Drugs of Abuse Neurological Reviews and Protocols 1st Edition by John wang 1588290573 978-1588290571
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Authors:John Q wang , Series:Medicine [3] , Tags:Medical , Author sort:wang, John Q , Languages:Languages:eng , Published:Published:Nov 2021 , Publisher:Humana Press , Comments:Comments:Addiction is a complex maladaptive behavior produced by repeated exposureto rewarding stimuli (1). There are two primary features of addiction to allforms of natural and pharmacological stimuli. First, the rewarding stimulusassociated with the addiction is a compelling motivator of behavior at theexpense of behaviors leading to the acquisition of other rewarding stimuli.Thus, individuals come to orient increasing amounts of their daily activityaround acquisition of the rewarding stimulus to which they are addicted.Second, there is a persistence of craving for the addictive stimulus, combinedwith an inability to regulate the behaviors associated with obtaining thatstimulus. Thus, years after the last exposure to an addictive stimulus, reexposureto that stimulus or environmental cues associated with that stimulus will elicitbehavior seeking to obtain the reward.During the course of repeated exposures to strong motivationally relevantstimuli specific brain nuclei and circuits become engaged that mediate theaddicted behavioral response. It is generally thought that different rewardingstimuli involve different brain circuits, but that regions of overlap with othermotivational stimuli exist, forming a common substrate for all addictivestimuli. Studies using animal models of reward and addiction have focusedon subcortical brain circuits known to be involved in drug reward, such as thedopamine projection from the ventral mesencephalon to the nucleus accumbens(2,3). Accordingly, molecular and electrophysiological studies of the cellularplasticity mediating the emergence of addictive behaviors have focused on
