Integrative Health Promotion Conceptual Bases for Nursing Practice 2nd Edition by Susan Kun Leddy ISBN 9781284044294 1284044297

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ISBN 10: 1284044297
ISBN 13: 9781284044294
Author: Susan Kun Leddy

Integrative Health Promotion Conceptual Bases for Nursing Practice 2nd Edition Table of contents:

Section I Conceptual Bases of Health Promotion

1 Health, Health Promotion, and Healing

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

The Disease Perspective of Health

Ideas of Health Consistent with the Disease Perspective

Health

Disease

Illness

Sickness

Well-Being

Figure 1-1. The well-being continuum.

Health Protection And Disease Risk Prevention

Box 1-1 Healthy People 2010 Focus Areas

Health Promotion

The Individual (Behavioral) Approach

The Nurse’s Role in Promoting the Health of Individuals

Box 1-2 Nursing Roles in Health Promotion of Individuals

The Socioenvironmental (Ecological) Approach

Box 1-3 Suggested Nursing Approaches Consistent with the Socioenvironmental View

The Societal (Policy) Approach

Figure 1-2. A possible structure for health promotion (reprinted from Soc Sci Med, 41, Rutten, A. The implementation of health promotion: A new structural perspective, pp. 1627-1637. © 1995, with permission from Elsevier Science).

The Nurse’s Role in Societal Health Promotion

The Person Perspective of Health

Ideas of Health Consistent with the Integration Perspective

Healing

Definitions of Healing

Outcomes of Healing

Roles for Nurses in Healing

Characteristics of Nurse Healers

Conceptual and Theoretical Approaches to Healing

Table 1-1 Comparisons Between Health Protection, Health Promotion, and Healing

Holistic Nursing Practice

Box 1-4 Selected Characteristics of Holistic Nursing

Advantages of Holistic Nursing Practice to Promote Healing

Integrative Health Promotion

Chapter Key Points

References

2 Health Strengths

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

The Strengths Perspective

The Theory of Healthiness

Figure 2-1. Empirically derived components of healthiness (© Copyright by Susan Kun Leddy, 2005. Permission to use granted by the copyright holder).

Meaningfulness

Goals

Connections

Capability

Control

Choice

Challenge

Confidence

Capacity

Chapter Key Points

References

3 The Meaning of Health: Health Care Belief Systems

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

Popular Health Care

Lay Health Care

Community-Based Health Care

Professional Health Care

Western Biomedicine

Contemporary American Values

Morality

Individualism

Achievement

Progress

Biomedical Health Beliefs

Mechanism

Reductionism

Science

Traditional Medical Belief Systems

Major Values of Traditional Health Systems

Box 3-1 Values of Traditional Health Systems

Traditional Chinese Medicine

Major Concepts of TCM

TCM Treatment Modalities

Ayurvedic Medicine

Box 3-2 Components of Chinese Herbal Medicine

Box 3-3 Primary Ayurvedic Therapeutic Methods

Homeopathic Medicine

Anthroposophically Extended Medicine

Naturopathic Medicine

Osteopathy

Chiropractic

Energy Medicine (Bioenergetic Medicine)

Mind/Body Medicine

Orthomolecular Medicine

Environmental Medicine

Integrating Medical Belief Systems

Table 3-1 Professionalized Health Belief Systems

Chapter Key Points

References

4 The Meaning of Health: Models and Theories

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

Nursing Conceptual Models and Theories

Roy’s Adaptation Model

Neuman’s Systems Model

Table 4-1 Roy’s Adaptation Model

King’s General Systems Framework And Theory of Goal Attainment

Table 4-2 Neuman’s Systems Model

Table 4-3 King’s Theory of Goal Attainment

Orem’s Self-care Deficit Theory

Table 4-4 Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory

Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings

Table 4-5 Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings

Parse’s Human Becoming Theory

Table 4-6 Parse’s Human Becoming Theory

Newman’s Theory of Health AS Expanding Consciousness

Table 4-7 Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness

Watson’s Human Science And Theory OF Transpersonal Caring

Table 4-8 Watson’s Human Caring Theory

Leddy’s Human Energy Model

Psychoneuroimmunology

Table 4-9 Leddy’s Human Energy Model

Figure 4-1. Psychoneuroimmunology interaction pathways. (reprinted from Zeller, J. M., McCain, N. L., & Swanson, B. (1996). Psychoimmunology: An emerging framework for nursing research. J Adv Nurs, 23, 658. Used with permission of Blackwell Scientific Ltd.).

Energy Healing Theory

Anatomy of the Biofield

Figure 4-2. The human energy field (reprinted with permission from Stern, J. K. (1998). The path to becoming and energy healer. Nurse Practitioner Forum, 9, 211. W. B. Saunders).

Mechanism of Action of Energetic Healing

A Practice Theory of Energy Intervention

Using Models/Theories to Guide Practice

Table 4-10 Selected Noninvasive Therapies for Each Domain of Energetic Patterning

Chapter Key Points

References

5 The Meaning of Health: Cultural Influences

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

Differentiating Ethnicity, Culture, and Race

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Status

Figure 5-1. Determinants of population health. Relative influence of the five major determinant categories of population health: rough approximations (reprinted with permission from Tarlov, A. R. (1999). Public policy frameworks for improving population health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 281-93).

Box 5-1 Selected Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Infant Mortality, Cancer Screening and Management, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes

Health/Illness Beliefs

Influence of Indigenous Cultural Beliefs

Asian American Indigenous Health Beliefs

Vietnamese American Health Beliefs (Researched by Eden Zabat)

Appalachian Health Beliefs (Researched by Sandra Rozendal Schultze, BSN, ms)

Hispanic Health Beliefs

Mexican American Health Beliefs

African American Health Beliefs

Native American (Indian) Health Beliefs

Medicocentrism (Medical Ethnocentrism)

Culturally Competent Health Promotion Care

Models/Theories for Culturally Competent Care

Understanding Cultural and Ethnic Differences

Box 5-2 Guidelines for Working with Ethnically, Linguistically, and Culturally Diverse Populations

Understanding Cultural and Ethnic Commonalties

Box 5-3 Common Strategies for Cultural and Ethnic Understanding

Chapter Key Points

References

6 Ethical and Legal Influences on Health Promotion

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

Ethical Influences

Categories of Ethical Frameworks

Utilitarianism

Liberalism

Contextualism

Deontology

Conventional Normative Ethical Principles

Autonomy

Informed Consent

Nonmaleficence

Beneficence

Justice

Critiques of Conventional Ethics

The Care Critique

Selected Ethical Nursing Concerns

Box 6-1 Ethical Issues Frequently Encountered in Clinical Practice

A Model for Professional Ethics

Relational Narrative Approach to Professional Ethics

Box 6-2 Categories of Philosophical Ethics

An Integrative Model for Ethics

Power and Ethics

Legal Influences

Licensure Laws

Negligence and Malpractice

Box 6-3 Strategies to Protect from a Negligence Action

Environmental Legislation

Electronic Health Information

Food and Drug Regulation

Implications for Professional Nurses

Chapter Key Points

References

7 Beyond Physical Assessment

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

Physical and Health Assessment

Frameworks for Health Assessment

Nursing Conceptual Models

Pender’s Categories for Assessment

Table 7-1 Implications for Data Collection in Selected Nursing Models Organized by Theoretical Frameworks

Table 7-2 Selected Assessment Tools Derived from Nursing Models and Theories: The King General Systems Model

Selected Assessment Tools Derived from Nursing Models and Theories (continued): The Neuman Systems Model

Selected Assessment Tools Derived from Nursing Models and Theories (continued): The Orem Self-Care Model

Selected Assessment Tools Derived from Nursing Models and Theories (continued): Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings

Selected Assessment Tools Derived from Nursing Models and Theories (continued): The Roy Adaptation Model

Selected Assessment Tools Derived from Nursing Models and Theories (continued): The Watson Theory of Human Caring

Selected Assessment Tools Derived from Nursing Models and Theories (continued): The Leddy Human Energy Model

Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns

Selected Categories for Assessment

The Health History

Box 7-1 Areas for Health History Questions

Assessment of Health

Dimension Scales

The Leddy Healthiness Scale

The Wellness Inventory

Functional Assessment

Mental Assessment

The Mental Health Index

The Perceived Well-Being Scale

Nutritional Assessment

Spiritual Assessment

Quality of Life Assessment

Assessment Techniques from Eastern Traditions

Ayurvedic Assessment

Pulse Assessment

Assessment in Chinese Medicine

Pulse Assessment

Tongue Assessment

Screening for Disease

Table 7-3 Screening Interventions for the General Population by Age

Table 7-4 Interventions for which There Is Insufficient Evidence to Recommend for or Against Screening Asymptomatic Persons

Table 7-5 Interventions for which Screening of Asymptomatic Persons Is Recommended

Table 7-6 Interventions for which Routine Screening of Asymptomatic Persons Is not Recommended

Chapter Key Points

References

Section II The Disease Worldview

8 Promoting Individual Behavior Change

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

Influences on Behavior Change on Individuals

Box 8-1 Selected Social Cognitive Models and Theories

Stages of Change

Processes of Change

Table 8-1 Titles, Definitions, and Representative Interventions of the Processes of Change

Decisional Balance

Self-Efficacy

Locus of Control

Health Beliefs

The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

Other Influences on Health Behavior

Figure 8-1. PRECEDE-PROCEED model of health promotion planning. Reprinted with permission from Green, L. W., & Kreuter, M. W. (1991). Health promotion planning. An educational and environmental approach (2nd ed.). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing. Reproduced with permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies.

Strategies for Promoting Behavior Change

Box 8-2 Suggested Ways for the Individual to Promote Lifestyle Changes

Consciousness Raising

Self-and Environmental Re-evaluation

Self-and Social Liberation

Helping Relationships

Stimulus Control

Counterconditioning

Reinforcement Management

Motivational Interviewing

Levels of Intervention

Patient-Centered Counseling Model

Counseling to Reduce Disease Risk Factors

Preventing Tobacco Use

Promoting Physical Activity

Promoting a Healthy Diet

Preventing Motor Vehicle Injuries

Preventing Household and Recreational Injuries

Preventing Low Back Pain

Preventing Dental and Periodontal Disease

Preventing HIV Infection and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Preventing Unintended Pregnancy

Promoting the Maintenance of Health Behavior Change

Chapter Key Points

References

9 Global Health: The Ecocentric Approach

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

Ecocentric Worldview of Health

Global (International) Health

Developed and Underdeveloped Countries

Global Health Development

Empowerment for Global Health

Societal (Public) Health Concerns

Childhood Health Problems

Infectious Diseases

Accidents

Access to Food

Illiteracy

Lack of Clean Water

Migration

Multinational Business Interests

Poverty

Overpopulation and Family Planning

Societal Health Strategies for the Future

Environmental Health Concerns

Toxic Exposure

Exploitation of Natural Resources

Box 9-1 Types of Toxic Exposure

Pollution

Groundwater Pollution

Depletion of the Ozone Layer

Climatic Change

Deforestation

Nursing Implications of Environmental Health Concerns

Chapter Key Points

References

Section III The Person Worldview

10 The Essence of a Healing Helping Relationship

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

Prescriptive Helping Relationship

Table 10-1 Differentiating Characteristics of Prescriptive and Healing Helping Relationships

Healing Helping Relationship

Behaviors Associated with a Healing Helping Relationship

Presence

Table 10-2 Differentiating “Being There” from “Being With”

Table 10-3 Presence: Characteristics of Four Ways of Being There

Barriers to Presence

Outcomes of Presence

Mindfulness

Centering

Box 10-1 A Technique to Facilitate Centering

Relating

Respect

Connected Caring

Genuineness (Authenticity)

Reciprocity

Active Listening

Empathy

Box 10-2 Strategies to Facilitate Active Listening

Box 10-3 Selected Blocks to Listening

Communication

Chapter Key Points

References

11 Empowering Community Health

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

What Is Community?

Community as Place

Community as Social Interaction

Community as Political and Social Responsibility

Holographic Community

Elements of Community

What Is Social Change?

Box 11-1 Characteristics of Major Social Change Theories

Community-Level Interventions

Empowerment

Figure 11-1. Relationships in powerlessness and empowerment (reprinted from Wallerstein, N. (1992). Powerlessness, empowerment, and health: Implications for health promotion programs, with permission of American Journal of Health Promotion, 6, 201).

Collaboration

Capacity Building

Individual Level of Capacity Building

Small Group Level of Capacity Building

Community (Macro) Level of Capacity Building

Freire’s Concept of Conscientization

Community Empowerment

Social Capital

Political Action and Advocacy

Barriers to Community Empowerment

Principles for Community Organization

Box 11-2 Key Elements of Community Analysis

Chapter Key Points

References

Section IV Integrative Nursing Interventions to Promote Health and Healing

12 Relinquishing Bound Energy: Herbal Therapy and Aromatherapy

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

Herbal Therapy

Levels of Herbalists

Systems of Herbology

Table 12-1 Elements of Herbology in Selected Health Care Systems

Traditional Chinese Medicine

Ayurveda

Western Medicine

Native American Medicine

Regulation

Actions of Herbs

Herbal Preparations

Oral Herbal Forms

Whole Herbs

Table 12-2 Selected Actions of Herbs

Teas (Infusion)

Decoctions

Capsules and Tablets

Extracts and Tinctures

Elixirs

Nonoral Herbal Forms

Uses for Herbal Therapies

Specific Herbal Therapies

Astragalus (Membranaceus)

Chamomile (Matricaria Recutita)

Echinacea (E. Purpurea)

Garlic (Allium Sativum)

Ginkgo Biloba

Panax Ginseng

Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus Senticosus)

Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis)

St, John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum)

Valerian

Table 12-3 Selected Tonic, Energizing, and Endurance Herbs

Table 12-4 Selected Herbal Medicine Interactions with Prescribed Drugs

Key Concerns

Aromatherapy

Clinical Applications

Methods of Administering Essential Oils

Specific Essential Oils and Their Applications

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Radiata)

Everlast (Helichrysum Italicum)

Geranium (Pelargonium Xasperum)

Lavender (Lavandula Angustifolia)

Mandarin (Citrus Reticulata)

Niaouli (Melaleuca Quinquenervia Viridflora)

Palmarosa (Cymbopogon Martinii)

Peppermint (Meentha Piperita)

Roman Chamomile (Anthemis Nobilis)

Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis)

Spikenard (Nardostachys Jatamansi)

Tea Tree (Melaleuca Alternifolia)

Cautions in Using Essential Oils

Self-Care with Aromatherapy

Nursing Issues

Chapter Key Points

References

Additional Information

Associations and Credentialing

Chinese Herbal Medicine

Aromatherapy

13 Re-establishing Energy flow: Physical Activity and Exercise

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

Physical Activity

Physical Exercise

Benefits of Exercise

Research Findings

Exercise Epidemiology

Motivation

Positive Exercise Factors

Motivation for Physical Activity

Negative Exercise Factors

Risks of Exercise

Exercise Intervention Strategies

Goals and Motivation

Gradual Changes

Regularity of Exercise

Integrating Activity and Exercise into Daily Life

Making Exercise Fun

Social Support

Cognitive-Behavioral Strategies

Box 13-1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Groups to Promote Exercise

Environmental and Policy Approaches to Exercise Promotion

Physical Activity for Weight Reduction

Walking as Physical Activity

Special Considerations for the Elderly Client

Box 13-2 Guidelines for a Fitness Program for Healthy Older Individuals

Box 13-3 A Seven-Step Approach to Exercise Programs for Older Individuals

Energy Exercise

Tai Chi (Choreography of Body and Mind)

Principles of Tai Chi Movement

Figure 13-1. Double stance tai chi exercises (reprinted with permission from Bottomley, J. M. (1997). Tai chi: Choreography of the mind. In Davis, C. M. (Ed.), Complementary therapies in rehabilitation. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated).

Uses for Tai Chi Movement

Qigong (Chi Gung)

Integrative Health Promotion

Assessment

Development of a Plan

Implementation of the Plan

Evaluation

Chapter Key Points

References

Additional Information

Associations and Credentialing

Tai Chi

Internet Links

Qigong

14 Releasing Blocked Energy: Touch and Bodywork Techniques

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

Massage Therapy

Massage Methods

Types of Massage

Principles for Massage Practice

Box 14-1 Massage Study Abstract

Box 14-2 A Procedure for Neck Massage

Acupressure

Trigger Point/myotherapy

Reflexology

Box 14-3 Reflexology Study

Shiatsu

Touch for Health (Applied Kinesiology)

Jin Shin Do

Self-Massage

Postural/Movement Re-education Therapies

Alexander Technique

Box 14-4 Alexander Technique Study

Feldenkrais Method

Trager Psychophysical Integration

Box 14-5 A Feldenkrais Method Study

Structural Integration (Rolfing)

Chapter Key Points

References

Additional Information

Associations and Credentialing

Massage

Trager Approach

Rolfing

Feldenkrais Method

Alexander Technique

Applied Kinesiology

Reflexology

Acupressure

15 Reducing Energy Depletion: Relaxation and Stress Reduction

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

The Stress Response

Relaxation

Meditation

Concentrative (Reflective) Meditation

The Relaxation Response

Autogenic Training

Box 15-1 Autogenic Training to Elicit the Relaxation Response

Transcendental Meditation

Mindfulness Meditation

Progressive Muscle Relaxation

Box 15-2 A Basic Script for Progressive Muscle Relaxation

Breathing

Box 15-3 Elements of the Essential Breath Technique

Yoga

Figure 15-1. Examples of yoga exercises: The cobra and posterior stretch (reprinted with permission from Burton Goldberg Group. (1995). Alternative medicine: The definitive guide. Fife, WA: Future Medicine).

Box 15-4 Yoga Study

Biofeedback

Box 15-5 Biofeedback Training Technique

Guided Imagery

Box 15-6 Guided Imagery Study

Interactive Guided Imagery

Table 15-1 Words to Empower Guided Imagery

Chapter Key Points

References

Additional Information

Associations and Credentialing

Meditation

Biofeedback

Guided Imagery

Relaxation

Yoga

16 Regenerating Energy: Nutrition

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

The Meaning of Food

Food and Culture

Food and Human Needs

Box 16-1 Nutrition Within Stages of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs

Food Ideology

Food Categorizations

Table 16-1 Food Classification Groups

Essential Dietary Nutrients

Food Myths

Minerals and Vitamins

Iron

Zinc

Calcium and Magnesium

Vitamin D

Fat

Table 16-2 Categories and Effects of Fat

Fiber

Insoluable Fiber

Soluble Fiber (Nonlaxative)

Phytonutrients

Soy

Garlic and Onions

Other Phytonutrients

Antioxidants

Vitamin E

Vitamin C

Selenium

Coenzyme Q10

Vitamin A and Beta Carotene

Dietary Guidelines, Goals, and Obesity

Figure 16-1. The nutritional pyramid. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Dietary Guidelines

Dietary Goals and Obesity

Box 16-2 Department of Agriculture Dietary Guidelines

Table 16-3 Healthy People 2010 Nutrition Objectives

Nutritional Medicine

Use of Nutritional Supplements

Basic Diets to Affect Disease Processes and Weight Loss

High-Fiber, High-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat Diets

The Macrobiotic Diet

The Pritikin Diet

Ayurvedic Diet

The Ornish Diet

The Gerson Diet

High-Protein, Low-Carbohydrate Diet

The Atkins Diet

Moderate-Fat, Balanced Nutrient Reduction Diets

Strategies to Promote Healthy Nutrition

Individual and Family-Based (Downstream) Approaches

Midstream Approaches

Upstream Approaches

Chapter Key Points

References

Additional Information

Associations and Credentialing

17 Restoring Energy Field Harmony: Energy Patterning

Abstract

Learning Outcomes

Energy Healing

Centering

Energy Healing Modalities

Color Therapy (Chromatherapy)

Box 17-1 The 49th Vibrational Technique for Color Therapy

Music Therapy

Box 17-2 Elements of Music That Can Affect Therapeutic Outcomes

Box 17-3 Music Therapy Study

Polarity Therapy

Box 17-4 Polarity Therapy Study

Prayer

Reiki

Figure 17-1. Hand positions in reiki therapy (reprinted from Sell, S. L. (1996). Reiki: An ancient touch therapy. RN, 59, 58. © 1996 Medical Economics. Montvale, NJ with permission).

Box 17-5 Reiki Study

Therapeutic Touch

Chapter Key Points

References

Additional Information

Associations And Credentialing

Music Therapy

Prayer

Light (Color) Therapy

Polarity Therapy

Reiki

Therapeutic Touch

Back Matter

Appendix A Leddy Healthiness Scale

Appendix B Nutritional Supplements

Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Ranges

Index

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