Grainger and Allison’s Diagnostic Radiology Essentials 2nd Edition by Lee Grant 9780323568852 0323568858

1: Chest

Introduction

1.1: Chest Wall and Pleura

Chest Wall: Bony and Soft Tissue Lesions

Chest Wall: Bony and Soft Tissue Lesions

Neurofibroma

Haemangiomas

Diseases of the Pleura

Diseases of the Pleura

Pleural Effusion

Pneumothorax

Diaphragmatic Hernia/Eventration

1.2: Mediastinum

Mediastinitis

Anterior Mediastinal Masses

Anterior Mediastinal Masses

Anterior Mediastinal Masses

Middle Mediastinal Masses

Middle Mediastinal Masses

Middle Mediastinal Masses

Lymph node calcification

Low attenuation nodes (necrosis)

Posterior Mediastinal Masses

Miscellaneous Mediastinal Masses

Pericardial Conditions

1.3: Pulmonary Infection

Lobar Pneumonia

Bronchopneumonia, Anaerobic and Atypical Pneumonia

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Fungal Infections

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

Chronic necrotizing (semi-invasive) aspergillosis

Invasive aspergillosis

Metazoal and Protozoal Diseases

Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection

1.4: Large Airway Disease

Tracheal Disorders

Tracheal Disorders

Bronchiectasis

Congenital Airway Disorders

Emphysema

Chronic Bronchitis and Asthma

Miscellaneous Airway Disorders

1.5: Pulmonary Lobar Collapse

Mechanisms and Radiographic Appearances

Patterns of Lobar Collapse

Patterns of Lobar Collapse

1.6: Pulmonary Neoplasms

Evaluation of the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule

Lung Cancer: Radiological Features

Lung Cancer: Pearls

Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Follicular bronchiolitis (diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia)

Benign Pulmonary Tumours

Miscellaneous Pulmonary Malignancies

1.7: High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT)

HRCT Patterns of Diffuse Lung Disease

Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias

Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias

Sarcoidosis

Other thoracic findings

Connective Tissue Diseases

Rheumatoid (necrobiotic) pulmonary nodules

Connective Tissue Diseases

Connective Tissue Diseases

Systemic Vasculitides

Drug-Induced Lung Disease

Silicosis/Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis

Asbestos-Related Disease

Miscellaneous Interstitial Lung Diseases

Miscellaneous Interstitial Lung Diseases

1.8: Chest Trauma

Chest Wall and Lung Trauma

Trauma to the Diaphragm

Mediastinal Trauma

1.9: Airspace Disease

Airspace Disease

Airspace Disease

Airspace Disease

1.10: Paediatric Chest

Congenital Chest Abnormalities

Congenital Chest Abnormalities

Congenital Chest Abnormalities

Causes of Neonatal Respiratory Distress

Causes of Neonatal Respiratory Distress

Normal Paediatric Chest and Problems With Mechanical Ventilation

1.11: Miscellaneous ITU Chest Conditions

Lung Transplantation

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

ITU Chest Imaging

Itu Chest Imaging

2: Cardiovascular System

Introduction

2.1: Congenital Heart Disease

Introduction

Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

Anomalies of the Aortic Arch (Vascular Rings)

Septal Defects

Other Anomalies

Other Anomalies

2.2: Non-Ischaemic Acquired Heart Disease

Acquired Mitral Valve Disease

Acquired Aortic Valve Disease

CXR

Echocardiography

CT

CMR

Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valve Disease

Prosthetic Valves

Cardiomyopathies

Cardiomyopathies

Cardiac Tumours

Cardiac Trauma

2.3: Pulmonary Circulation and Thromboembolism

Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease

Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease

Pulmonary Vascular Patterns

Pulmonary Vascular Patterns

Pulmonary Vascular Patterns

Associations

2.4: The Aorta

Aortic Rupture

Aortic Dissection

Aortic Dissection

Aortic Aneurysms

Aortic Aneurysms

Imaging features to be addressed with a thoracic aneurysm

Imaging features to be addressed with an abdominal aneurysm

Mid-Aortic Syndrome and Takayasu’s Disease of the Aorta

Aortic Occlusive Disease

Interventional Endovascular Management

2.5: Peripheral Vascular Disease

Gastrointestinal Vascular Disorders

Carotid Artery Stenosis

Peripheral Vascular Disease of the Lower Extremities

Disorders of the Venous System

Miscellaneous Vascular Disorders

2.6: Ischaemic Heart Disease

Conventional Coronary Angiography and Echocardiography

CT Imaging in Ischaemic Heart Disease

MR Imaging in Ischaemic Heart Disease

Nuclear Cardiac Imaging

Nuclear Cardiac Imaging

Manifestations of Atheromatous Coronary Artery Disease

Manifestations of Atheromatous Coronary Artery Disease

Manifestations of Atheromatous Coronary Artery Disease

3: Gastrointestinal

Introduction

3.1: Oesophagus

Hiatus Hernia and Reflux

Oesophagitis and Benign Strictures

Benign and Malignant Oesophageal Tumours

Oesophageal Carcinoma

Oesophageal Dysmotility Disorders

Chagas disease

Miscellaneous Oesophageal Conditions

3.2: Stomach

Benign Gastric Ulcers

Gastritis

Gastritis

Benign and Malignant Gastric Tumours

Hyperplastic polyps

Adenomas

Hamartomas/inflammatory polyps

Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)

Hyperplastic polyps

Adenoma

Lymphoma

GIST

Metastases

Gastric Carcinoma

Gastric Carcinoma

Gastric Surgery

Miscellaneous Gastric Conditions

Miscellaneous Gastric Conditions

3.3: Duodenum

Peptic Ulceration, Gastric Heterotopia, Duodenal Diverticula

Benign and Malignant Duodenal Tumours

Miscellaneous Duodenal Conditions

3.4: Small Bowel

Crohn’s Disease (CD)

Infections/Infestations of the Small Bowel

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GISTs) and Carcinoid Tumours

Benign and Malignant Small Bowel Tumours

Causes of Small Bowel Obstruction

Miscellaneous Small Bowel Disorders

Miscellaneous Small Bowel Disorders

Associations

Miscellaneous Small Bowel Disorders

3.5: Colon

Ulcerative Colitis and Toxic Megacolon

Colitis

Polyps

Epithelial adenoma

Non-epithelial

Non-neoplastic

Unclassified

Polyposis Syndromes

Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal Cancer

Diverticulosis and Large Bowel Strictures

Large Bowel Obstruction

Miscellaneous Disorders of the Large Bowel

Miscellaneous Disorders of the Large Bowel

3.6: Liver

Anatomy and Imaging Techniques

Normal texture

Hepatic artery

Portal vein branches

Hepatic vein branches

NECT

CECT

Contrast agents

Normal imaging appearances

Benign Diffuse Liver Disease

Cirrhosis

Benign Solid Liver Lesions

Benign Solid Liver Lesions

Benign Solid Liver Lesions

Benign Solid Liver Lesions

Malignant Solid Liver Lesions

Malignant Solid Liver Lesions

Malignant Solid Liver Lesions

Hepatic Vascular Lesions

Hepatic Vascular Lesions

Hepatic Vascular Lesions

Miscellaneous Liver Conditions

Miscellaneous Liver Conditions

Miscellaneous Liver Conditions

Liver Transplantation and Interventional Techniques

Diffusion-Weighted Mr Imaging of the Liver

Mr Contrast Agents and the Liver

3.7: Biliary

Methods of Investigation

Cholelithiasis and Choledocholithiasis

Cholecystitis

Miscellaneous Gallbladder Conditions

Benign Biliary Strictures

Complications

Malignant Biliary Tumours

Differential

Biliary Atresia and Hypoplasia

Miscellaneous Bile Duct Disorders

3.8: Pancreas

Congenital Abnormalities

Pancreatitis

Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Cystic Pancreatic Tumours

Endocrine and Islet Cell Pancreatic Tumours

Pancreatic Trauma, Transplant and Intervention

Complications

3.9: Spleen

Miscellaneous Splenic Conditions

3.10: Peritoneum, Mesentery and Omentum

Benign Diseases

Developmental Anomalies of the Mesentery

Infective/Inflammatory Conditions of the Mesentery

Neoplastic Peritoneal/Omental Disorders

Neoplastic Mesenteric Disorders

3.11: Plain Abdominal Radiograph

Abnormal Gas Distribution

Treatment

3.12: Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders

Abdominal Wall Defects

Gastrointestinal Causes of Neonatal Vomiting

Upper GI series

Oesophageal Atresia (OA) and Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula (TOF)

Malrotation

Delayed Passage of Meconium

Abdominal Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis

Treatment

Treatment

Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)

Anorectal Malformations

Neuroblastoma (NB)

Long bones

Miscellaneous Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders

4: Genitourinary

Introduction

4.1: Kidneys

Renal Parenchymal Disease

Renal Tract Infection/Inflammation

Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS)

Renal Vascular Abnormalities

Benign Renal Masses

Renal Parenchymal Malignancies

Preferred method for staging

Other Malignancies

Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Urinary Tract

Renal Failure

Renal Transplantation: Assessment

Renal Transplantation: Postoperative Complications

Urolithiasis

Methods of Imaging in Obstruction

Dilatation of the Urinary Tract

Acquired ureteric obstruction

Upper Urinary Tract Trauma

4.2: Bladder

Miscellaneous Bladder Conditions

Causes of gas within the bladder wall and pneumaturia

Differential diagnosis

Bladder Tumours

Lower Urinary Tract Trauma

4.3: Prostate

Prostate: Benign Disorders

Carcinoma of the Prostate

Prostate Anatomy and Imaging

4.4: Urethra

Urethra: Benign Disorders

Tumours of the Urethra

4.5: Male Reproductive System

Cryptorchidism and Testicular Torsion

Primary Testicular Malignancies

Miscellaneous Scrotal Lesions

Miscellaneous Penile Conditions

4.6: Paediatric Genitourinary Disorders

Duplex Kidney

US

IVU

99mTc-MAG3

Micturating cystourethrography

IVU

US

Congenital Renal Anomalies

US

99mTc-DMSA

CT/MRI

US

99mTc-MAG3 study

99mTc-DMSA scintigram

MCUG

Congenital Renal Anomalies

US/CT/MRI

99mTc-DMSA

Congenital Renal Cystic Disease

Congenital Renal Cystic Disease

Childhood Renal Malignancies

Paediatric Pelvic and Scrotal Malignancies

5: Musculoskeletal System

Introduction

5.1: Skeletal Trauma

Introduction

Assessment of Cervical Spine Injuries

Spinal Injuries

Shoulder Injuries

Upper Extremity Injuries

Positive fat pad sign

Carpal Bone Injuries

Wrist and Hand Injuries

Pelvic Injuries

Hip Injuries

Avascular Necrosis of the Hip

Knee and Lower Leg Fractures

Knee and Lower Leg Fractures

Knee Soft Tissue Injuries

Patellar dislocation

Ankle Injuries

Foot Injuries

5.2: Paediatric Fractures

Specific Paediatric Fractures

Radiology of Non-Accidental Injury

Skeletal and Brain Injuries in Non-Accidental Injury

5.3: Soft Tissue Imaging

Localized Calcification and Ossification

Generalized Soft Tissue Calcification

Soft Tissue Masses

5.4: General Characteristics of Bone Tumours

General Characteristics of Bone Tumours

5.5: Benign Bone Tumours

Chondroid Origin

Osteoid Origin

Osteoid Origin/Tumours of Neural Tissue

Cystic Lesions

Giant Cell Tumour/Lipomatous Bone Lesions

Fibrous Origin

Vascular Origin

Miscellaneous Bone Lesions

5.6: Malignant Bone Tumours

Chondroid Origin

XR

CT/MRI

Scintigraphy

XR

XR

XR

Osteosarcoma

XR

MRI

FDG PET

Other Varieties of Osteosarcoma

Fibrous Origin

Medullary Origin

Miscellaneous Malignant Bone Tumours

Bone Metastases

5.7: Metabolic and Endocrine Skeletal Disease

Osteoporosis

Vitamin D Deficiency

Endocrine Bone Disorders

Metabolic Bone Disorders

Metabolic Bone Disorders

5.8: Joint Disease

Introduction

Osteoarthritis

Haemophilic and Neuropathic Arthropathies

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Dish

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy

Depositional Arthropathy

Polyarthritis Associated With Other Diseases

5.9: Bone and Soft Tissue Infection

Acute Osteomyelitis

Chronic Osteomyelitis

XR

MRI

Miscellaneous Bone and Soft Tissue Infections

5.10: Congenital Skeletal Anomalies

Developmental Skeletal Anomalies

Selected Osteochondrodysplasias

Localized Disorders of the Skeleton

Haemoglobinopathies

Skull

Spine

Extramedullary erythropoiesis

Ribs

Medullary bone

Long bones

5.11: Myeloproliferative Disorders

Reticuloendothelial Disorders

White Cell Disorders

Plasma Cell Dyscrasias

Plasma Cell Dyscrasias

6: Women’s Imaging

Introduction

6.1: Breast

Introduction

Benign Mass Lesions

Benign Mass Lesions

Microcalcifications

Invasive Breast Carcinoma

Invasive Breast Carcinoma

Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Breast Cancer

6.2: Gynaecology

Imaging Techniques in Gynaecology

Congenital Anomalies of the Female Genital Tract

Class I: Müllerian (uterine) agenesis or hypoplasia

Class II: unicornuate uterus

Class III: uterus didelphys

Class IV: bicornuate uterus

Class V: septate uterus

Class VI: arcuate uterus

Class VII: in utero diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure

Congenital absence of Müllerian ducts (vaginal aplasia, MRKH syndrome)

Disorder of vertical fusion

Disorder of lateral fusion

Vaginal cysts

Benign Uterine Conditions

Endometrial Carcinoma

Imaging approach

Carcinoma of the Cervix

Benign Ovarian Tumours

Endometriosis, Polycystic Ovaries and Physiological Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian Carcinoma

Miscellaneous Gynaecological Conditions

Miscellaneous Gynaecological Conditions

7: Neuroradiology

Introduction

7.1: Intracranial Tumours

Imaging Techniques and General Features

Classification of Intracranial Tumours

Gliomas

Diffuse astrocytoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)

Gliomas

Infratentorial Tumours

Supratentorial Tumours

Extra-Axial Tumours

Meningioma and Skull Base Tumours

Cerebral and Meningeal Metastases

Intraventricular Tumours

Pituitary Region Tumours

Pituitary Region Tumours

Pineal Region Tumours

Teratoma

Choriocarcinoma

Yolk sac tumours and embryonal carcinoma

7.2: Cerebrovascular Disease and Non-Traumatic Haemorrhage

Cerebral Ischaemia

Cerebral Ischaemia

Other Patterns of Cerebrovascular Disease

Other Patterns of Cerebrovascular Disease

Carotid and Vertebral Artery Dissection

Non-Traumatic Intracranial Haemorrhage

Cerebral Artery Aneurysms

Arteriovenous Malformations

7.3: Brain Infection, AIDS and Demyelinating Diseases

Intracranial Infection

Intracranial Infection

Intracranial Infection

Hiv Infection and Aids

Primary HIV myelitis

Other diseases affecting the spinal cord in AIDS

Demyelinating and Inflammatory Disorders

7.4: Brain Trauma, Degenerative Disorders and Epilepsy

Head Injury

Primary and Secondary Cerebral Injury

Dementias and Epilepsy

Skull Bone Disease

Hydrocephalus

Choroid plexus tumours

7.5: Paediatric Neuroradiology

Cerebellar Malformations

MRI

Dandy–Walker malformation

Dandy–Walker variant

Mega cisterna magna

MRI

MRI

Chiari Malformations

MRI

Cerebral Malformations

Malformations of Neuronal Migration and Cortical Organization

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF-1)

Neurocutaneous Syndromes

Inborn Metabolic Brain Disorders

Congenital Skull Anomalies

Congenital Intracranial Infections

Paediatric Meningitis

Hypoxic–Ischaemic Injury in the Developing Brain

7.6: The Spine

Spinal Dysraphism

Congenital Spinal Anomalies

Skeletal Abnormalities

Congenital type

Bilateral spondylolysis

Vascular Spinal Lesions

Spinal Tumours

Spinal Infection

Infective/Inflammatory Disorders of the Spine

Spinal Cord Trauma and the Postoperative Spine

Degenerative Spinal Disease

7.7: The Orbit

The Orbit

Conal and Extraconal Disorders

Intraconal Disorders

Intraconal Disorders

Intraconal Disorders

7.8: Ear, Nose and Throat Radiology

Selected Disorders of the Ear

Nose and Paranasal Sinuses

Antrochoanal polyp

Inverting papilloma

Juvenile angiofibroma

Malignant tumours

The Nasopharynx

Masticator space

Carotid space

Parotid space

Disorders of the Oropharynx, Larynx and Soft Tissues of the Neck

7.9: Dental Radiology

Mandibular/Maxillary Cystic Lesions

Tumours of Bone

Facial Trauma

Salivary Glands

Salivary Gland Disorders

8: Endocrine System

Introduction

8.1: Thyroid Disorders

Thyroid Cancer

Miscellaneous Thyroid Disorders

8.2: Adrenal Disorders

Non-Functional Adrenal Disorders

Adrenal Hyperfunction

9: Lymphoma

9: Lymphoma

Lymphoma

Lymph Node Disease in Lymphoma

CNS Lymphoma

Pulmonary Lymphoma

Lymphoma of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Musculoskeletal Lymphoma

Extranodal Manifestations of Lymphoma

Extranodal Manifestations of Lymphoma

Monitoring the Response to Therapy in Lymphoma

10: Functional Imaging

Introduction

10.1: Functional Imaging

11: Interventional Radiology

Introduction

11.1: Interventional Vascular Radiology Techniques

11.2: Cross-Sectional Vascular Imaging

11.3: Specific Drainage Techniques

11.4: Principles of Tumour Ablation

11.5: Hepatobiliary Intervention

11.6: Genitourinary Interventional Radiology

11.7: Woman’s Imaging – Interventional radiology

Obstetric Haemorrhage

12: Appendices

Introduction

12.1: General Pearls

12.2: Anatomy Pearls

Anatomy Pearls

Anatomy Pearls

12.3: Pearls in Musculoskeletal Imaging and Pathology

Pearls in Pathology

Pearls in Musculoskeletal Imaging

12.4: Patterns of Tumour Spread

Patterns of Tumour Spread

12.5: TNM Staging of Common Cancers