Electrical engineers reference book 16th Edition by Laughton CEng, Warne 0750646373 9780750646376

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ISBN 10: 0750646373

ISBN 13: 9780750646376

Author: M. A. Laughton CEng, D. F. Warne

For ease of use, this edition has been divided into the following subject sections: general principles; materials and processes; control, power electronics and drives; environment; power generation; transmission and distribution; power systems; sectors of electricity use.

New chapters and major revisions include: industrial instrumentation; digital control systems; programmable controllers; electronic power conversion; environmental control; hazardous area technology; electromagnetic compatibility; alternative energy sources; alternating current generators; electromagnetic transients; power system planning; reactive power plant and FACTS controllers; electricity economics and trading; power quality.

*An essential source of techniques, data and principles for all practising electrical engineers
*Written by an international team of experts from engineering companies and universities
*Includes a major new section on control systems, PLCs and microprocessors

Electrical engineers reference book 16th Table of contents:

Section A: General Principles

Chapter 1. Units, Mathematics and Physical Quantities

1.1 International unit system

1.2 Mathematics

1.3 Physical quantities

1.4 Physical properties

1.5 Electricity

Chapter 2. Electrotechnoloy

2.1 Nomenclature

2.2 Thermal effects

2.3 Electrochemical effects

2.4 Magnetic field effects

2.5 Electric field effects

2.6 Electromagnetic field effects

2.7 Electrical discharges

Chapter 3. Network Analysis

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Basic network analysis

3.3 Power-system network analysis

Section B: Materials & Processes

Chapter 4. Fundamental Properties of Materials

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Mechanical properties

4.3 Thermal properties

4.4 Electrically conducting materials

4.5 Magnetic materials

4.6 Dielectric materials

4.7 Optical materials

4.8 The plasma state

Chapter 5. Conductors Superconductors

5.1 Conducting materials

5.2 Superconductors

Chapter 6. Semiconductor ,Thick and Thin-Film Microcircuits

6.1 Silicon, silicon dioxide, thick- and thin-film technology

6.2 Thick- and thin-film microcircuits

Chapter 7. Insulation

7.1 Insulating materials

7.2 Properties and testing

7.3 Gaseous dielectrics

7.4 Liquid dielectrics

7.5 Semi-fluid and fusible materials

7.6 Varnishes, enamels, paints and lacquers

7.7 Solid dielectrics

7.8 Composite solid/liquid dielectrics

7.9 Irradiation effects

7.10 Fundamentals of dielectric theory

7.11 Polymeric insulation for high voltage outdoor applications

Chapter 8. Magnetic Materials

8.1 Ferromagnetics

8.2 Electrical steels including silicon steels

8.3 Soft irons and relay steels

8.4 Ferrites

8.5 Nickel–iron alloys

8.6 Iron–cobalt alloys

8.7 Permanent magnet materials

Chapter 9. Electroheat and Materials Processing

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Direct resistance heating

9.3 Indirect resistance heating

9.4 Electric ovens and furnaces

9.5 Induction heating

9.6 Metal melting

9.7 Dielectric heating

9.8 Ultraviolet processes

9.9 Plasma torches

9.10 Semiconductor plasma processing

9.11 Lasers

Chapter 10. Welding and Soldering

10.1 Arc welding

10.2 Resistance welding

10.3 Fuses

10.4 Contacts

10.5 Special alloys

10.6 Solders

10.7 Rare and precious metals

10.8 Temperature-sensitive bimetals

10.9 Nuclear-reactor materials

10.10 Amorphous materials

Section C: Control

Chapter 11. Electrical Measurement

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Terminology

11.3 The role of measurement traceability in product quality

11.4 National and international measurement standards

11.5 Direct-acting analogue measuring instruments

11.6 Integrating (energy) metering

11.7 Electronic instrumentation

11.8 Oscilloscopes

11.9 Potentiometers and bridges

11.10 Measuring and protection transformers

11.11 Magnetic measurements

11.12 Transducers

11.13 Data recording

Chapter 12. Industrial Instrumentation

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Temperature

12.3 Flow

12.4 Pressure

12.5 Level transducers

12.6 Position transducers

12.7 Velocity and acceleration

12.8 Strain gauges, Ioadcells and weighing

12.9 Fieldbus systems

12.10 Installation notes

Chapter 13. Control Systems

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Laplace transforms and the transfer function

13.3 Block diagrams

13.4 Feedback

13.5 Generally desirable and acceptable behaviour

13.6 Stability

13.7 Classification of system and static accuracy

13.8 Transient behaviour

13.9 Root-locus method

13.10 Frequency-response methods

13.11 State-space description

13.12 Sampled-data systems

13.13 Some necessary mathematical preliminaries

13.14 Sampler and zero-order hold

13.15 Block diagrams

13.16 Closed-loop systems

13.17 Stability

13.18 Example

13.19 Dead-beat response

13.20 Simulation

13.21 Multivariable control

13.22 Dealing with non-linear elements

13.23 Disturbances

13.24 Ratio control

13.25 Transit delays

13.26 Stability

13.27 Industrial controllers

13.28 Digital control algorithms

13.29 Auto-tuners

13.30 Practical tuning methods

Chapter 14. Digital Control Systems

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Logic families

14.3 Combinational logic

14.4 Storage

14.5 Timers and monostables

14.6 Arithmetic circuits

14.7 Counters and shift registers

14.8 Sequencing and event driven logic

14.9 Analog interfacing

14.10 Practical considerations

14.11 Data sheet notations

Chapter 15. Microprocessors

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Structured design of programmable logic systems

15.3 Microprogrammable systems

15.4 Programmable systems

15.5 Processor instruction sets

15.6 Program structures

15.7 Reduced instruction set computers (RISC)

15.8 Software design

15.9 Embedded systems

Chapter 16. Programmable Controllers

16.1 Introduction

16.2 The programmable controller

16.3 Programming methods

16.4 Numerics

16.5 Distributed systems and fieldbus

16.6 Graphics

16.7 Software engineering

16.8 Safety

Section D: Power Electronics and Drives

Chapter 17. Power Semiconductor Devices

17.1 Junction diodes

17.2 Bipolar power transistors and Darlingtons

17.3 Thyristors

17.4 Schottky barrier diodes

17.5 MOSFET

17.6 The insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)

Chapter 18. Electronic Power Conversion

18.1 Electronic power conversion principles

18.2 Switch-mode power supplies

18.3 D.c./a.c. conversion

18.4 A.c./d.c. conversion

18.5 A.c./a.c. conversion

18.6 Resonant techniques

18.7 Modular systems

18.8 Further reading

Chapter 19. Electrical Machine Drives

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Fundamental control requirements for electrical machines

19.3 Drive power circuits

19.4 Drive control

19.5 Applications and drive selection

19.6 Electromagnetic compatibility

Chapter 20. Motors and Actuators

20.1 Energy conversion

20.2 Electromagnetic devices

20.3 Industrial rotary and linear motors

Section E: Environment

Chapter 21. Lighting

21.1 Light and vision

21.2 Quantities and units

21.3 Photometric concepts

21.4 Lighting design technology

21.5 Lamps

21.6 Lighting design

21.7 Design techniques

21.8 Lighting applications

Chapter 22. Environmental Control

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Environmental comfort

22.3 Energy requirements

22.4 Heating and warm-air systems

22.5 Control

22.6 Energy conservation

22.7 Interfaces and associated data

Chapter 23. Electromagnetic Compatibility

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Common terms

23.3 The EMC model

23.4 EMC requirements

23.5 Product design

23.6 Device selection

23.7 Printed circuit boards

23.8 Interfaces

23.9 Power supplies and power-line filters

23.10 Signal line filters

23.11 Enclosure design

23.12 Interface cable connections

23.13 Golden rules for effective design for EMC

23.14 System design

23.15 Buildings

23.16 Conformity assessment

23.17 EMC testing and measurements

23.18 Management plans

Chapter 24. Health and Safety

24.1 The scope of electrical safety considerations

24.2 The nature of electrical injuries

24.3 Failure of electrical equipment

Chapter 25. Hazardous Area Technology

25.1 A brief UK history

25.2 General certification requirements

25.3 Gas group and temperature class

25.4 Explosion protection concepts

25.5 ATEX certification

25.6 Global view

25.7 Useful websites

Section F: Power Generation

Chapter 26. Prime Movers

26.1 Steam generating plant

26.2 Steam turbine plant

26.3 Gas turbine plant

26.4 Hydroelectric plant

26.5 Diesel-engine plant

Chapter 27. Alternative Energy Sources

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Solar

27.3 Marine energy

27.4 Hydro

27.5 Wind

27.6 Geothermal energy

27.7 Biofuels

27.8 Direct conversion

27.9 Fuel cells

27.10 Heat pumps

Chapter 28. Alternating Current Generators

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Airgap flux and open-circuit e.m.f.

28.3 Alternating current windings

28.4 Coils and insulation

28.5 Temperature rise

28.6 Output equation

28.7 Armature reaction

28.8 Reactances and time constants

28.9 Steady-state operation

28.10 Synchronising

28.11 Operating charts

28.12 On-load excitation

28.13 Sudden three-phase short circuit

28.14 Excitation systems

28.15 Turbogenerators

28.16 Generator–transformer connection

28.17 Hydrogenerators

28.18 Salient-pole generators other than hydrogenerators

28.19 Synchronous compensators

28.20 Induction generators

28.21 Standards

Chapter 29. Batteries

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Cells and batteries

29.3 Primary cells

29.4 Secondary cells and batteries

29.5 Battery applications

29.6 Anodising

29.7 Electrodeposition

29.8 Hydrogen and oxygen electrolysis

Section G: Transmission and Distribution

Chapter 30. Overhead Lines

30.1 General

30.2 Conductors and earth wires

30.3 Conductor fittings

30.4 Electrical characteristics

30.5 Insulators

30.6 Supports

30.7 Lightning

30.8 Loadings

Chapter 31. Cables

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Cable components

31.3 General wiring cables and flexible cords

31.4 Supply distribution cables

31.5 Transmission cables

31.6 Current-carrying capacity

31.7 Jointing and accessories

31.8 Cable fault location

Chapter 32. HVDC

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Applications of HVDC

32.3 Principles of HVDC converters

32.4 Transmission arrangements

32.5 Converter station design

32.6 Insulation co-ordination of HVDC converter stations

32.7 HVDC thyristor valves

32.8 Design of harmonic filters for HVDC converters

32.9 Reactive power considerations

32.10 Control of HVDC

32.11 A.c. system damping controls

32.12 Interaction between a.c. and d.c. systems

32.13 Multiterminal HVDC systems

32.14 Future trends

Chapter 33. Power Transformers

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Magnetic circuit

33.3 Windings and insulation

33.4 Connections

33.5 Three-winding transformers

33.6 Quadrature booster transformers

33.7 On-load tap changing

33.8 Cooling

33.9 Fittings

33.10 Parallel operation

33.11 Auto-transformers

33.12 Special types

33.13 Testing

33.14 Maintenance

33.15 Surge protection

33.16 Purchasing specifications

Chapter 34. Switchgear

34.1 Circuit-switching devices

34.2 Materials

34.3 Primary-circuit-protection devices

34.4 LV switchgear

34.5 HV secondary distribution switchgear

34.6 HV primary distribution switchgear

34.7 HV transmission switchgear

34.8 Generator switchgear

34.9 Switching conditions

34.10 Switchgear testing

34.11 Diagnostic monitoring

34.12 Electromagnetic compatibility

34.13 Future developments

Chapter 35. Protection

35.1 Overcurrent and earth leakage protection A

35.2 Application of protective systems

35.3 Testing and commissioning

35.4 Overvoltage protection

Chapter 36. Electromagnetic Transients

36.1 Introduction

36.2 Basic concepts of transient analysis

36.3 Protection of system and equipment against transient overvoltage

36.4 Power system simulators

36.5 Waveforms associated with the electromagnetic transient phenomena

Chapter 37. Optical Fibres in Power Systems

37.1 Introduction

37.2 Optical fibre fundamentals

37.3 Optical fibre cables

37.4 British and International Standards

37.5 Optical fibre telemetry on overhead power lines

37.6 Power equipment monitoring with optical fibre sensors

Chapter 38. Installation

38.1 Layout

38.2 Regulations and specifications

38.3 High-voltage supplies

38.4 Fault currents

38.5 Substations

38.6 Wiring systems

38.7 Lighting and small power

38.8 Floor trunking

38.9 Stand-by and emergency supplies

38.10 Special buildings

38.11 Low-voltage switchgear and protection

38.12 Transformers

38.13 Power-factor correction

38.14 Earthing

38.15 Inspection and testing

Section H: Power Systems

Chapter 39. Power System Planning

39.1 The changing electricity supply industry (ESI)

39.2 Nature of an electrical power system

39.3 Types of generating plant and characteristics

39.4 Security and reliability of a power system

39.5 Revenue collection

39.6 Environmental sustainable planning

Chapter 40. Power System Operation and Control

40.1 Introduction

40.2 Objectives and requirements

40.3 System description

40.4 Data acquisition and telemetering

40.5 Decentralised control: excitation systems and control characteristics of synchronous machines

40.6 Decentralised control: electronic turbine controllers

40.7 Decentralised control: substation automation

40.8 Decentralised control: pulse controllers for voltage control with tap-changing transformers

40.9 Centralised control

40.10 System operation

40.11 System control in liberalised electricity markets

40.12 Distribution automation and demand side management

40.13 Reliability considerations for system control

Chapter 41. Reactive Power Plant and FACTS Controllers

41.1 Introduction

41.2 Basic concepts

41.3 Variations of voltage with load

41.4 The management of vars

41.5 The development of FACTS controllers

41.6 Shunt compensation

41.7 Series compensation

41.8 Controllers with shunt and series components

41.9 Special aspects of var compensation

41.10 Future prospects

Chapter 42. Electricity Economics and Tradtng

42.1 Introduction

42.2 Summary of electricity pricing principles

42.3 Electricity markets

42.4 Market models

42.5 Reactive market

Chapter 43. Power Quality

43.1 Introduction

43.2 Definition of power quality terms

43.3 Sources of problems

43.4 Effects of power quality problems

43.5 Measuring power quality

43.6 Amelioration of power quality problems

43.7 Power quality codes and standards

Section I: Sectors of Electricity Use

Chapter 44. Road Transport

44.1 Electrical equipment of road transport vehicles

44.2 Light rail transit

44.3 Battery vehicles

44.4 Road traffic control and information systems

Chapter 45. Railways

45.1 Railway electrification

45.2 Diesel-electric traction

45.3 Systems, EMC and standards

45.4 Railway signalling and control

Chapter 46. Ships

46.1 Introduction

46.2 Regulations

46.3 Conditions of service

46.4 D.c. installations

46.5 A.c. installations

46.6 Earthing

46.7 Machines and transformers

46.8 Switchgear

46.9 Cables

46.10 Emergency power

46.11 Steering gear

46.12 Refrigerated cargo spaces

46.13 Lighting

46.14 Heating

46.15 Watertight doors

46.16 Ventilating fans

46.17 Radio interference and electromagnetic compatibility

46.18 Deck auxiliaries

46.19 Remote and automatic control systems

46.20 Tankers

46.21 Steam plant

46.22 Generators

46.23 Diesel engines

46.24 Electric propulsion

Chapter 47. Aircraft

47.1 Introduction

47.2 Engine technology

47.3 Wing technology

47.4 Integrated active controls

47.5 Flight-control systems

47.6 Systems technology

47.7 Hydraulic systems

47.8 Air-frame mounted accessory drives

47.9 Electrohydraulic flight controls

47.10 Electromechanical flight controls

47.11 Aircraft electric power

47.12 Summary of power systems

47.13 Environmental control system

47.14 Digital power/digital load management

Chapter 48. Mining Applications

48.1 General

48.2 Power supplies

48.3 Winders

48.4 Underground transport

48.5 Coal-face layout

48.6 Power loaders

48.7 Heading machines

48.8 Flameproof and intrinsically safe equipment

48.9 Gate-end boxes

48.10 Flameproof motors

48.11 Cables, couplers, plugs and sockets

48.12 Drilling machines

48.13 Underground lighting

48.14 Monitoring and control

Chapter 49. Standards and Certification

49.1 Introduction

49.2 Organisations preparing electrical standards

49.3 The structure and application of standards

49.4 Testing, certification and approval to standard recommendations

49.5 Sources of standards information

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