(Ebook PDF) Obesity and Gynecology 2th edition by Tahir Mahmood, ‎Sabaratnam Arulkumaran, ‎Frank Chervenak 0128179201 9780128179208 full chapters

Obesity and Gynecology 2th edition by Tahir A. Mahmood, ‎Sabaratnam Arulkumaran, ‎Frank A. Chervenak – Ebook PDF Instant Download/DeliveryISBN:  0128179201, 9780128179208 

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ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎0128179201 

ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 9780128179208

Author :  Tahir A. Mahmood; ‎Sabaratnam Arulkumaran; ‎Frank A. Chervenak 

Obesity and Gynecology, Second Edition, presents updated chapters on a variety of topics, ranging from adolescent obesity, contraception, assisted reproduction and sexual dysfunction, to bariatric surgery and improving semen parameters. The prevalence of obesity in men and women continues to dramatically increase around the world. Obesity presents specific challenges in relation to male and female infertility and general gynecology. Patients who are obese require specific considerations and knowledge.

Obesity and Gynecology 2th Table of contents:

1 Obesity and adolescence
1 Obesity and the onset of adolescence
Obesity in childhood and adolescence: definition
Obesity in childhood and adolescence: incidence
Obesity in children and adolescents: etiology
Obesity and puberty: pathophysiology
Obesity and pubertal development
Obesity in childhood and adolescence: clinical manifestation
Obesity in children and adolescents: counseling
Obesity in children and adolescents: management
References
2 Obesity in adolescence
Introduction
Prevalence of childhood obesity: a global perspective
Obesity and the pubertal transition
Factors affecting childhood and adolescent obesity
Adolescent obesity—adverse outcomes
General
Psychological effects
The metabolic syndrome
Polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescence
Obstetric outcomes in obese adolescents
The impact of childhood and adolescent obesity on adult health
Management principles
Prevention
Lifestyle interventions
Drugs
Surgery
Management of polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescence
Combined oral contraceptive pills
Insulin sensitizers
Psychological morbidity
Conclusion
References
3 Obesity in polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility
Introduction
Obesity and infertility—possible mechanisms
Hyperandrogenism
Hypersecretion of luteinizing hormone
Hyperinsulinemia
Adipokines
Leptin
Adiponectin
Interleukin-6
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1
Resistin
Tumor necrosis factor-α
Ghrelin
Other biomarkers
Impact of obesity on infertility treatment
Diet Lifestyle Bariatric surgery
Clomiphene citrate
Aromatase inhibitors
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Laparoscopic ovarian drilling
Insulin sensitizers
In vitro fertilization
References
2 Contraception
4 Obesity and sexual health
Introduction
Obesity and sexual behavior
Obesity and sexual function
Obesity and sexual health outcomes
Conclusion
References
5 Obesity and contraception
Introduction
Risks of obesity in pregnancy
Classification of obesity based on body mass index
Potential concerns with obesity and contraception
Obesity and contraceptive efficacy
Mechanisms by which obesity could potentially affect contraceptive efficacy
Evidence (or lack of) for contraceptive efficacy in overweight or obese women
Contraceptives and weight gain: myth or truth?
Potential mechanisms by which contraceptives can cause weight gain
COCs and weight gain
POCs and effect on weight
Safety of hormonal contraceptives in obese women
Obesity, contraception, and cardiovascular disease
Obesity, contraception, and venous thromboembolism
Obesity, contraception, and cancer
Contraceptive issues after bariatric surgery
Intrauterine contraceptive devices in obese women
Sterilization procedures in obese women
References
6 Contraceptive choices for women before and after bariatric surgery
Introduction—Bariatric Surgery
Long acting contraceptives
Copper intrauterine device
Levonorgestrel containing intrauterine device
Progesterone-only implant
Progesterone-only injection
Oral hormonal contraception
Progestogen-only pill
Safety and health benefits
Contraceptive patch and ring
Barrier method
Emergency contraception
References
7 Long-term contraceptive care in obese and superobese women
Introduction
Combined hormonal contraceptives
Copper intrauterine device
Efficacy
Health risks
Side effects
Additional health benefits
Contraindications
Limitations of use
Practical issues in obese women
Levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine systems
Efficacy
Health risks
Side effects
Health benefits
Safe prescribing
Summary
Etonogestrel-releasing implant
Progestogen implants
Efficacy
Health risks
Side effects
Health benefits
Practical issues
Contraindications
Safe prescribing
Special consideration
Summary
References
3 Male and female Infertility
8 Obesity and hirsutism
Introduction
Obesity and ovarian function
Obesity and androgen production
Hirsutism
Obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome
The role of adrenal androgens in obese women with hirsutism
Management of hirsutism associated with obesity
The hair cycle
Clinical assessment of hirsutism
Treatment
Conclusion
References
9 Obesity and female infertility
Introduction
Epidemiology
Transgenerational inheritance
Pathophysiological basis of infertility in obese women
Obesity and reproductive functions
Adipose tissue and adipokines
Leptin
Adiponectin
Interleukin-6
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1
Tumor necrosis factor-α
The clinical effects of obesity on female infertility
Effect on the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis
Effects on the oocyte
Effects on the embryo
Effect on the endometrium
Challenges of managing obese women
Treatment options
Weight loss
Physical activity
Dietary factors
Bariatric surgery
Barriers to weight loss in infertile women
Conclusion
References
10 Obesity and recurrent miscarriage
Introduction
Obesity and miscarriage
Obesity and recurrent miscarriage
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Ovarian dysfunction
Endometrial changes in obesity
Immunological factors
Leptin
Male obesity and recurrent miscarriage
Management
Conclusion
References
11 Obesity and assisted reproduction
Introduction
Prevalence of obesity in the assisted reproduction sector
Evidence of reduced fertility in the obese
Cycle effects
Specific issues relating to assisted reproduction treatment
Effects on the oocyte
Effects on embryos
Effects on the endometrium
Rationale for the use of assisted reproduction
Practical management of obese women undertaking assisted reproduction treatment
Patient selection
Stimulation regimes
Monitoring of stimulation
Clinical procedures
Egg collection
Embryo transfer
hCG trigger
Luteal support
Effect of obesity on the results of assisted reproduction treatment
Pregnancy rate
Miscarriage rate
Live birth rate
Safety issues for mothers and offspring
Ethical issues relevant to access to services
Conclusion
References
Further reading
12 Obesity and sexual dysfunction in men
Physiology of sexual function
Sexual Dysfunction
Sex Drive
Obesity related sexual dysfunction
Sexual dysfunction and obesity-related comorbidities
Hypertension
Peripheral vascular disease
Coronary artery disease
Diabetes mellitus
Evaluation—General considerations
Evaluation of sexual function
Multidisciplinary approach to treatment
Weight management
Pharmacological therapy
Penile intracavernosal injection therapy
Penile prosthesis
Testosterone replacement therapy
Prevention
References
13 Male obesity—impact on semen quality
Introduction
Impact on semen quality
Sperm concentration and count
Sperm motility
Sperm morphology
Combined semen parameters
Sperm DNA damage
Etiological theories
Endocrine theory
Genetic theory
Sexual dysfunction theory
Testicular hyperthermia theory
Reactive oxygen species theory
Treatment
Conclusion
References
14 Evidence-based assisted reproduction in obese women
Introduction
Impaired ovarian folliculogenesis
Embryo development
Altered endometrial receptivity
Obesity and in vitro fertilization
Obesity and frozen-thawed embryo transfer
Obesity and intrauterine insemination
Conclusion
References
15 Obesity, bariatric surgery, and male reproductive function
Introduction
Bariatric surgical techniques
Sleeve gastrectomy
Gastric bypass
Gastric banding
Biliopancreatic diversion
Endoluminal procedures
Pathophysiology in obesity
Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
Leydig cell function
Obesity and spermatogenesis
Obesity and Sertoli cell function
Obesity and erectile dysfunction
Transgenerational epigenetic effects
Practical considerations
References
16 Medical interventions to improve outcomes in infertile obese women planning for pregnancy
Introduction
Impact of high body mass index on fertility and pregnancy
Lifestyle interventions to improve outcomes in infertile obese women planning for pregnancy
Dietary interventions
Diet
Role of exercise
Weight-loss medications and fertility outcomes
Metformin
Sibutramine
Orlistat
Liraglutide
Barriers to weight loss
Conclusion
References
17 Surgical interventions to improve fertility potential in obese men and women
Introduction
Obesity and fertility
Nonsurgical management of obesity
Bariatric surgery as a weight loss measure
Types of bariatric surgery
The impact of bariatric surgery on fertility
Bariatric surgery and polycystic ovarian syndrome
The potential of bariatric surgery for a negative impact on fertility
Pregnancy after bariatric surgery
Assisted reproduction after bariatric surgery
Obesity in the male
Conclusion
References
4 General Gynaecology
18 Obesity and gynecology ultrasound
Key points
Introduction
Pelvic ultrasound
Transabdominal approach
Transvaginal approach
Transrectal approach
Transperineal approach
Ultrasound settings
Ergonomic considerations
Clinical applications
Miscarriage
Polycystic ovarian syndrome and infertility
Endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer
Ovarian cancer
Cervical cancer
Pelvic floor dysfunction
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
19 Obesity and menstrual disorders
Introduction
Abnormal uterine bleeding—Causes
PALM-COEIN Classification
Polyps
Malignancy and hyperplasia
Ovulatory dysfunction
The endometrium
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Obesity in the absence of polycystic ovary
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
20 Incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in the obese woman
Introduction
Incidence and prevalence
Normal bladder function and causes of incontinence in women
Urodynamic stress incontinence
Detrusor overactivity
Obesity and urinary incontinence
Obesity and fecal incontinence
Obesity and prolapse
Weight loss and the effects upon continence and prolapse
Continence and prolapse surgery in the obese woman
Conclusion
References
21 Urinary and fecal incontinence in obese women
Introduction—epidemiology
Urinary incontinence
Anal incontinence
Epidemiological data in obese populations
Pathophysiology of incontinence in the obese population
Urinary incontinence
Anal incontinence
Outcomes of incontinence procedures in obese women
Urinary incontinence
Anal incontinence
Incontinence symptoms following weight loss
Urinary incontinence
Anal incontinence
Conclusion
References
22 Role of obesity in cancer in women
Overview
Epidemiologic evidence for links between obesity and cancer
Cancers unique to or more common in women
Potential mechanisms for oncogenesis
Clinical implications for prevention and treatment of cancer in obese patients
Summary and ongoing needs for research
References
23 Obesity and breast cancer
Epidemiology
Pathogenetic mechanisms
Sex hormones
Hyperinsulinemia
Adipokines
Chronic inflammation
Microbiome
Diagnosis
Therapy
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Endocrine
Prognosis
References
24 Obesity and female malignancies
Introduction
Epidemiology
Obesity and endometrial cancer
Obesity and breast cancer
Obesity and ovarian cancer
Obesity and cervical cancer
Mechanisms relating obesity to female malignancies
Effect of obesity on management of female malignancies
Future directions
References
25 Challenges in gynecological surgery in obese women
Introduction
Indications for surgery
Risk of obese women undergoing surgery
Physiological changes in the obese patients
Preoperative evaluation
Equipment and general considerations
Anesthetic challenges
Thromboprophylaxis
Intraoperative challenges
Laparoscopic surgery
Open abdominal surgery
Postoperative issues
Medicolegal implication
Conclusion
References
26 Laparoscopic and robotic surgery in obese women
Introduction
Physiological changes in (obese) surgical patient
Cardiovascular alterations
Respiratory function
Effects of CO2 pneumoperitoneum
Gastrointestinal changes
Renal function
Venous stasis
Drug pharmacology
Immune system
Benefits of minimally invasive surgery
Technological features
Indications
Minimally invasive surgery and obesity: laparoscopy–robotics
Alternatives for class III (morbidly) obese patients
Cost-effectiveness
Complications
Preoperative preparation
General considerations
Pulmonary and cardiovascular assessment
Additional considerations
Intraoperative considerations
Theatre staff, operating room, and equipment
Patient positioning
Medication
Surgical technical diligence
Entry techniques
Port placement
Exposure
Surgical considerations
Postoperative considerations
Conclusion
References
27 Obesity and venous thromboembolism
Introduction
The interplay between obesity and venous thromboembolism risk
Hormonal contraception
Hormonal contraception and venous thromboembolism risk
Obesity and contraceptive efficacy
Contraception and the fear of weight gain
Weight-loss treatment and contraception
Guideline recommendations
Hormone replacement therapy
Assisted conception
Gynecological surgery
Gynecological cancer
Conclusion
References
28 Obesity and cardiovascular disease in reproductive health
Introduction
Risk assessment in obese individuals
The significance of adipose distribution
Pathogenesis of visceral obesity
Lipid metabolism in nonpregnant obese women
Cardiac adaptation to obesity
Lipid metabolism in pregnant obese women
Gynecology practice
Maternal obesity and in utero programing for cardiovascular disease
Interventions to address obesity in reproductive health
Physical activity
Medical treatment
Surgical treatment
Interventions to improve outcomes in pregnancy
Weight management
Bariatric Surgery
Conclusions
References
29 Female obesity and osteoporosis
Introduction
Normal bone metabolism
Epidemiology of osteoporosis
Relationship between fat and bone: epidemiologic and clinical observations
Diabetes mellitus treatment and osteoporosis
Beta-cell hormones (pancreatic hormones)
Adipocyte hormones
Obesity of the bone
Clinical and diagnostic implication of the concept-obesity of bone
Treatment implications of the concept-obesity of the bone
Bariatric surgery and bone health
Management after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
Pragmatic approach for obese women
What a physician should advise to an obese woman?
Conclusion
Conflict of interest
References
Future research
30 Obesity, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy
Introduction
The menopausal obesity: role of estrogens
Obesity, lifestyle intervention, and hormone replacement therapy
Emerging menopausal therapies
Conclusion
Conflict of interest
References
31 Obesity and chronic pelvic pain
Introduction
Obesity and pain physiology
The genetics of obesity and chronic pain
The psychological impact of obesity and chronic pelvic pain
The impact of obesity on the assessment of chronic pelvic pain
The impact of obesity on the treatment of women with chronic pelvic pain
The impact of obesity on the surgical management of women with chronic pelvic pain
Obesity and endometriosis
Obesity and adenomyosis
Obesity and abdominal myofascial pain syndrome
Obesity and nongynecological causes of chronic pelvic pain
Conclusion
References
32 Obesity and clinical psychosomatic women’s health
Introduction
Why are mind–body approaches likely to be of benefit in the management of obese patients?—an ana
Section 1: menstrual problems and obesity
Pathophysiology of psychosomatic menstrual issues
Psychosomatic insights into menstrual presentations in the obese
The clinical psychosomatic approach and the patients’ perspective
Clinical psychosomatic gynecological referrals for menstrual irregularities
Clinical psychosomatic angles to menstrual irregularities, premenstrual syndrome, and polycystic ova
Polycystic ovarian syndrome and obesity—an increasing clinical psychosomatic conundrum
Section 2: infertility/subfertility and clinical psychosomatic aspects
Successes/failures in conceiving, distress, and obesogenic behavior
Section 3: physical, mental, and sexual violence with obesity in migrants
The clinical psychosomatic aspect of gender-related violence
Characteristics of hospital catchment area where patients resided
Section 4: obesity and severe pelvic/perineal dysfunction
The clinical psychosomatic viewpoint
Section 5: psychosomatic impact of gynecological tumors in the obese
The global disease burden of endometrial cancer/malignancy
The etiopathogenesis of endometrial cancer
Preventing/treating obesity to prevent endometrial cancer
Conclusions
References
33 Obesity and psychosexual disorders
Biological and psychological mechanism
Normal sexual functio
Effect of cardiovascular disease on sexual function
Mechanism and effect of obstructive sleep apnea
Polycystic Ovarian syndrome
Impaired body image
References
34 Professionally responsible clinical management of obese patients before and during pregnancy
Introduction
Professional ethics in obstetrics
The ethical concept of medicine as a profession
The ethical principle of beneficence
The clinical ethical concept of medically reasonable clinical management
The ethical principle of respect for autonomy
The professional virtue of compassion
The professional virtue of self-effacement
Compassion and self-effacement considered together
Professional ethics in clinical practice with obese patients before and during pregnancy
The role of directive counseling or making recommendations
The role of shared decision-making
The role of preventive ethics in preconception counseling
The role of ethically justified “nudging” patients toward more healthy eating habits
Responsibly managing the strong responses that obese patients can evoke

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