Dental Composite Materials for Direct Restorations 1st edition by Vesna Miletic ISBN 3319609602 978-3319609607

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ISBN 10: 3319609602
ISBN 13: 978-3319609607
Author:  Vesna Miletic

This book covers both basic scientific and clinically relevant aspects of dental composite materials with a view to meeting the needs of researchers and practitioners. Following an introduction on their development, the composition of contemporary composites is analyzed. A chapter on polymerization explains the setting reactions and light sources available for light-cured composites. The quality of monomer-to-polymer conversion is a key factor for material properties. Polymerization shrinkage along with the associated stress remains among the most challenging issues regarding composite restorations. A new classification of dental composites is proposed to offer more clinically relevant ways of differentiating between commercially available materials. A review of specific types of composites provides an insight into their key issues. The potential biological issues of dental composites are reviewed in chapters on elution of leachable substances and cariogenicity of resin monomers. Clinical sections focus on material placement, finishing procedures, and the esthetics and clinical longevity of composite restorations. Bonding to tooth tissues is addressed in a separate chapter, as is the efficiency of various composite repair methods. The final chapter discusses future perspectives on dental composite materials.

Dental Composite Materials for Direct Restorations 1st Table of contents:

Part I: Development and Composition

1: Development of Dental Composites

1.1 Curing Modifications

1.2 Filler Modifications

1.3 Resin Modifications

References

2: Composition of Dental Resin-­Based Composites for Direct Restorations

2.1 Monomers

2.2 Initiators in Conventional Photopolymerization

2.3 Fillers

2.3.1 General Description

2.3.2 Optical Properties of Fillers (Visible Light and X-Rays)

2.3.3 Specific Fillers

2.3.3.1 Fibers

2.3.3.2 Clusters

2.3.3.3 “Pre-polymerized” Fillers

2.4 Functional Silane Chemistry

References

Part II: Polymerization

3: Curing Reaction and Kinetics

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Principles of Polymer Chemistry

3.2.1 Types of Polymers and Polymerization Reactions

3.2.1.1 Polymer Structure

Condensation Polymers

Addition Polymers

Condensation Polymers Versus Addition Polymers

3.2.1.2 Polymer Chain Configuration

Linear Polymers

Branched Polymers

Cross-Linked Polymers

3.2.1.3 Polymerization Mechanisms

3.2.2 Kinetics of Radical Chain Polymerizations: Fundamental Aspects

3.2.2.1 Reaction Kinetics (and Its Relationship with Network Development)

Degree of Conversion

Kinetic Chain Length

Chain-Transfer Reactions

Thiol-ene Reactions: Radical-Assisted Step-Growth Polymerization

3.2.3 Factors Influencing the Polymerization

3.2.3.1 Initiators of Polymerization

3.2.3.2 Monomer Structure and Copolymerization

3.2.3.3 Cross-Linking and Cyclization

3.2.3.4 Inhibitor and Catalyst

3.2.3.5 Cure Temperature Versus Glass Transition Temperature

References

4: The Dental Curing Light

4.1 Radiometric Terminology

4.1.1 Radiant Exitance (Irradiance) Vs. Radiant Power

4.1.2 Spectral Radiant Power

4.1.3 Light Beam Uniformity

4.2 Development of Dental Curing Lights

4.2.1 Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen (QTH) Lights

4.2.2 Plasma Arc (PAC) Lights

4.2.3 Argon-Ion Lasers

4.2.4 Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Technology

4.2.5 First-Generation LED Lights

4.2.6 Second-Generation LED Lights

4.2.7 Third-Generation LED Lights: Multi-wave, Multi-peak, and Polywave®

4.2.8 “Turbo” Light Guides

4.2.9 Exposure Reciprocity

4.2.10 High-Output Curing Lights and Stress Development During Polymerization

4.2.11 Soft-Start Exposures

4.2.12 Batteries

4.2.13 Curing Light Output Monitoring

4.3 Practical Considerations for Light Curing Dental Resins in the Mouth

4.3.1 Temperature Considerations

4.3.2 The “Blue Light Hazard”

4.3.3 Light Guide Tip Diameter

4.3.4 Budget Curing Lights

4.3.5 Distance to Target

4.3.6 Ergonomics and Clinical Access

4.3.7 Infection Control

4.3.8 Effect of Training

4.3.9 Choosing a Curing Light

4.3.10 Clinical Recommendations When Using a Curing Light

References

5: Degree of Conversion

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Factors Determining the Degree of Conversion

5.2.1 Intrinsic Factors

5.2.2 Extrinsic Factors

5.2.2.1 Light Sources and Curing Conditions

5.2.2.2 Pre-heating of Composites

5.2.2.3 Post-cure Reaction

5.3 Composite Properties Dependent on the Degree of Conversion

5.3.1 Mechanical Properties

5.3.2 Polymerization Shrinkage and Shrinkage Stress

5.3.3 Biocompatibility

5.3.4 Water Sorption, Solubility, Degradation, and Color Stability

5.4 Methods for the DC Evaluation

5.4.1 Vibrational Spectroscopies: Infrared and Raman

5.4.1.1 Theoretical Background

5.4.1.2 Infrared Spectroscopy

5.4.1.3 Raman Spectroscopy

5.4.1.4 Limitations of the Spectroscopic Techniques

5.4.2 Indirect Methods for the DC Evaluation

5.4.2.1 Microhardness

5.4.2.2 The Depth of Cure (DoC) Concept

5.4.2.3 ISO 4049 Depth of Cure

5.4.2.4 Other Indirect Indicators of Conversion

References

Part III: Classification and New Formulations

6: Developing a More Appropriate Classification System for Modern Resin-Based Composite Technologi

6.1 Current Terminology

6.2 Current Classification Based on Filler Size Distribution

6.3 A Classification Based on Handling Properties

6.4 An Alternative Classification Based on Filler Size Distribution

6.5 Suggestions for New Informative Classifications

6.5.1 Filler Volume Content

6.5.2 Thixotropy and Surface Matting

References

7: Low-Shrinkage Composites

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Low-Shrinkage Strategies in Commercial Composites

7.2.1 High Filler Content

7.2.2 Modified Resin Matrix

7.2.2.1 Replacement of TEGDMA with BisEMA

7.2.2.2 Silorane Chemistry and Filtek Silorane

7.2.2.3 High-Molecular Weight Monomers

7.3 Properties of Commercial Low-Shrinkage Composites

7.3.1 Monomer Conversion

7.3.2 Polymerization Shrinkage and Shrinkage Stress

7.3.3 Mechanical Properties

7.3.4 Sorption and Solubility

7.3.5 Elution

7.3.6 Esthetic Properties

7.4 Clinical Considerations

7.4.1 Marginal Adaptation

7.4.2 Filtek Silorane Adhesive System

7.4.3 Clinical Trials

References

8: Bulk-Fill Composites

8.1 Classification and Composition

8.2 Clinical Evidence

8.3 Laboratory Properties

8.4 Adaptation, Shrinkage Stress, and Handling

References

9: Fiber-Reinforced Composites

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Structure and Properties of FRC

9.2.1 Reinforcing Fibers Used in FRC

9.2.2 Fiber Orientation

9.2.3 Impregnation and Adhesion of Fibers

9.2.4 Fiber Placement and Quantity

9.2.5 Interfacial Adhesion of FRC and Resin Composites

9.3 Applications of FRCs in Dentistry

9.3.1 Prosthodontic Application

9.3.2 Endodontic Application

9.3.3 Tooth Filling and Core-�Buildup Application

9.3.4 Periodontal Splint Application

References

10: Self-Adhering Composites

10.1 Introduction

10.2 A Timeline of the Development and Advances of Self-­Adhering Direct Restorative Materials

10.3 Self-Adhering Restorative Materials’ Identity: Components and Interaction with Tooth Subst

10.4 Self-Adhering Flowable Composites: A Prelude of Self-Adhering Composites for Restoration

10.5 Biocompatibility of Self-­Adhering Materials

10.6 Bioactive Restoratives

10.7 Self-Adhering Resin Composites: Now and Future

10.8 Final Considerations

References

Part IV: Esthetics of Dental Composites

11: Esthetics of Dental Composites

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Color and Its Dimensions

11.2.1 Hue

11.2.2 Value

11.2.3 Chroma

11.2.4 Translucency

11.3 Color Perception

11.3.1 Illumination

11.3.2 Object (Light Reflection, Light Absorption, and Light Transmittance)

11.3.3 Observer

11.4 Color Selection

11.4.1 Shade Guides

11.4.2 Colorimeters and Spectrophotometers

11.4.3 Digital Cameras and Imaging Systems

11.4.4 Clinical Techniques

11.5 Resin Composite’s Characteristics and Biomimetic of Natural Teeth

11.5.1 Resin Composite Types × Esthetics

11.6 Surface Texture and Gloss

11.6.1 Resin Composite Type × Gloss

11.6.2 Finishing and Polishing × Gloss

11.7 Color Change of Resin Composites

11.7.1 Intrinsic Factors

11.7.2 Extrinsic Factors

11.7.3 Methods to Minimize Discoloration

References

Part V: Biological Considerations

12: Elution of Substances from Dental Composite Materials

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Elution of Monomers from Composite Materials: What Is Eluted?

12.2.1 Elution Rate of Monomers Over Time

12.3 Parameters that Influence the Elution of Monomers

12.3.1 Material Effect on the Elution of Monomers

12.3.2 Effect of Curing Parameters on the Elution of Monomers

12.3.3 Effect of the Storage Medium on the Elution of Monomers

12.3.4 Methods for Analysis of the Eluted Monomers

12.4 Elution of Bisphenol A from Dental Composite Materials

12.5 Elution of Particles from Composite Materials

12.5.1 Methods to Evaluate the Release of Particles from Composite Materials

12.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

References

Part VI: Clinical Considerations

13: Bonding to Tooth Tissues

13.1 Current Adhesive Approaches

13.2 Characteristics of the Tooth-­Adhesive Bond

13.2.1 Mechanisms of Adhesion

13.2.2 Characteristics of the Hybrid Layer

13.2.3 Polymerization of Adhesive Resin

13.2.4 Clinical Factors Affecting the Adhesive-Dentin Bond

13.3 Characteristics of the Composite-Adhesive Bond

13.4 Mechanisms of Hybrid Layer Degradation

13.4.1 Hydrolytic Degradation of the Resin Matrix

13.4.2 Enzyme-Mediated Collagen Degradation

13.5 Strategies for Improved Durability of Resin-Dentin Bond

13.5.1 Inhibition of Enzyme-­Mediated Collagen Degradation

13.5.2 Cross-Linking Agents for Collagen Strengthening

13.5.3 Hydrophobic Hybrid Layers and Improved Polymerization

13.5.4 Therapeutic Remineralization of Resin-Dentin Interfaces

References

14: Polymerization Shrinkage Stress

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Origins of Stress

14.3 Consequences

14.3.1 Consequences Related to the Bonding Area

14.3.2 Cusp Deflection, Tooth Cracking, and Postoperative Sensitivity

14.3.3 What Is the Effect of Stress over the Restoration Longevity?

14.4 Methods for Shrinkage and Stress Evaluation

14.5 Stress Control by Clinical Management

14.5.1 Placement Techniques

14.5.2 Photoactivation Protocols

14.5.3 Stress-Absorbing Layers

14.5.4 Pre-warming Composites

14.6 Stress Development Understanding and Control Related to Material Composition

14.6.1 Model and Experimental Composites

14.6.2 Commercially Available Materials

14.7 Final Thoughts: What Do We Need to Look For?

References

15: Secondary Caries

15.1 Interfacial Gaps and Microleakage

15.1.1 Technique Sensitivity of the Adhesive Procedure

15.1.2 Composite Adaptation into the Cavity

15.1.3 Polymerization Shrinkage

15.1.4 Biodegradation

15.1.5 Mechanical Degradation

15.2 Physicochemical Properties of Composites and Interactions with Dental Plaque

15.2.1 Surface Properties of Composites and Plaque Accumulation

15.2.2 The Release of Composite Compounds Due to Incomplete Polymerization

15.2.3 Lack of Antibacterial Effect of the Material

15.2.4 Lack of Buffering Properties

References

16: Repair of Direct Resin Composite Restorations

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Terminology

16.3 Indications and Contraindications of Repair

16.4 Repair Mechanisms

16.4.1 Surface Roughening by Acid Etching

16.4.2 Surface Roughening by Air Abrasion

16.4.3 Surface Roughening by Bur Cutting

16.4.4 Surface Roughening by Laser

16.4.5 Chemical Bonding

16.5 Effect of Existing Old Resin Composite

16.5.1 Methacrylate-Based Resin Composite

16.5.2 Silorane-Based Resin Composite

16.5.3 Fiber-Reinforced Resin Composite

16.5.4 Dual-Cure Resin Composite

16.6 Clinical Success of Repaired Restorations

16.7 Clinical Recommendations and Conclusion

References

17: Clinical Longevity of Direct Resin Composite Restorations

17.1 What Takes Place in the Mouth?

17.2 Factors Associated with Longevity

17.2.1 Cavity Size, Tooth Position, and Presence of Endodontic Treatment

17.2.2 Restorative Technique

17.2.3 Cavity Lining and Bonding Strategy

17.2.4 Patient’s Risks

17.2.5 Operator

17.2.6 Other Factors

17.3 The Meaning of Clinical Failures

17.3.1 Fractures

17.3.2 Secondary Caries

17.3.3 Esthetics

17.3.4 Differences in Early and Long-­Term Failures

17.4 How Long Should We Expect Dental Restorations to Last?

17.4.1 What Is the Best Restorative Resin Composite?

17.4.2 Answered and Unanswered Questions on Longevity

17.5 Concluding Remarks

References

Part VII: Future Perspectives

18: Future Perspectives for Dental Composites

18.1 Introduction

18.2 General Application of Marketed Bioactive Materials in Dentistry

18.3 Past, Present, and Future Bioactive Restoratives

18.4 Concluding Remarks

References

Part VIII: Appendix

19: Clinical Application of Dental Composites for Direct Restorations

19.1 Case 1: Teeth Remodeling Using Direct Resin Composite

19.2 Case 2: Diastema Closure in the Anterior Region

19.3 Case 3: Class I Restoration of a Lower Molar Using a Two-Shade Technique

19.4 Case 4: Class I Restoration of an Upper Molar Using a Three-Shade Technique with Chara

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