Emerging Nanotechnologies in Dentistry Processes Materials and Applications 1st Edition by Karthikeyan Subramani, Waqar Ahmed ISBN 1455778575 9781455778577

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ISBN 10: 1455778575 
ISBN 13: 9781455778577
Author: Karthikeyan Subramani, Waqar Ahmed

New nanomaterials are leading to a range of emerging dental treatments that utilize more biomimetic materials that more closely duplicate natural tooth structure (or bone, in the case of implants). The use of nanostructures that will work in harmony with the body’s own regenerative processes (eg, to restore tooth structure or alveolar bone) are moving into clinical practice. This book brings together an international team of experts from the fields of nanomaterials, biomedical engineering and dentistry, to cover the new materials and techniques with potential for use intra-orally or extra-orally for the restoration, fixation, replacement, or regeneration of hard and soft tissues in and about the oral cavity and craniofacial region. New dental nanotechnologies include the use of advanced inorganic and organic materials, smart and biomimetic materials, tissue engineering and drug delivery strategies.

• Book prepared by an interdisciplinary and international group of bio-nanomaterial scientists and dental/oral biomedical researchers
• Comprehensive professional reference for the subject covering materials fabrication and use of materials for all major diagnostic and therapeutic dental applications – repair,restoration, regeneration, implants and prevention
• Book focuses in depth on the materials manufacturing processes involved with emphasis on pre-clinical and clinical applications, use and biocompatibility

Emerging Nanotechnologies in Dentistry Processes Materials and Applications 1st Table of contents:

1 Nanotechnology and the Future of Dentistry
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanotechnology Approaches
1.3 Nanotechnology to Nanomanufacturing
1.3.1 Top-Down Approach
1.3.2 Bottom-Up Approach
1.4 Nanodentistry
1.5 Future Directions and Conclusions
References
2 Nanoparticles for Dental Materials: Synthesis, Analysis, and Applications
2.1 Introduction: Why Use Nanoparticles?
2.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
2.2.1 Synthesis by Mechanical Attrition
2.2.2 Synthesis Through Sol–Gel Process
2.2.2.1 Functionalization of Oxide Nanoparticles
2.2.3 Synthesis of Silsesquioxane Nanoparticles
2.2.4 Synthesis of Polymer-Templated Nanoparticles
2.3 Examples of Dental Materials Using Nanoparticles
2.3.1 Nanocomposites Containing Oxide Nanoparticles
2.3.1.1 Nanofill Composites
2.3.1.2 Nanohybrid Composites
2.3.2 Silsesquioxane-Based Composites
2.3.3 Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Fluoride Nanoparticles-Based Composites
2.3.4 Nanoparticles in Glass Ionomer Systems
2.3.5 Nanotechnology in Dental Adhesives
2.4 Selected Properties of Dental Materials Containing Nanoparticles
2.4.1 Optical Properties
2.4.2 Wear Properties
2.4.3 Mechanical Properties
2.5 Clinical Experience with Dental Materials Containing Nanoparticles
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Antimicrobial Nanoparticles in Restorative Composites
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Antibacterial Restorative Composites
3.2.1 Filler Phase Modification
3.2.1.1 Released Antibacterial Agents
3.2.1.2 Nonreleased Antibacterial Agents
3.2.2 Matrix Phase Modification
3.2.2.1 Released Antibacterial Agents
3.2.2.2 Nonreleased Antibacterial Agents
3.3 Antimicrobial Macromolecules
3.3.1 Polycationic Disinfectants
3.3.2 Polyethyleneimine
3.4 Nanoparticles
3.4.1 Polyethyleneimine Nanoparticles
3.4.1.1 Synthesis
3.4.1.2 Characterization
3.4.1.3 Incorporation of PEI Nanoparticles
3.5 Conclusions
References
4 Nanotechnology in Operative Dentistry: A Perspective Approach of History, Mechanical Behavior, and
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Historical Review: Nanotechnology Applications in Operative Dentistry
4.3 Biomimetics
4.4 Fillers in Composite Resins
4.5 SEM and EDS Evaluation
4.6 Filler Weight Content (wt%)
4.7 Water Sorption
4.8 Mechanical Behavior
4.8.1 Compressive Strength
4.8.2 Diametral Tensile Strength
4.8.3 Flexural Strength and Flexural Modulus
4.8.4 Microhardness
4.8.5 Nanohardness
4.8.6 Wear Resistance
4.9 Clinical Applications
4.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
5 Impact of Nanotechnology on Dental Implants
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nanoscale Surface Modifications
5.3 Interactions of Surface Dental Implants with Blood
5.4 Interactions Between Surfaces and MSCs
5.4.1 Origin of MSCs
5.4.2 Migration, Adhesion, and Proliferation
5.4.3 Differentiation
5.5 Tissue Integration
5.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6 Titanium Surface Modification Techniques for Dental Implants—From Microscale to Nanoscale
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Titanium Surface Modification Methods
6.2.1 Morphological Modification of Titanium Surface
6.2.2 Physicochemical Modification of Titanium Surface
6.2.3 Biochemical Modification of Titanium Surface
6.2.3.1 Osteoinductive Biomolecular Cues
6.2.3.2 Micro- and Nanoscale Coating of HA/Calcium Phosphate/Alumina
6.2.3.3 Organic Nanoscale SAMs
6.2.3.4 Hydrogels on Titanium Surface
6.2.3.5 Antibacterial Titanium Surfaces
6.3 Limitations and Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
7 Titanium Nanotubes as Carriers of Osteogenic Growth Factors and Antibacterial Drugs for Applicatio
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Titanium Nanotubes
7.3 TiO2 Nanotubes for Implant Fabrication
7.4 Functionalization of TiO2 Nanotubes with Growth Factors and Antibacterial/Anti-Inflammatory Drug
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Cellular Responses to Nanoscale Surface Modifications of Titanium Implants for Dentistry and Bone
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Nanotopography Generated from Surface Modification of Ti Implants
8.2.1 Surface Modification of Ti Implants with Inorganic Materials/Nanoparticles
8.2.2 Surface Modifications of Ti Implants with Polymers
8.3 Nanotopography and Protein Absorption
8.4 Nanotopography Alters Osteoblast Responses
8.4.1 Cell Morphology
8.4.2 Cell Adhesion
8.4.3 Cell Proliferation
8.4.4 Bioactive Molecules
8.4.5 Osseointegration
8.5 Nanotopography and Stem Cell Responses
8.5.1 Effects of Nanotopography on Endothelial Progenitor Cells
8.5.2 Effects of Nanotopography on Bone Marrow Stem Cells
8.6 Conclusions
References
9 Corrosion Resistance of Ti6Al4V with Nanostructured TiO2 Coatings
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 SiO2–CaO Coatings on Ti6Al4V Alloys
9.1.2 SiO2 and SiO2–TiO2 Intermediate Coatings on Titanium and Ti6Al4V Alloy
9.1.3 Coated HA on Ti6Al4V by Electrophoretic Deposition
9.1.4 Double-Layer Glass–Ceramic Coatings on Ti6Al4V
9.2 Nanostructured TiO2 Deposited on Ti6Al4V
9.2.1 Preparation of the Ti6Al4V Electrode
9.2.2 TiO2 Nanoparticles Coating
9.3 Characterization Techniques
9.3.1 SEM
9.3.2 Raman Microscopy
9.4 Corrosion Tests with Electrochemical Techniques
9.4.1 OCV and Tafel Analysis
9.4.2 EIS
9.5 Conclusions
References
10 Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes/Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Incorporated GTR Membranes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Periodontal Defects and GTR
10.2.1 Studies Using Nonresorbable Membranes
10.2.2 Studies Using Bioresorbable Membranes
10.2.3 Layer-Designed Membranes for GTR
10.3 Use of Electrospinning for Preparation of Nanocomposites
10.3.1 Electrospinning
10.3.2 CNTs Incorporated into Nanofibers
10.3.3 Organic–Inorganic Composite Nanofibers
10.4 GTR Membranes Based on Electrospun CNT/HA Nanoparticles Incorporated Composite Nanofibers
10.4.1 Fabrication of PLLA and PLLA/HA Composite Nanofibers
10.4.2 Fabrication of PLLA/MWCNTs/HA Composite Nanofibers
10.4.3 Characterization of PLLA/MWCNTs/HA Composite Nanofibers
10.4.4 Cell Culture on PLLA/MWCNTs/HA Composite Nanofibers Membranes
10.4.5 In-Vivo Implantation of PLLA/MWCNTs/HA Membranes
10.5 Conclusions
References
11 Fabrication of PEG Hydrogel Micropatterns by Soft-Photolithography and PEG Hydrogel as Guided Bon
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microfabrication
11.2.1 Microfabrication Techniques
11.2.1.1 Property Modification
11.2.1.2 Microfabrication by Patterning
11.2.1.3 Additive Microfabrication
11.2.1.4 Subtractive Microfabrication
11.3 Lithography
11.4 Hydrogel as a Biomaterial
11.5 Soft-Photolithography of Hydrogel Micropatterns
11.5.1 Fabrication of PDMS Stamp
11.5.1.1 Design of the Photomask
11.5.1.2 Fabrication of “Master” or Negative Mould
11.5.1.3 Fabrication of PDMS
11.5.2 Surface Functionalization of Silicon Substrates by Silanization
11.5.3 Soft-Photolithography
11.6 PEG Hydrogel as GBR Membrane in Dental Implantology
11.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
12 Nano-Apatitic Composite Scaffolds for Stem Cell Delivery and Bone Tissue Engineering
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Development of Nano-Apatitic and Macroporous Scaffolds
12.3 Cell Infiltration into Scaffold
12.4 Biomimetic Nano-Apatite–Collagen Fiber Scaffold
12.5 Fast Fracture of Nano-Apatite Scaffold
12.6 Fatigue of Nano-Apatite Scaffold
12.7 Nano-Apatite Scaffold–Human Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Interactions
12.8 Seeding Bone Marrow Stem Cells on Nano-Apatite Scaffolds
12.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
13 Self-Assembly of Proteins and Peptides and Their Applications in Bionanotechnology and Dentistry
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Mechanism of Molecular Self-Assembly
13.3 Classification of Self-Assembly
13.4 Self-Assembly of Proteins and Peptides
13.5 Bionanotechnology Applications
13.6 Peptide Nanofibers, Nanotubes, and Nanowires
13.7 Three-Dimensional Peptide Matrix Scaffolds
13.8 Advantages and Limitations of Self-Assembling Peptide Matrix Scaffolds
13.9 Self-Assembly in Regenerative Biology and Dentistry
13.10 Conclusions
References
14 Bone Regeneration Using Self-Assembled Nanoparticle-Based Scaffolds
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Scaffolding Biomaterials
14.3 Growth Factors
14.4 Controlled Release Technology
14.5 Controlled Release Systems for Bone Regeneration
14.6 Conclusions
References
15 Surface Engineering of Dental Tools with Diamond for Improved Life and Performance
15.1 Tooth Materials
15.2 Dental Burs
15.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition of Diamond Films onto Dental Burs
15.3.1 Plasma-Enhanced CVD
15.3.1.1 Microwave Plasma-Enhanced CVD
15.3.1.2 RF Plasma-Enhanced CVD
15.3.1.3 DC Plasma-Enhanced CVD
15.3.2 Hot Filament CVD
15.3.2.1 Growth Mechanisms
15.3.2.2 Filament Characteristics
15.3.2.3 Diamond Nucleation Process
15.3.3 Controlling Structure and Morphology
15.3.3.1 Effects of Temperature
15.3.3.2 Effect of Negative BEN on the Dental Bur
15.3.3.3 Effects of Substrate Preparation on Diamond Deposition
15.4 Bur Performance Investigations
15.4.1 Tool Preparation
15.4.2 CVD Diamond Deposition on the Dental Burs
15.4.3 Dental Bur Machining: Drilling Experiments
15.4.4 Dental Bur Machining: Machining Experiments on Human Teeth
15.4.5 Performance Testing
15.4.6 Drilling Experiments
15.4.7 Performance Results
15.5 Conclusions
References
16 Nanomechanical Characterization of Mineralized Tissues in the Oral Cavity
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Basic Data Analysis Protocol for Nanoindentation
16.3 Nanoindentation of Oral Mineralized Tissues
16.3.1 Sample Preparation
16.3.2 Hydration
16.3.3 Indenter Tips
16.3.4 Load Function and Data Analysis
16.3.5 Microstructural Influence
16.4 Conclusions
References
17 Nanoindentation Techniques for the Determination of Mechanical Properties of Materials in Dentist
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Basic Information from the Load–Displacement Curves
17.2.1 Hardness and Elastic Modulus
17.2.2 Harmonic Contact Stiffness
17.2.3 Work of Indentation and Other Information from P–h Curves
17.2.4 Indenter Calibration
17.3 Characterization of Inelastic Properties
17.3.1 Stress–Strain Diagram
17.3.2 Yield Stress
17.4 Determination of Properties in Nonhomogeneous Bodies
17.4.1 Surface Layers and Coatings
17.4.2 Multiphase Microstructure
17.5 Characterization of Time-Dependent Load Response
17.6 Resistance Against Crack Propagation
17.7 Scratch Tests for the Evaluation of Friction and Wear Resistance
17.8 Devices for Nanoindentation
Acknowledgment
References
18 Nanocharacterization Techniques for Dental Implant Development
18.1 Measurement of the Topology of Nanostructures
18.1.1 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
18.1.1.1 FESEM Case Studies
18.1.2 Scanning Probe Microscopy
18.1.2.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscope
18.1.2.2 Atomic Force Microscope
AFM Case Studies
18.1.3 Confocal Microscopy and Interferometry
18.1.3.1 Confocal Microscopy
Confocal Microscopy Case Studies
18.1.3.2 Interferometry
Interferometry Case Studies
18.2 Measurement of Nanostructure Internal Geometries
18.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscope
18.2.1.1 TEM Case Studies
18.2.2 Focused Ion Beam
18.2.2.1 FIB Case Studies
18.2.3 X-Ray Diffraction
18.2.3.1 XRD Case Studies
18.2.4 Mercury Porosimetry
18.2.4.1 Mercury Porosimetry Case Studies
18.3 Measurement of Composition of Nanostructures
18.3.1 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
18.3.1.1 EDS Case Study
18.3.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
18.3.2.1 XPS Case Study
18.3.3 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy
18.3.3.1 SIMS Case Studies
18.3.4 Auger Electron Spectroscopy
18.3.4.1 AES Case Studies
18.4 Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of Nanostructures
18.4.1 Nanoscratch Testing
18.4.2 Nanohardness Test
18.5 Conclusions
References
19 Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems for Oral Cancer Treatment
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Cancer Treatment Techniques
19.3 Mechanism of Action of Chemotherapeutic Agents
19.3.1 Prevention of Synthesis of Pre-DNA Molecule Building Blocks
19.3.2 Chemical Damage of DNA in the Cell Nuclei
19.4 Oral Cancer
19.5 TNM Classification of Tumors
19.6 Management of Oral Cancer
19.7 Nanoparticulate-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment
19.7.1 Gold Nanoparticles for Anticarcinogenic Drug Delivery
19.7.2 Liposomes in Oral Cancer Treatment
19.7.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Oral Cancer Treatment
19.7.4 Polymeric Micelles as Drug Delivery Systems
19.8 Conclusions
References
20 Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy and Drug Delivery
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Cellular Uptake of CNTs
20.3 CNTs as Carriers for Drug, Gene, and Protein
20.3.1 CNTs as Carriers of Anticancer Molecules
20.3.2 CNTs as Carriers of Immunoactive Compounds, Proteins, and Genetic Materials
20.3.3 CNTs as Carriers for Antimicrobial Molecules
20.3.4 Photothermal Therapy of Cancer Using CNTs
20.4 CNTs for Oral Cancer Therapy
20.5 Conclusions
References
21 Nanodiagnostics in Microbiology and Dentistry
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Nanomaterials
21.2.1 Applications of Nanomaterials
21.2.1.1 Sunscreens and Cosmetics
21.2.1.2 Composites
21.2.1.3 Clays
21.2.1.4 Coatings and Surfaces
21.2.1.5 Tougher and Harder Cutting Tools
21.3 Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology and its Limitations
21.4 Nanotechnology Applications in Drug Delivery Systems, Nanodiagnostics, and Various Other Fields
21.4.1 Drug Delivery System
21.4.1.1 Nanobots and its Uses
21.4.1.2 Use of Nanorattles
21.4.2 Nanodiagnostics and Disease Prevention
21.4.2.1 Biosensors
21.4.2.2 Diagnosis Using Nanobots
21.4.2.3 Quantum Dots
21.4.2.4 Regenerative Medicine
21.4.3 Disease Prevention
21.4.3.1 Cardiovascular Interventions
21.4.3.2 Nanoparticles and the Blood–Brain Barrier: As Treatment Opportunity
21.4.3.3 Tissue Reconstruction
21.4.3.4 Medical Tools
21.4.4 Other Applications
21.4.4.1 Treatment of Injured Nerves
21.4.4.2 Nanocapsules
21.4.4.3 Nanotubes
21.4.4.4 Nanosomes
21.4.4.5 Nanowires
21.4.4.6 Needle-Free, Painless Vaccinations with Nanopatches
21.4.4.7 Nanomagnets Remove Pathogens from Blood
21.4.4.8 Nanocrystalline Silver
21.4.4.9 Nanospheres
21.5 Contribution of Microbiology to Nanotechnology
21.6 AFM Imaging of Microorganisms
21.6.1 Yeast
21.6.2 Bacteria
21.6.3 AFM Study of the Structure–Function Relationship of the Biofilm-Forming Bacterium Streptoco
21.6.4 Viruses
21.7 Nanoplasmonic Sensors Detecting Live Viruses
21.8 Nanodentistry
21.8.1 The Impact of Nanotechnology
21.8.1.1 Dynamic View of Dental Tissues
21.8.1.2 What Are We Really Bonding to?
21.8.1.3 “Small Is Beautiful” of Dental Science: Small Structures, Great Strength
21.8.1.4 Biofilm Formation and Treatment
21.8.2 Nanotechnology in Periodontics
21.8.2.1 Local Anesthesia and Hypersensitivity Cure
21.8.2.2 Natural Tooth Maintenance and Repair
21.8.2.3 Nanorobotic Dentifrice (Dentifrobots)
21.9 Conclusions

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