introduction

The Neurological Exam

The Tools of the Neurological Exam

The Steps of the Neurological Exam

A Comparison of Neurological Exams by Neurologists and SLPs/Audiologists

Signs of Neurological Disease

Cranial Nerve Signs

Motor Signs

Reflex Signs

Sensory Signs

Other Signs

Conclusion

Summary of Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Draw It to Know It

Questions for Deeper Reflection

Case Study

Suggested Projects