(Ebook PDF) Materials for Biomedical Engineering Hydrogels and Polymer-based Scaffolds 1st edition by Alina-Maria Holban 0128169028 9780128169025 full chapters

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ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎0128169028

ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎9780128169025

Author :  Alina-Maria Holban  

Materials for Biomedical Engineering: Hydrogels and Polymer-Based Scaffolds discusses the use of a wide variety of hydrogels as bioactive scaffolds in regenerative medicine, including updates on innovative materials and their properties. Various types of currently investigated scaffolding materials and hydrogels are discussed, as is their future roles and applications, the main techniques for scaffold fabrication, and their characterization procedures. Readers will be able to use this book as a guide for the selection of the best materials for a specific application.

Materials for Biomedical Engineering: Hydrogels and Polymer-based Scaffolds 1st Table of contents:

1 Interactions between tissues, cells, and biomaterials: an advanced evaluation by synchrotron radia
1.1 Conduction, Induction, and Cell Transplantation in Tissue Engineering: The Limitations of Cross-
1.2 X-Ray Computed Microtomography: A Challenging Diagnostic Tool
1.3 Innovative Approaches to High-Resolution Tomography by Synchrotron Radiation
1.4 Skeletal Tissue Engineering
1.4.1 Bone
1.4.2 Cartilage
1.4.3 Tendons
1.5 Muscle Tissue Engineering
1.5.1 Skeletal Muscles
1.5.2 Heart
1.6 New Frontiers
1.6.1 Central and Peripheral Nervous System
1.6.2 Vascularization
1.7 Conclusions
References
Further Reading
2 Bioprinted scaffolds
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Prebioprinting
2.1.2 Bioprinting
2.1.3 Postbioprinting
2.1.4 Geometry of Scaffolds
2.1.5 Surface Properties
2.1.6 Pore Size
2.1.7 Adherence and Biocompatibility
2.1.8 Degradation Rates
2.2 Mechanical Properties
2.2.1 Hydrogel-Derived Scaffolds
2.2.2 Agarose hydrogel
2.2.3 Alginate hydrogel
2.2.4 Chitosan hydrogel
2.2.5 Cellulose hydrogel
2.2.6 Fibrin hydrogel
2.2.7 Gelatin/collagen hydrogel
2.2.8 Hyaluronic acid hydrogel
2.2.9 Matrigel hydrogel
2.2.10 Synthetic Hydrogels
2.3 Fibrous Polymer-Derived Scaffolds
2.4 Porous Polymer-Derived Scaffolds
2.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
3 Fundamentals of chitosan-based hydrogels: elaboration and characterization techniques
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Chitosan Nature and Main Properties
3.3 Fundamentals of Chitosan Hydrogels
3.3.1 Physical Hydrogels
3.3.2 Chemical Hydrogels
3.4 Characterization Techniques
3.4.1 Structural Analysis
3.4.1.1 Microstructural and spectroscopic analysis
3.4.1.2 Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
3.4.2 Property Measurements
3.4.2.1 Active compound release assessment
3.4.2.2 Mechanical resistance
3.4.2.3 Viscosity (sol–gel analysis)
3.4.2.4 Swelling index
3.4.2.5 Contact angle
3.4.2.6 Thermal analysis
3.4.3 Specific Properties for Biomedical Engineering Applications
3.4.3.1 Degradability
3.4.3.2 Cytotoxicity
3.5 Potential Applications and Future Trends of Chitosan Hydrogels
References
4 Bioreabsorbable polymers for tissue engineering: PLA, PGA, and their copolymers
4.1 Tissue Engineering
4.2 Scaffolds
4.3 Biomaterials
4.3.1 Polymeric Biomaterials
4.3.2 Bioreabsorbable Biopolymers
4.4 Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids)
4.5 Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids) Synthesis
4.6 Copolymerization of Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids)
4.7 Mechanisms of Degradation of Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids)
4.8 Biocompatibility
4.9 Toxicity of Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids)
4.9.1 In Vitro Cytotoxicity Tests
4.9.2 In Vitro Hemocompatibility Test
4.9.3 In Vivo Biocompatibility Tests
4.9.3.1 General tests for bone implants
4.9.3.2 General tests for stents
4.10 Applications of Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids)—PLA and PGA
4.10.1 Nonmedical Applications of Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids)—PLA and PGA
4.10.2 Medical Applications of Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids)—PLA and PGA
4.11 Future Trends in Biofabrication
4.11.1 Electrospinning
4.11.2 3D Bioprinting Rapid Prototyping
4.11.3 Bioresponsive Hydrogels
4.11.4 Biopolymer Composites in Tissue Engineering
4.12 Conclusions
References
Further Reading
5 Technological challenges and advances: from lactic acid to polylactate and copolymers
5.1 Lactic Acid
5.1.1 Factors That Influence Lactic Acid Production
5.1.2 Culture Medium for Lactic Fermentation: Alternative Sources of Carbon and Nitrogen
5.1.3 Production of Lactic Acid by Fermentation
5.1.4 Microorganisms Involved in the Production of Lactic Acid
5.1.5 Extraction and Purification of Lactic Acid
5.2 Poly(lactic Acid)
5.2.1 PLA Chemical and Physical Properties
5.2.2 PLA Synthesis
5.2.2.1 Chemical polymerization
5.2.2.2 Enzymatic polymerization: production of PLA directly by genetically modified microorganism
5.2.3 Kinds of Polymers, Copolymers, and Their Features
5.2.4 PLA Applications
5.2.5 PLA Market Development
5.2.6 PLA Biodegradation, Biocompatibility, and Toxicity
5.3 Conclusion
References
6 PLGA scaffolds: building blocks for new age therapeutics
6.1 Challenges in New Age Therapeutic Strategies
6.2 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide): General Introduction
6.3 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Synthesis
6.4 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Properties
6.5 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
6.5.1 Porous Scaffolds
6.5.2 Fibrous Scaffolds
6.5.3 Hydrogels
6.5.4 Injectable Microparticles
6.6 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Scaffolds in Anticancer Therapy
6.7 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Interventions in Central Nervous System Delivery
6.8 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Strategies for Gene Therapy and Vaccine Delivery
6.9 Miscellaneous Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Therapeutics
6.10 Conclusions and Future Trends
Acknowledgments
List of Symbols and Abbreviations
References
7 Electrospun biomimetic scaffolds of biosynthesized poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) from Azotobacter vinel
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Polymers as Medical Devices
7.1.2 Shape Memory Polymers
7.1.3 Smart Polymeric Coatings
7.1.4 Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds
7.1.5 Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate
7.2 Methods of Characterization
7.2.1 Materials
7.2.2 Scaffold Fabrication
7.2.3 Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy
7.2.4 Thermal Analysis
7.2.5 X-Ray Scattering
7.2.6 Small-Angle Light Scattering
7.2.7 Contact Angle
7.2.8 Polarized Optical Microscopy
7.2.9 Scanning Electron Microscopy
7.3 PHB Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds
7.3.1 Scaffolds Morphology
7.3.2 Wetting Behavior
7.3.3 Aging
7.3.4 Sterilization Methods and Influence on Physical Properties
7.4 Cell Viability and Bone Tissue Regeneration
7.4.1 Cell Viability and HEK293 Cells
7.4.2 Bone Tissue Regeneration and Human Osteoblast Cells
7.5 Concluding Remarks
Glossary of Terms
References
Further Reading
8 Polyurethane-based structures obtained by additive manufacturing technologies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bioresorbable Polyurethanes in Biomedical Devices
8.3 Additive Manufacturing for Biomedical Polyurethane Processing
8.3.1 Inkjet Printing
8.3.2 Extrusion-Based Methods
8.3.3 Particle Binding
8.4 Additive Manufacturing of Composite Polyurethanes
8.4.1 Inkjet Printing
8.4.2 Extrusion-Based Methods
8.4.2.1 Direct ink writing
8.4.2.1.1 Liquid-frozen deposition manufacturing
8.4.2.1.2 Double-nozzle low-temperature deposition manufacturing
8.4.2.1.3 Integrated organ printing
8.4.2.2 Fused deposition modeling
8.4.3 Particle Binding
8.5 Remarks and Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
9 Composites based on bioderived polymers: potential role in tissue engineering: Vol VI: resorbable
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Polyesters
9.2.1 Poly(Lactic Acid)
9.2.1.1 Poly(lactic acid) fabrication
9.2.1.2 Poly(lactic acid) processing
Drying and extrusion
Injection molding
Stretch blow molding
Cast film and sheet
Thermoforming
Foaming
9.2.1.3 Poly(lactic acid) properties
Physical proprties
Thermal properties
Mechanical properties
9.2.1.4 Poly(lactic acid) medical applications
Wound healing and stents
Scaffolds for tissue engineering
Orthopedic implants and fixation devices
Drug delivery
3D printing
9.2.2 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) copolymers
9.2.2.1 Synthesis of PLGA
9.2.2.2 Properties of PLGA
9.2.2.3 Medical Applications of PLGA
9.3 Collagen
9.3.1 Collagen Bioactive Ceramic Composites
9.3.1.1 Collagen–HAP composites
9.3.1.2 Collagen TCP/BCP composites
9.3.1.3 Collagen-bioglass based composites
9.3.2 Medical Applications of Collagen
9.4 Silk Fibroin
9.4.1 Structure of Silk Fibroin
9.4.2 Processing of Silk Fibroin
9.4.2.1 Hydrogelation
9.4.2.2 Electrospinning
9.4.2.3 Porogen leaching
9.4.2.4 3D bioprinting
9.4.2.5 SF composites
9.4.3 Medical Applications of Silk Fibroin
9.4.3.1 SF scaffolds for tissue engineering
9.4.3.2 Delivery of bioactive molecules
9.4.3.3 Fixation devices
9.5 Biocellulose
9.5.1 Biocellulose Fibril Structure
9.5.2 Properties of Biocellulose
9.5.2.1 Mechanical properties
9.5.2.2 Biocompatibility
9.5.2.3 Hemocompatibility
9.5.2.4 Biodegradability
9.5.2.5 Nontoxicity
9.5.3 Biomedical Applications of Biocellulose
9.5.3.1 Substitute biomaterials for medical applications
9.5.3.2 Biocellulose-based scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration
9.5.3.3 Scaffolds for cell culture
9.5.3.4 Antimicrobial biomaterials
9.5.3.5 Drug delivery applications
9.5.3.6 Other biomedical applications
9.6 Conclusions
References
10 Composite scaffolds for bone and osteochondral defects
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biodegradable Matrices
10.3 Bioresorbable Matrices
10.4 Applications in Tissue Engineering
10.4.1 Composite Scaffolds for Bone
10.4.1.1 Calcium phosphate particle loaded porous/nonporous composites
10.4.1.2 Fiber-loaded composites
10.4.1.3 Collagen-HA hybrid nanocomposite for bone
10.4.2 Composite Scaffolds for Osteochondral Defects
10.4.2.1 Multilayer porous scaffolds
10.4.2.2 Gradient porous/nonporous composites
10.4.2.3 Magnetic bioinspired hybrid nanocomposites for osteochondral tissue
10.5 Conclusions
References
Further Reading
11 Plasma treated and untreated thermoplastic biopolymers/biocomposites in tissue engineering and bi
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Structure of PLA and PHAs
11.3 Synthesis of PLA and PHAs
11.4 Properties of PLA and PHAs
11.4.1 Mechanical Properties
11.4.2 Thermal Properties
11.4.3 Transparency
11.4.4 Biocompatibility
11.4.5 Processability
11.5 Application of PLA and PHAs in Tissue Engineering
11.6 Biodegradability of PLA and PHAs
11.7 Plasma Treatment of PLA and PHAs
11.7.1 Plasma and Plasma–Surface Interactions
11.7.2 Characterization Techniques for Plasma Treated Polymer Surfaces
11.7.3 Plasma Treatment of PLA
11.7.4 Plasma Treatment of PHAs
11.7.5 Disadvantages of Plasma Treatment
11.8 Conclusions
References
12 The design of two different structural scaffolds using β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and colla
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Collagen-Based Porous Scaffold
12.2.1 Fabrication and Characterization of Particle Distributed Scaffold
12.2.1.1 Fabrication of particle distributed scaffold
12.2.1.2 Characterization of particle distributed scaffold
12.2.2 In Vitro Cell Experiment
12.2.2.1 Cell culture
12.2.2.2 Compression test
12.2.2.3 Microstructural characterization
12.2.2.4 Evaluation of cell number and alkaline phosphatase activity
12.2.2.5 Gene expression analysis
12.2.2.6 Statistics
12.3 Experimental Results
12.3.1 Characterization of Particle Distributed Scaffold
12.3.2 Results of In Vitro Cell Experiment
12.4 Mechanism of Variational Mechanical Behavior Between Scaffold Structure and Cell Response
12.5 β-TCP-Based Porous Scaffold
12.5.1 Fabrication and Characterization of Two Phase Structural Scaffold
12.5.1.1 Fabrication of two phase structural scaffold
12.5.1.2 Characterization of two phase structural scaffold
12.6 In Vitro Cell Experiment
12.6.1 Cell Culture
12.6.2 Evaluation of Mechanical Characteristics
12.6.3 Microstructural Characterization
12.6.4 Evaluation of Cell Number and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity
12.6.5 Gene Expression Analysis
12.6.6 Alizarin Red S Staining
12.6.7 Statistics
12.7 Experimental Results
12.7.1 Characterization of Two Phase Structural Scaffold
12.7.2 Results of In Vitro Cell Experiment
12.8 Mechanism of Variational Mechanical Behavior Between Scaffold Structure and Cell Response
12.9 Summary
12.10 Present Study
12.11 Future Work
Acknowledgment
References
13 Composite materials based on hydroxyapatite embedded in biopolymer matrices: ways of synthesis an
13.1 Types of Biopolymer Matrices (Collagen, Gelatin, Chitosan, Alginate, and Their Combinations)
13.2 Calcium Phosphates as an Essential Part of Composite Materials
13.3 Formation of Composite Materials
13.4 Biomedical Applications of Obtained Composite Materials
References
Further Reading
14 Study of microstructural, structural, mechanical, and vibrational properties of defatted trabecul
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Bone Composition
14.2.1 Cortical Bone
14.2.2 Trabecular Bone
14.2.3 Bone Porosity
14.2.4 Hydroxyapatite
14.2.5 Biohydroxyapatite
14.2.5.1 Structural properties of BIO-HA
14.2.5.2 Mineral composition of BIO-HA
14.2.5.3 Thermal properties of BIO-HA
14.2.5.4 Methods to obtain HA and BIO-HA
14.2.6 Collagen
14.2.7 Osteocalcin
14.2.8 Water
14.2.9 Fat
14.3 Study of Spongy Bone
14.3.1 Collection and Preparation of Samples
14.3.2 Morphological Characterization
14.3.3 X-ray Tomography
14.3.3.1 Imaging
14.3.4 Structural Properties
14.3.4.1 Transmission electron microscopy
14.3.4.2 X-ray diffraction
14.3.5 Vibrational Characterization: Raman Spectroscopy
14.3.6 Mechanical Properties
14.4 Synthetic Scaffolds Versus Trabecular Bone
14.5 Conclusions and Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
Appendix A
15 Laser processing of biopolymers for development of medical and high-tech devices
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Structure and Raman Spectrum of Polydimethylsiloxane
15.3 Experimental and Analytical Techniques
15.4 Optical Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane during ns-laser treatment
15.5 Fs-Laser Nanostructuring
15.6 Ps-Laser Processing
15.7 Comparison Between Fs- and Ns-Laser Processing
15.8 XPS Study of Ns-Laser Processing of Polydimethylsiloxane
15.9 Electroless Metallization Directly After the Laser Treatment
15.10 Ns-Laser Processing in Different Environments
15.11 Conclusion and Perspectives for Future Investigations

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