Functional Biochemistry in Health and Disease 2nd Edition by Eric Newsholme, Anthony Leech ISBN 9781119965244 1119965241
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Authors:Eric Newsholme; Anthony Leech , Series:Biochemistry [6] , Tags:Science; Life Sciences; Biochemistry; Microbiology; Wiley , Author sort:Newsholme, Eric & Leech, Anthony , Ids:Google; 9780471988205 , Languages:Languages:eng , Published:Published:Jun 2010 , Publisher:Wiley , Comments:Comments:Functional Biochemistry in Health and Disease provides a clear and straightforward account of the biochemistry that is necessary to understand the physiological functions of tissues or organs essential to the life of human beings. Focusing on the dynamic aspects of biochemistry and its application to the basic functions of the body, the book bridges the gap between biochemistry and medical practice. Carefully structured within five sections, each biochemical, physiological or medical subject that is covered in the book is presented in one complete chapter. Consequently, each subject can be read and studied in isolation although cross-sectional links between the subjects are included where necessary. Background material, both biochemical and medical, that is necessary for an understanding of the subject, is included at the start of each chapter and clear, relevant diagrams enhance students’ understanding. Focuses on medically relevant aspects of biochemistry written from a physiological rather than a chemical perspective. Clear presentation that minimises the use of jargon. Each chapter contains boxes on related topics, relevant diagrams and a brief glossary. Coverage includes athletic performance, apoptosis and the immune system. Key historical developments are included to show how modern biochemistry has evolved. By linking biochemistry, medical education and clinical practice this book will prove invaluable to students in medical and health sciences, biomedical science and human biology taking an introductory biochemistry course. In addition it will appeal to biochemistry and biology students interested in clinical applications of biochemistry.
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ISBN 10: 1119965241
ISBN 13: 9781119965244
Author: Eric Newsholme, Anthony Leech
Functional Biochemistry in Health and Disease 2nd Edition Table of contents:
I: INTRODUCTION
1 The Structural and Biochemical Hierarchy of a Cell and a Human
Cell structure
Tissues
The whole human
The biochemical hierarchy
II: ESSENTIAL TOPICS IN DYNAMIC BIOCHEMISTRY
2 Energy: In the Body, Tissues and Biochemical Processes
Energy transformations in the whole body
Energy transformations in tissues and organs
Energy transformation in biochemical reactions and pathways
Adenosine triphosphate: its role in the cell
3 Enzymes: Activities, Properties, Regulation and Physiology
Nomenclature and classification
Basic facts
Mechanisms by which an enzyme enhances the rate of a reaction
Cofactors and prosthetic groups
Factors that change the activity of an enzyme
Allosteric inhibition
The physiological signicance of Km and Vmax values
Enzymes as tools
Enzymes in diagnosis
Enzymes as therapeutic agents
Enzymes as targets for therapy
Kinetic structure of a biochemical pathway
Regulation of enzyme activity
4 Transport into the Body: The Gastrointestinal Tract, Digestion and Absorption
Gross structure of the gastrointestinal tract
Biochemistry of cooking and food preparation
Digestion and absorption
The gastrointestinal tract and disease
5 Transport into the Cell: Particles, Molecules and Ions
Structure of the plasma membrane
Diffusion through membranes
Active transport
Primary active transport
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Physiological importance of some transport systems
III: ESSENTIAL METABOLISM
6 Carbohydrate Metabolism
Glyco lysis
The biochemical and physiological importance of anaerobic glycolysis
Regulation of the 9ux through glycolysis
Glycogen synthesis
Synthesis of fructose and lactose
The pentose phosphate pathway
Gluconeogenesis: glucose formation from non-carbohydrate sources
The physiological pathway of gluconeogenesis
Role of the liver in the regulation of the blood glucose concentration
Hormones and control of gluconeogenesis
Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by ATP/ADP concentration ratio in the liver
Hypoglycaemia
Hyperglycaemia
7 Fat Metabolism
Fats in nutrition
Fat fuels
Physiological importance of fat fuels
Limitations or drawbacks of fats as a fuel
Genetic defects in fatty acid oxidation
Pathological concentrations of fat fuels
8 Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism
Introduction
Sources of amino acids
Protein and ami no acid requirements
Fate of amino acids
Central role of transdeamination
Amino acid metabolism in different tissues
Glutamine: an amino acid of central importance
Urea ‘salvage’
9 Oxidation of Fuels and ATP Generation: Physiological and Clinical Importance
The Krebs cycle
The electron transfer chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
Coupling of electron transfer with oxidative phosphorylation
Transport into and out of mitochondria
‘Energy’ transport in the cytosol: the creatine/phosphocreatine shuttle
Regulation of fluxes
The physiological importance of mitochondrial ATP generation
The effect of ageing on ATP generation
10 Metabolism of Ammonia and Nucleic Acids
Roles of ammonia
Urea synthesis
Degradation of nucleic acids, nucleotides, nucleosides and bases: the generation of ammonia
Ammonia toxicity
Deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes
11 Synthesis of Fatty Acids, Triacylglycerol, Phospholipids and Fatty Messengers: The Roles of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Synthesis of long-chain fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
Essential fatty acids
Phospholipids
Fatty messenger molecules
Fatty acids in neurological and behavioural disorders
12 Hormones: From Action in the C to Function in the Body
Endocrine hormones: traditional and novel
The action, effects and functions of a hormone
Action of hormones
The biochemical and physiological effects of a hormone
Pheromones
Kinetic principles that apply to hormone action
IV: ESSENTIAL PROCESSES OF LIFE
13 Physical Activity: In Non-Athlet Athletes and Patients
The mechanical basis of movement by skeletal muscle
Structure of muscle
Proteins involved in muscle action
Mechanism of contraction: the cross-bridge cycle
Regulation of contraction
Fuels for various athletic events and games
Fatigue
Fatigue in patients
Physical training
Health bene1ts of physical activity
Health hazards of physical activity
Skeletal muscle diseases
14 Mental Activity and Mental Illness
Mental activity
Electrical communication
Chemical communication
Fuels and energy metabolism in the brain
Mental illnesses: biochemical causes
Recreational drugs
15 Nutrition: biochemistry, physiology and pathology
Basic information required for discussion of some biochemical aspects of nutrition
Vitamins
Minerals
A healthy diet
Nutrition for speci:c activities or conditions
Overnutrition
Malnutrition
Functional foods and nutraceuticals
Nutrition for patients with genetic disorders
Vegetarian diets
Eating disorders
16 Starvation: Metabolic Changes, Survival and Death
Mechanisms for the regulation of the blood glucose concentration
Metabolic responses to starvation
Sequence of metabolic changes from intermediate starvation to death
Progressive decrease in protein degradation in starvation
17 Defence Against Pathogens: Barriers, Enzymes and the Immune System
When the physical barrier is breached
The immune system
Adaptive immunity
Cytokines
Mechanisms for killing pathogens
Killing of in trace llular bacteria and large parasites in the extracellular 1uid
Allergy
Fuels and generation of ATP in immune cells: consequences for a patient
Essential fatty acids and proliferation
The lymph nodes
Tolerance
Chronic inflammation and autoimmunity
Immunosuppressive agents
Conditions that reduce the effectiveness of the immune system
Factors that increase the effectiveness of the immune system
Return of the ‘old’ infectious diseases
New infectious diseases
Defence in the intestine
18 Survival After Trauma: Metabolic Changes and Response of the Immune System
Physiological and metabolic responses: the ebb & flow phases
Nutrition
Mobilisation of triacylglycerol and protein in trauma
Metabolic changes in trauma and in starvation
Fever
Summary of the effects of trauma on the immune system and the whole body
19 Sexual Reproduction
Male reproductive system
Female reproductive system
The menstrual cycle
Ovulation
Chemical communication in male and female reproduction
Coitus and the sexual response in the male and female
Fertilisation
Pregnancy
Parturition
Contraception
The menopause
Sexually transmitted diseases
20 Growth and Death of Cells and Humans: The Cell Cycle, Apoptosis and Necrosis
Introduction to cell proliferation
The cell cycle
Death
V: SERIOUS DISEASES
21 Cancer: Genes, Cachexia and Death
Basic information
Oncogenes and proto-oncogenes
Proteins expressed by oncogenes
Processes by which proto-oncogenes can be activated or converted to oncogenes
Tumour suppressor genes
Telomeres and telomerase in tumour cells
Metastasis
Metabolic changes in cancer patients
Overview of cancer
Cancer-causing agents or conditions
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
22 Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Heart Attack
Atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
Index
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