Epidemiological Studies A Practical Guide 2nd Edition by Alan Silman, Gary Macfarlane ISBN 0521009393 9780521009393

Epidemiological Studies: A Practical Guide 2nd Edition by Alan J. Silman, Gary J. Macfarlane – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery. 0521009393, 978-0521009393
Full download Epidemiological Studies: A Practical Guide 2nd Edition after payment

Product details:

ISBN 10:       0521009393
ISBN 13: 978-0521009393
Author:         Alan J. Silman, Gary J. Macfarlane

Epidemiological Studies: A Practical Guide 2nd Table of contents:

Part I: Introduction

• 1. Scope of Epidemiological Enquiry and Overview of Main Problem Areas
  • 1.1 What Questions Can Epidemiology Answer?
    • 1.1a Disease Definition
    • 1.1b Disease Occurrence
    • 1.1c Disease Causation
    • Risk and Association
    • 1.1d Disease Outcome
    • 1.1e Disease Management and Disease Prevention
  • 1.2 What Are the Major Issues in Conducting Epidemiological Research?
    • 1.2a Study Design
    • 1.2b Population Selection
    • 1.2c Information Quality
    • 1.2d Data Handling and Analysis
    • 1.2e Interpreting the Results
    • 1.2f Logistical Issues

Part II: Measuring the Occurrence of Disease

• 2. Which Measure of Disease Occurrence?
  • 2.1 Incidence
    • 2.1a Approaches to Measuring Incidence
  • 2.2 Prevalence
    • 2.2a Approaches to Measuring Prevalence
  • 2.3 Choice of Measure
• 3. Comparing Rates: Between and Within Populations
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Standardisation
    • 3.2a Direct Standardisation
    • 3.2b Indirect Standardisation
  • 3.3 Comparison of Rates Over Time
    • 3.3a Age-Specific Rates

Part III: Studying Associations Between Risk Factors and Disease

• 4. Which Type of Study?
  • 4.1 The Ecologic Study
  • 4.2 The Migrant Study
  • 4.3 The Cross-Sectional Study
  • 4.4 The Case-Control Study
  • 4.5 The Cohort Study
  • 4.6 Choice of Study Design
    • 4.6a Examples of Choice of Study Design
• 5. Which Measure of Association?
  • 5.1 Relative Risks
    • 5.1a Risk Ratios
    • 5.1b Rate Ratios
  • 5.2 Odds Ratios
  • 5.3 Attributable Risks
  • 5.4 Precision of Measures in Association
  • 5.5 Categorisation of Exposures

Part IV: Selection of Populations and Samples to Study

• 6. Studies of Disease Occurrence. I: Identification of the Population
  • 6.1 Representativeness
  • 6.2 Access
    • 6.2a Obtaining Access
  • 6.3 Population Data Accuracy
  • 6.4 Study Size
    • 6.4a Sampling from a Population
• 7. Studies of Disease Occurrence. II: Assessing Disease Status in Study Populations
  • 7.1 Approaches to Measuring Incidence
  • 7.2 Use of Diagnosed Cases: Retrospective Review or Prospective Notification?
    • 7.2a Physician Compliance
    • 7.2b Problems with Rare Diseases
  • 7.3 Defining Cases with the Catchment Population Approach
    • 7.3a Case Ascertainment
    • 7.3b Case Verification
  • 7.4 Use of Cross-Sectional Population Surveys to Assess Incidence
    • 7.4a Single or Duplicate Surveys?
    • 7.4b Left Censorship
  • 7.5 Approaches to Measuring Prevalence
  • 7.6 Catchment Population Methods for Measuring Prevalence
    • 7.6a Prospective Measurement of Prevalence
  • 7.7 Population Surveys
    • 7.7a Approaches to Population Surveys
  • 7.8 Other (Indirect) Measures
• 8. Studies of Disease Causation. I: Selection of Subjects for Case-Control Studies
  • 8.1 Recruitment of Cases
    • 8.1a Incident or Prevalent Cases?
    • 8.1b Population-Based or Hospital-Based Series?
    • 8.1c Recruitment of Diagnosed Cases: Using Existing Databases
    • 8.1d Recruitment of Diagnosed Cases: Ad Hoc Recruitment from Colleagues
    • 8.1e Case Verification
    • 8.1f Exclusion Criteria
  • 8.2 Recruitment of Controls
    • 8.2a Strategies for Control Selection: Population-Based
    • 8.2b Other Sources of Population Controls
    • 8.2c Strategies for Non-Population-Based Control Selection
  • 8.3 One or Two Control Groups?
  • 8.4 Matching
    • 8.4a Problems with Individual Matching
    • 8.4b Frequency Matching
  • 8.5 Study Size
• 9. Studies of Disease Causation. II: Selection of Subjects for Cohort (Longitudinal) Studies
  • 9.1 Retrospective or Prospective Study Cohorts?
  • 9.2 How Should Exposure Be Categorised?
    • 9.2a Studying the Effect of Multiple Exposures
    • 9.2b Ascertainment of Exposure Status
  • 9.3 Study Size

Part V: Information from Epidemiological Surveys

• 10. Collecting Information
  • 10.1 Interview or Subject Completing Questionnaire?
    • 10.1a Interview-Administered Questionnaires by Telephone
  • 10.2 How to Formulate a Questionnaire
    • 10.2a Open or Closed Questions?
    • 10.2b Questionnaire Design
• 11. Obtaining Valid Information
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Sensitivity and Specificity
  • 11.3 Validity for Variables that Are Not Dichotomous
  • 11.4 Possible Approaches for Independent Validation
  • 11.5 Misclassification
• 12. Repeatability
  • 12.1 Introduction
    • 12.1a Variation Within and Between Observers
    • 12.1b Bias and Agreement
  • 12.2 Study Designs to Measure Repeatability
    • 12.2a Analysis of Repeatability
• 13. Maximising Participation
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Reasons for Non-Participation
    • 13.2a Lack of Interest or Perceived Personal Relevance
    • 13.2b Inconvenience
    • 13.2c Avoidance of Discomfort
    • 13.2d Financial Cost
    • 13.2e Anxiety About Health
    • 13.2f Antipathy to Research
  • 13.3 Maximising Participation in Follow-Up
    • 13.3a Introduction
    • 13.3b Ascertaining Disease Status
    • 13.3c Minimising Loss to Follow-Up
• 14. Conducting a Pilot Study
  • 14.1 Aims
    • 14.1a Participation Rates
    • 14.1b Data/Record Availability
    • 14.1c Study Instruments
    • 14.1d Other Methods of Collecting Information
    • 14.1e Sample Size Requirements

Part VI: Analysis and Interpretation of Epidemiological Data

• 15. Preparation of Survey Data for Statistical Analysis
  • 15.1 Introduction
    • 15.1a Use of Computers
    • 15.1b Stages in Preparing Data for Analysis
  • 15.2 Initial Checking for Completeness and Accuracy
  • 15.3 Linkage by Subject of Data from Multiple Sources
  • 15.4 Development of a Data Coding Schedule
  • 15.5 Development of a Computer Database
    • 15.5a Subject Identification Number
    • 15.5b In-Built Range and Consistency Checks
  • 15.6 Procedure for Data Entry
    • 15.6a Immediate Data Entry
    • 15.6b Optical Scanning
  • 15.7 Checking for Errors in Entered Data
  • 15.8 Missing Data
  • 15.9 Recoding of Entered Data
  • 15.10 Storage of Data and Data Set
• 16. Introductory Data Analysis: Descriptive Epidemiology
  • 16.1 Introduction
  • 16.2 Incidence Rates
    • 16.2a Confidence Interval Around an Incidence Rate
  • 16.3 Prevalence (Proportions)
    • 16.3a Confidence Interval Around a Prevalence (Proportion)
  • 16.4 Crude, Age-Specific and Standardised Rates
    • 16.4a Direct Standardisation
    • 16.4b Indirect Standardisation
• 17. Introductory Data Analysis: Analytical Epidemiology
  • 17.1 Introduction
    • 17.1a Statistical Packages
  • 17.2 Effect Measurement, Interval Assessment and Significance Testing
  • 17.3 Analysis of Case-Control Studies
    • 17.3a Calculation of Confidence Interval for an Odds Ratio
    • 17.3b Calculation of Odds Ratios with Multiple Levels of Exposure
    • 17.3c Analysis of Matched Pairs
  • 17.4 Analysis of Cohort Studies
    • 17.4a Calculation of Rate Ratio from Incidence Data
    • 17.4b Calculation of Risk Ratio Estimate from Prevalence or Cumulative Incidence Data
    • 17.4c Life-Table Method for Incidence Data
  • 17.5 Conclusion
• 18. Confounding
  • 18.1 Introduction
  • 18.2 Minimising Confounding in Study Design
    • 18.2a Selection of Study Subjects
    • Matching
    • The Unknown Confounders
  • 18.3 Conduct of Study
  • 18.4 Analysis
    • 18.4a Baseline Comparison of Potential Confounders
    • 18.4b Stratification
    • 18.4c Standardisation
    • 18.4d Multivariate Techniques
• 19. Bias
  • 19.1 Introduction
    • 19.1a Direction of Bias
    • 19.1b Non-Directional Misclassification
  • 19.2 Major Sources of Bias
    • 19.3 Selection Bias
    • 19.4 Information Bias
  • 19.5 Is an Unbiased Study Ever Possible?

Part VII: Other Practical Issues

• 20. Ethical Issues in Epidemiology
  • 20.1 Introduction
  • 20.2 Ethical Approval
  • 20.3 Ethical Constraints in Maximising Response Rate
  • 20.4 Confidentiality and Data Protection
• 21. The Costs of Epidemiological Studies
  • 21.1 Costs Versus Design
  • 21.2 Costing an Epidemiological Study
  • 21.3 Possibilities for Cost Containment

People also search for Epidemiological Studies: A Practical Guide 2nd:

types of epidemiological studies
which characteristic is a strength of epidemiological studies
classification of epidemiological studies
generally epidemiological studies
center for epidemiological studies depression scale