Forensic Odontology An Essential Guide 1st Edition by Catherine Adams,Romina Carabott,Sam Evans 9781118526163 1118526163

Chapter 1 Brief introduction to forensic odontology

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Forensic odontology in the 21st century

1.3 Training and experience

1.4 How to use this book

1.5 References

Chapter 2 Development of the dentition

2.1 Early tooth development

2.2 Later tooth development

2.3 Dentinogenesis

2.4 Tooth root formation

2.5 Epithelial/mesenchymal interactions in tooth development

2.6 Amelogenesis

2.7 Biomineralisation of enamel

2.8 Further reading

Chapter 3 Acting as an expert witness

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The nature of expert evidence

3.2.1 What is evidence?

3.2.2 What is expert evidence?

3.2.3 Who can act as an expert witness?

3.2.4 The expert witness’s role in court proceedings

3.3 The rules of court

3.3.1 Why is expert evidence governed by rules of court?

3.3.2 Which rules apply?

3.3.3 Key differences between the procedural regimes

3.4 The expert’s duties

3.4.1 The Ikarian Reefer

3.4.2 The overriding duty

3.4.3 The particular duties

3.5 Report writing

3.5.1 The content of an expert’s report

3.5.2 Drafting your reports: Some suggestions

3.5.3 The required declarations

3.6 Giving evidence at court

3.6.1 The process of giving evidence

3.6.2 Questioning

3.6.3 Addressing the court

3.7 Ancillary topics

3.7.1 Written questions to experts

3.7.2 Experts’ meetings and `hot tubbing’

3.7.3 Obtaining directions from the court

3.7.4 Acting as a single joint expert

3.7.5 Getting feedback on your work

3.7.6 Keeping up to date

3.8 Things to avoid

3.8.1 Being sued for negligence

3.8.2 Being reported for misconduct

3.8.3 Wasted-costs orders

3.8.4 Contempt and perjury

3.9 A final thought

3.10 References

Chapter 4 Mortuary practice

4.1 Definitions of a mortuary

4.1.1 Permanent mortuary

4.1.2 Emergency mortuary

4.2 The Human Tissue Act and the Human Tissue Authority

4.3 Legal requirements for licence issue

4.3.1 Designated individuals

4.3.2 Licence holders

4.4 Mortuary facilities

4.4.1 Mortuary layout

4.4.2 Mortuary equipment

4.5 The Anatomical Pathology Technologist

4.5.1 Training and qualifications of APTs

4.5.2 Responsibilities of APTs

4.6 The odontologist in the mortuary: Specialist resection techniques

4.7 Health and safety in the mortuary

4.7.1 Safe working practices

4.7.2 Hygiene

4.7.3 Personal protective equipment (PPE)

4.7.4 Cleaning and decontamination

4.7.5 Waste disposal

4.7.6 Immunisation

4.8 References

Chapter 5 Dental human identification

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Why is human identification necessary?

5.1.2 Why comparative dental analysis?

5.1.3 What if there is no presumptive identification?

5.1.4 When does the forensic dentist `come on the scene’?

5.2 Comparative dental identification

5.2.1 Post-mortem examination

5.2.2 Incinerated remains

5.2.3 Ante-mortem data collection

5.2.4 Reconciliation: The comparative process

5.2.5 Problems with comparative dental identification

5.3 Radiography in dental identification

5.3.1 Post-mortem radiography

5.3.2 Ante-mortem radiographs

5.3.3 Computed tomography

5.4 Dental appliances in identification

5.4.1 Dental models (casts)

5.4.2 Palatal rugae

5.4.3 Removable appliances

5.4.4 Denture marking

5.4.5 Bleaching trays

5.4.6 Fixed prostheses

5.5 Dental profiling

5.5.1 Gender

5.5.2 Ethnicity

5.5.3 Age assessment

5.5.4 Habits

5.5.5 Developmental tooth anomalies

5.5.6 Fluorosis

5.5.7 Tetracycline staining

5.5.8 Isotope and trace element analysis

5.5.9 Dental restorations

5.5.10 Facial reconstruction

5.5.11 Craniofacial superimposition

5.6 Teeth as a source of DNA

5.7 Conclusion

5.8 References

Chapter 6 Disaster victim identification

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Disaster management

6.3 DVI planning

6.4 DVI and the dentist

6.5 The dental DVI team structure

6.6 Documentation

6.7 Retrieval of dental records

6.8 Post-mortem dental examination

6.9 Ante-mortem dental records

6.10 Dental reconciliation

6.11 Equipment for the dental DVI team

6.12 Maintaining dental team morale

6.13 References

Chapter 7 Dental age assessment

7.1 The importance of knowing age

7.2 The chronological age

7.3 The dental age

7.4 Dentition as an age indicator

7.4.1 Dental development

7.4.2 Dental age assessment

7.4.3 Techniques using dental development

7.4.4 Accuracy of dental age estimation techniques

7.4.5 Schemas of dental development

7.5 Age estimation methods in children and young adults

7.5.1 Essentials

7.5.2 Neonatal issues

7.5.3 Infants from birth to 2 years

7.5.4 Children and adolescents from 2 to 18 years

7.5.5 Adults aged 18 years and above

7.6 Age assessment after tooth development

7.6.1 Pulp ratio

7.6.2 Other markers

7.6.3 Biomarkers

7.7 Writing a dental age report

7.8 Final comments

7.9 References

Chapter 8 Bite marks-I

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Bite mark components

8.2.1 Dentition and mouth parts

8.2.2 Skin

8.2.3 Episode of contact

8.3 Nature of the injury

8.4 Bite mark incidence

8.5 Principles of bite mark analysis

8.5.1 Distortion

8.5.2 Uniqueness of the human dentition

8.5.3 Representation of uniqueness

8.5.4 Interpretation of representation of uniqueness

8.6 Bite mark evidence recording

8.6.1 Initial examination of the alleged/suspected bite mark

8.6.2 Photography of the bite mark

8.6.3 Dental examination of the suspect biter

8.7 Bite mark analysis techniques

8.7.1 Biological comparison

8.7.2 Physical comparison

8.7.3 Principles of physical comparison

8.7.4 Feature-based analysis

8.7.5 Superimposition-based analysis

8.8 Feature-based analysis conclusions

8.8.1 Exclusion of the suspect

8.8.2 Limited conclusion

8.8.3 Inclusion of the suspect

8.9 Feature-based analysis report

8.10 Limitations of bite mark analysis

8.11 References

Chapter 9 Bite marks-II

9.1 Guidelines for bite mark analysis

9.2 Collection of evidence

9.3 Assessment of the suspected bite mark injury

9.4 Examination of the dentition of the suspected biter/biters

9.5 Bite mark comparisons

9.5.1 Feature-based analysis

9.5.2 Comparison with overlays and dental casts

9.5.3 Conclusion

9.5.4 Open and closed populations

9.6 Bite mark reports and presentation of evidence to a court

9.7 References

Chapter 10 Forensic photography and imaging

10.1 Introduction

10.2 The photography of bite marks

10.3 Relevant equipment

10.4 Digital image file formats

10.5 Guidance for preparation of equipment for forensic photography

10.6 Photographing a bite mark

10.6.1 Minimising image distortion

10.6.2 Can distortion be corrected?

10.6.3 Magnification ratios: a tool for consistency

10.6.4 Sequence of images when photographing a bite mark

10.7 Photographing dentition

10.7.1 Equipment

10.7.2 Sequence of images for the dentition

10.8 Image downloading and storage

10.8.1 Guidance on downloading and image workflow

10.8.2 Storage of images

10.9 Imaging modalities

10.9.1 Reflected ultraviolet and near-infrared

10.9.2 Cross-polarised imaging

10.10 Three-dimensional technology

10.10.1 Triangulation laser scanners (active)

10.10.2 Hand-held laser scanners (active)

10.10.3 Structured light scanners (active)

10.10.4 Stereophotogrammetry (passive or active)

10.10.5 Other 3-dimensional devices

10.10.6 3D versus 2D

10.11 Image enhancement and processing

10.11.1 Examples of enhancement

10.11.2 Published guidelines

10.11.3 Case law

10.11.4 Comment

10.12 References

Chapter 11 Role of the forensic odontologist in the protection of vulnerable people

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Bite marks and vulnerable people

11.3 Dental neglect in childhood

11.3.1 Introduction

11.3.2 Defining dental neglect

11.3.3 When is decay neglect?

11.3.4 Parental response to dental disease

11.3.5 Identifying neglect in dental practice

11.3.6 Responding to neglect in dental practice

11.4 Legislative framework for child protection in the UK

11.5 Protection of the vulnerable adult

11.5.1 The dentist and the vulnerable adult

11.5.2 Confidentiality

11.5.3 The Mental Capacity Act 2005

11.6 Record keeping

11.7 Summary chart

11.8 Further reading

11.9 References