(Ebook PDF) Concise Encyclopedia of Brain and Language 1st edition by Harry Whitaker 0080964990 9780080964980 9780080964997 full chapters

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ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎0080964990 

ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 9780080964980 9780080964997

Author :  Harry Whitaker 

This volume descibes, in up-to-date terminology and authoritative interpretation, the field of neurolinguistics, the science concerned with the neural mechanisms underlying the comprehension, production and abstract knowledge of spoken, signed or written language. An edited anthology of 165 articles from the award-winning Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 2nd edition, Encyclopedia of Neuroscience 4th Edition and Encyclopedia of the Neorological Sciences and Neurological Disorders, it provides the most comprehensive one-volume reference solution for scientists working with language and the brain ever published.

Concise Encyclopedia of Brain and Language 1st Table of contents:

A
Agnosia
Further Reading
Agrammatism I, Process Approaches
Agrammatism in Comprehension
The Mapping Hypothesis
The Resource Limitation Hypothesis
The Timing Hypothesis
Agrammatism in Production
Variability of Symptoms
The Timing Hypothesis
The Ellipsis Hypothesis
Conclusion
Bibliography
Agrammatism II, Linguistic Approaches
Introduction
Linguistic Models of Agrammatism
Comprehension
The Trace-Deletion Hypothesis (TDH)
The Double-Dependency Hypothesis (DDH)
Production
Hagiwara’s Model
Friedmann’s Model
What Does the Study of Agrammatism Tell Us about Brains or about Language?
What Does Evidence Organized by Linguistic Models of Agrammatism Reveal about Brains?
What Does Evidence Organized by Linguistic Models of Agrammatism Reveal about Language?
Conclusion
Bibliography
Agrammatism
Interpretations
Causes and Anatomical Correlates
Further Reading
Agraphia
Further Reading
Alzheimer’s Disease
Epidemiology and Genetics
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Further Reading
Amnesia, Functional
Introduction
Clinical Characteristics of the Patient with Functional Amnesia
The Clinical Picture of the Patient
Risk and Precipitating Factors
Clinical Course
Laboratory Tests
Differential Diagnosis
Neuropsychological Findings in Patients with Functional Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
Etiology of Functional Amnesia
Evaluation and Treatment of the Patient with Functional Amnesia
Further Reading
Amnesia, Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory
Introduction
Functional Amnesia
Etiology of Neurological Amnesia
Anatomy
The Nature of Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
Spatial Memory
Nondeclarative Memory
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Amusia
Further Reading
Anatomical Asymmetries Versus Variability of Language Areas of the Brain
Introduction
Individual Variability
Overall Brain Volume
Gyral Patterns and Regional Variability
White Matter Tracts
Brain Asymmetries
Subcortical Asymmetries
White Matter Tract Asymmetries
Asymmetry in Nonhumans
Conclusions
Bibliography
Angular Gyrus Syndrome
Components of the Angular Gyrus Syndrome
Extrasylvian (Transcortical) Sensory Aphasia
Alexia with Agraphia (Parietal-Temporal Alexia)
Acalculia
Left-Right Confusion
Finger Agnosia
Gerstmann’s Syndrome
Further Reading
Anomia
Anomia in Aphasia
Naming
Word Fluency
Anomic Aphasia
Anomia in Dementia
Anatomy of the Mental Lexicon
A Single Lexicon or Multiple Mental Representation of Names?
Further Reading
Anosognosia
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
Aphasia, Sudden and Progressive
Introduction
Clinical Examination
Aphasias of Cerebrovascular Origin
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Broca’s Aphasia
Global Aphasia
Conduction Aphasia
Nonfluent Transcortical Aphasia (Transcortical Motor Aphasia)
Fluent Transcortical Aphasia (Transcortical Sensory Aphasia)
Isolation Aphasia
Anomic Aphasia
Pure Word Deafness
Pure Alexia without Agraphia
Neurodegenerative Aphasia
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Language in PPA
Pathophysiology
Neuropathology
Further Reading
Apraxia, Handedness and Language Laterality
Introduction
Definition
Testing for Apraxia
Subtypes of Apraxia
Prevalence
Cerebral Dominance for Motor Learning
Dissociation of Language and Praxis
Anatomical Correlates
Bibliography
Apraxia, Sensory System
Historical Background
Limb Apraxia Subtypes
LKA
IA
Conceptual Apraxia
IMA
Disconnection and Dissociation Apraxias
Outstanding Issues in Diagnosis of Apraxia Subtype
Relevance of Recognition and Imitation Deficits for Diagnosis of IMA versus IA or Conceptual Apraxia
Relationship of Object Knowledge to Gesture Representations
Functional Implications of Limb Apraxia
IMA in View of Recent Developments in the Motor Control Literature
Imitation
Object-Related Action
Spatiomotor Frames of Reference for Action
Feedforward and Feedback-Driven Processes in IMA
Treatment of Limb Apraxia
Testing for Limb Apraxia
Conclusions
Further Reading
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Subtypes, Impairments, and Comorbidities
Assessment and Diagnosis
Prevalence and Developmental Course
Risk and Etiological Factors
Neurobiological Underpinnings
Prevention and Intervention
Conclusion
Further Reading
Auditory Cortex Structure and Circuitry
Introduction
Organization of Auditory Cortex
Thalamic Input
Area Parcellation
Connections of Auditory Cortex
Local Structure of Primary Auditory Cortex
Interconnections between Areas of Auditory Cortex
Cortical Projections Beyond Auditory Cortex
Projections to Subcortical Nuclei
Other Circuitry
Organization of Specialized Auditory Cortex: Echolocating Bats
Physiology of Unspecialized Auditory Cortex
Outstanding Questions
Further Reading
Autism and Asperger Syndrome, A Spectrum of Disability
Language in ASD and Asperger’s Syndrome
Pragmatic Language
Prosody
Verbal Semantic Processing
Syntactic Aspect of Language
Theoretical Understanding of Autism
Treatment and Prognosis
Bibliography
B
Balint’s Syndrome
Historical Perspective
Simultanagnosia
Ocular Apraxia
Optic Ataxia
Presentation and Etiology
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
Behavior, Neural Basis of
Frontal Subcortical Circuits
Limbic System
Neurochemistry
Clinical Syndromes
Conclusion
Further Reading
Behavior, Neuropathology of
Neuropathological Changes in the Elderly Human Brain
Neuron Numbers
Dendritic Changes
Axonal and Synaptic Changes
Cell Body Changes
Alzheimer’s Disease
NFTs
Amyloid Plaques
Synaptic Changes
Granulovacuolar Bodies
Hirano Bodies
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Dementia with Parkinsonism
Parkinson’s Disease with Dementia
Diffuse Lewy Body Disease
Lewy Body Variant of AD
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Corticobasal Degeneration
Dementia Pugilistica
Vascular Dementia
Multi-infarct Dementia
Binswanger’s Disease
Lacunar State
Cadasil
Further Reading
Bilingualism and Aphasia
Bilingualism and the Brain
Types of Bilingual Aphasias and Patterns of Recovery
Bilingual Aphasia Assessment
Rehabilitation
Conclusion
Bibliography
Brain Asymmetry, Evolution
Behavioral Traits: Language and Handedness
Structural Asymmetries
Petalias and Related Asymmetries
Sylvian Fissure and Related Asymmetries
Central Sulcus and Related Asymmetries
Ventricular Asymmetries
Tissue Component Asymmetries
Determining Factors of Brain Asymmetries
Heredity versus Environment
Fetal Orientation
Hormones
Gender-Specific Asymmetries
Functional Adaptation
Aberrant Asymmetries and Disease
Evolutionary Origins of Anatomical Asymmetries
Brain Size Expansion
Left-Hemispheric Dominance for Language
Left-Hemispheric Dominance for Handedness
Brain Asymmetries in Nonhuman Species
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Brain Damage, Functional Reorganization
Introduction
Homologous Area Adaptation
Cross-Modal Reassignment
Potentiation of Topographic Representations
Compensatory Masquerade
Discussion
Further Reading
C
Category-Specific Knowledge
Principles of Organization
Modality-Specific Hypotheses
Domain-Specific Hypotheses
Feature-Based Hypotheses
Clues from Cognitive Neuropsychology
Explaining Category-Specific Semantic Deficits
Clues from Functional Neuroimaging
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Cerebellum, Clinical Pathology
Introduction
Motor Symptoms
Muscle Tone
Gordon Holmes sign
Pendulousness
Postural asymmetries
Pendular tendon reflexes
Impairment of Motor Coordination
Heel-knee-shin/toe square-drawing tests
Finger-nose-finger test
Rebound
Finger-to-finger and finger-to-thumb tests
Rapid, alternating movements
Tremor
Intention or kinetic tremor
Postural tremor
Palatal tremor
Oculomotor Disturbances
Equilibrium and Stance
Gait
Speech
Dysarthria
Cerebellar mutism
Agrammatism
Verbal fluency
Cognition and Emotion
Cerebellar Role in Motor Learning
Localization: Body Maps and Motor Modes
Sensorimotor Maps
Localization of Cognitive Functions
Further Reading
Classical Tests for Speech and Language Disorders
Introduction
Reference Models for the Assessment of Speech and Language Impairment
Classical Tests for the Assessment of Aphasia
Bedside and Screening Tests
Comprehensive Examinations and Aphasia Batteries
Tests for the Assessment of Specific Aspects of Language
The Assessment of Functional Communication
Classical Tests for the Assessment of Speech and Language Impairment in Children
Screening Tests
Comprehensive Examinations and Batteries
Tests for Specific Aspects of Language
The Assessment of Reading and Writing
Classical Tests for the Assessment of Speech and Language Impairment in Special Populations
Conclusion
Bibliography
Cognition in Aging and Age-Related Disease
Introduction
Cognitive Declines with Healthy Aging
Domain-General Theories of Cognitive Aging
Sensory deficits
Inhibition
Speed of processing
Domain-Specific Theories of Cognitive Aging
Word-finding difficulties and transmission deficits
Contextual memory and associative binding deficits
Preserved Cognitive Function with Healthy Aging
Crystallized Intelligence
Emotion Regulation
Neural Changes with Healthy Aging
Changes in Prefrontal Cortex
Medial Temporal Lobe Changes
Changes in Emotion Processing Regions
Mild Cognitive Impairment
Alzheimer’s Disease
Cognitive Changes in AD
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Working memory and executive function
Neural Changes in AD
Neural Changes in Later-Stage AD
Individual Differences in Aging
Further Reading
Cognition, An Overview of Neuroimaging Techniques
Anatomical Techniques
Functional Techniques
Classes of Functional Neuroimaging Techniques
Direct measures of neural activity: EEG and MEG
Indirect measures of neural activity: PET
Indirect measures of neural activity: fMRI
Related Techniques
Optical Brain Imaging
Trade-Offs between Temporal and Spatial Resolution
Advantages and Limitations of Neuroimaging Techniques
Contributions to the Study of Cognition
Further Reading
Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia
Why Study Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia?
Article Overview
Cognitive Endophenotypes
Executive Function Deficits
Inhibition
Task Switching
Working Memory
Response Monitoring
Declarative Memory
Thought, Language, and Semantic Memory Disturbances
Challenges and Potential Confounds in the Study of Cognition
Heterogeneity
Variability
Amotivation
Medications
Generalized Deficit
Are There Fundamental Deficits That Give Rise to Widespread Cognitive Disturbance?
Attention
Deficient Automation
Context Processing
Promising Advances in the Study of Cognition
Imaging Genetics
Neuroimaging Advances
Further Reading
Relevant Website
Cognitive Impairment
A Model of Cognition
The Model in Action
Level 1: Arousal and Activation
Level 2: Content of Activated Consciousness
Level 3: Prefrontal Cortex and Supervisory Control
Level 4: Self-Awareness and Metacognition
Conclusion
Further Reading
Consciousness, Neural Basis of Conscious Experience
Basic Definitions and Concepts
Physical Nature; System Property
Reports of Conscious Experience versus Behavioral Detection
Do Animals Have Conscious Experience?
Are Computers Conscious?
Studies of Neural Basis
Effects of Cerebral Lesions
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
Electrophysiological Stimulation and Recording
Time Factors in Conscious and Unconscious Mental Functions
Neural Delay for Sensory Experience
Neural Delay for Intention to Act
‘Time-On’ Theory for Conscious versus Unconscious Functions
Unity of Conscious Experience
A testable field theory
Further Reading
D
Deafness
Assessment of Hearing
Causes of Impaired Hearing
Sites and Types of Abnormality
Sensorineural Impairment
Animal Models for Deafness
The Cochlear Prosthesis
Further Reading
Delirium and Language
Diagnostic Criteria and Differential Diagnosis
Communication and Language in Delirium
Conclusion
Bibliography
Dementia and Language
Introduction
Diagnostic Criteria and Differential Diagnosis
Language Disorders in the Major Forms of Dementia
Language Disorders in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Language Disorders in Vascular Dementia
Language Disorders in Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Language Disorders in Frontotemporal Lobe Disease
Language Disorders in Frontotemporal Dementia
Language Disorders in Semantic Dementia
Language Disorders in Progressive Nonfluent Aphasia
Conclusions
Bibliography
Dichotic Listening Studies of Brain Asymmetry
Dichotic Stimuli
The Dichotic Test Situation
DL Paradigms
The Right-Ear Advantage
Attentional Factors
Neuroanatomical Basis
Validity and Reliability
Calculation of DL Scores
Arousal and Activation
Developmental Effects
Sex Differences and Handedness Effects
Clinical Populations
Nonverbal Stimuli and Lateralization of Affect
Further Reading
Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging
Dynamic Contrast Perfusion-Weighted Imaging
Use of PWI and DWI to Identify Neural Bases of Lexical Processing
Use of PWI and DWI to Reevaluate Hypotheses about Brain-Behavior Relationships
Arterial Spin Labeling Perfusion Imaging
Summary and Future Directions
Bibliography
Direct Electrical Stimulation of Language Cortex
Introduction
Description of the Technique
Comparison to other Techniques
Selected Findings with Cortical Stimulation Technique
Correspondence with the Classic Functional-Neuroanatomic Model
Lesion Effects and Aphasia
Divergence from the Classic Neurologic Model
Discreteness of Representation
Individual Variability within Anterior and Posterior Language Areas
Language Representation Outside of Classical Language Regions
Different Stimulation Sites for Different Language Tasks
Cognitive Efficiency and Precision of Localization
Electrical Stimulation and Subcortical Structures
Challenges and Future Directions
References
Further Reading
Dyslexia and Dysgraphia, Developmental
Genetics
Brain Structure and Function
Dysgraphia
Research on Dyslexia and Dysgraphia
Interventions – Dyslexia and Dysgraphia
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Dyslexia, Neurodevelopmental Basis
Introduction
Behavioral Profile of Developmental Dyslexia
Definition of Developmental Dyslexia
Cognitive Characteristics of Developmental Dyslexia
Sensorimotor Characteristics of Developmental.Dyslexia
Biological Basis of Developmental Dyslexia
Brain-Based Evidence
Genetic Evidence
Dyslexia in Different Languages and Orthographies
Comorbid Disorders
Developmental Dyslexia and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Developmental Dyslexia and SLI
Therapeutic Approaches to Developmental Dyslexia
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Website

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