Comprehensive Neonatal Nursing Care 5th Edition by Carole Kenner, Judy Wright Lott 0826109756 9780826109750

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ISBN 10: 0826109756

ISBN 13: 9780826109750

Author: Carole Kenner, Judy Wright Lott 

 

“This book provides a complete look at neonatal healthcare delivery. This edition includes discussions of contemporary topics of interest, such as informatics, genetics, global health, and family-centered care, which are vital to providers caring for neonates today. The case studies and the evidence-based practice dialogues at the end of each chapter provide great opportunities for further reflection. The book is useful to a wide audience in nursing, including undergraduate and graduate nursing students, practicing neonatal and pediatric nurses, and advanced practice nurses who care for neonates.” Score: 92, 4 Stars.–Doody’s Medical Reviews

This ‘classic’ has been thoroughly updated to incorporate the most up-to-date research findings and strategies for providing cost-effective and evidence-based care. New chapters address emerging infections, the late preterm infant, and neonatal care from a global perspective. Included are updated neonatal care protocols and procedures, neuroprotective risk factors, new treatments, and new trends in developmental care. Text integrates the Institute of Medicine’s (10M) five competencies, reflects the Affordable Healthcare Act and the Robert Wood Johnson and 10M report “The Future of Nursing.”

The text continues to provide neonatal care from a physiologic and pathophysiologic approach, with a major emphasis on nursing management at the bedside and advanced practice level. Each neonatal body system is presented, along with E-B interventions to assist in understanding the ‘why’ behind what is seen in the clinical area. Integrative management is threaded through the text along with extensive research findings to support practice strategies and rationales for sound clinical decision-making. Topics of recent interest include iatrogenic complications, neonatal pain, use of computers or other technology in neonatal care, and neonatal AIDS. Case studies enhance understanding of both common and rare neonatal conditions.

Comprehensive Neonatal Nursing Care 5th Table of contents:

Unit I: Prenatal Considerations and Care

Chapter 1: Fetal Development: Environmental Influences and Critical Periods

Early Fetal Development

Fertilization

Cleavage

Implantation

Formation of the Bilaminar Disk

Formation of the Trilaminar Embryonic Disk: The Third Week of Development

Placental Development and Function

Placental-Fetal Circulation

Placental Function

Embryonic Period: Weeks 4 Through 8

Folding of the Embryo

Organogenesis: Germ Cell Derivatives

Development of Specific Organs and Structures

Nervous System

Cardiovascular System

Respiratory System

Muscular System

Skeletal System

Gastrointestinal System

Urogenital System

Fetal Period: Week 9 Through Birth

Week 9 to 12

Week 13 to 16

Week 17 to 20

Week 21 to 25

Week 26 to 29

Week 30 to 34

Week 35 to 36

Week 37 to 40

Developmental Risks

Congenital Defects

Critical Periods of Human Development

Environmental Factors

Infectious Agents

Drugs/Medications

Illicit Drugs

Maternal Disease

Other

Summary

Case Study

References

Online Resources

References

Chapter 2: Prenatal, Intrapartal, and Postpartal Risk Factors

Millennium Development Goals

Perinatal Outcomes Indicators

Preterm Birth

Birth Weight and IUGR

IMR

Epidemiologic Paradox

Maternal Risk Factors

Maternal Age

Paternal Factors

Life Course Determinants of Birth Outcomes and Weathering

Psychological Stress in Pregnancy

Obstetric Factors

Prenatal Care

Parity

Interpregnancy Level

Assistive Reproductive Technology

Postterm Pregnancy

HCBs

Smoking

Substance Abuse

Nutrition

Over-the-Counter and Complementary Drugs

Environmental Influences

Other Emerging Risk Factors

Maternal Medical and Obstetric Conditions

Diabetes

Hypertension in Pregnancy

PROM

Maternal Infections

Abruptio Placenta

Postpartum Risk Factors

Drugs Excreted in Maternal Milk

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Child Abuse

Abusive Head Trauma/Shaken Baby Syndrome

MSBP

Perinatal Care in Developing Nations

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Unit II: Intrapartal and Newborn Care

Chapter 3: Resuscitation and Stabilization of the Newborn and Infant

Causes of Cardiorespiratory Depression in the Newborn

Trauma

Asphyxia (Intrauterine)

Medication

Malformation

Sepsis

Shock (Hypovolemia)

Preparation for Delivery

Personnel

Equipment and Supplies

Good Communication and Teamwork

General Considerations

Airway Control

Ventilation and Oxygenation

Free-Flow Administration of Oxygen

Ventilation

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Positive Pressure Devices

Methods of Ventilation

Medications

Care of the Family During Resuscitation and Stabilization

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 4: Assessment of the Newborn and Infant

First Neonatal Assessment and the Apgar Score

Other Considerations for the Initial Neonatal Assessment

Evaluation of Transition

Newborn Examination

Discharge Examination

Outpatient Examination

Environment

Components of a Comprehensive History

Interviewing the Parents

Physical Assessment Techniques

Assessment of Size and Growth

Assessment of GA

Clinical Assessment of Nutritional Status

Measurement Techniques

Physical Examination of the Neonate

Variations and Abnormal Findings on Physical Examination

Health Maintenance in the First Year of Life

Immunizations

Health Maintenance for High-Risk Infants in the First Year of Life

History

Growth and Nutrition

Physical Examination

Laboratory Tests and Monitoring Examinations

Immunizations

Psychosocial Needs

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 5: Normal Term Newborn

Admission

Vital Signs

Medications

Measurements

The First Bath

Cord Care

Security

Back to Sleep

Daily Care

Circumcision

Neonatal Thermoregulation

Nonshivering Thermogenesis

Cold Stress

Management

Hyperthermia

Glucose Homeostasis

Screening

Management

Hyperbilirubinemia

Physiologic Jaundice

Breastfeeding Jaundice

Breast Milk Jaundice

Pathologic Jaundice

Acute Bilirubin Encephalopathy and Kernicterus

Assessment

Management

Feeding the Healthy Newborn

Nursing Interventions that Promote Successful Breastfeeding

Skin-to-Skin

Maternal–Infant Separation Only When Medically Necessary

Pacifier Use

Adequacy of Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding Follow-Up After Discharge

Formula Feeding

Discharge Screening

Hearing Screening

Newborn Screening

Emerging Screening

When to Screen

Discharge

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Unit III: Systems Assessment and Management of Disorders

Chapter 6: Respiratory System

Embryologic Development of the Lung

Newborn Pulmonary Physiology and the Onset of Breathing

Blood Gas Analysis and Acid–Base Balance

Assessment of the Neonate with Respiratory Distress

History

Physical Examination of the Respiratory System

Common Disorders of the Respiratory System

RDS

Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn

Pneumonia

Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn

MAS

Pulmonary Hemorrhage

Pleural Effusions

Apnea

Congenital Anomalies that Affect Respiratory Function

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Congenital Heart Disease

Choanal Atresia

Cystic Hygroma

Pierre Robin Sequence

Collaborative Management of Infants with Respiratory Disorders

Supportive Care

Assessment and Monitoring

Environmental Considerations

Family Care

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 7: Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular Adaptation

Fetal Circulation

Extrauterine Circulation

Normal Cardiac Function

Cardiac Valves

Cardiac Cycle

Cardiac Output

Autonomic Cardiac Control

Cardiac Assessment

Methods of Assessment

Inspection

Palpation

Auscultation

Identification of Heart Sounds

Cardiac Murmurs

Systolic Murmurs

Location

Quality

Diastolic Murmurs

Continuous Murmurs

Other Murmurs

Congenital Heart Defects

Etiology

Incidence

Defects With Communication Between the Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations With Left-to-Right Shunt

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Patent Ductus Arteriosus in the Term Newborn

Patent Ductus Arteriosus in the Preterm Newborn

Ventricular Septal Defect

Atrial Septal Defect

Endocardial Cushion Defects

Persistent Truncus Arteriosus

Defects That Have Obstructions of the Vascular or Valvular Systems, With or Without Right-to-Left Sh

Aortic Stenosis

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

Pulmonary Atresia

Pulmonary Stenosis

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Coarctation of the Aorta

Defects With Abnormalities in the Origin of the Pulmonary Arteries or Veins

Transposition Defects

Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries or Vessels

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)

Postoperative Treatments

Congenital Arrhythmias

Congenital Complete Heart Block

Supraventricular Tachycardia

Congestive Heart Failure

Subacute Bacterial Infective Endocarditis

Family Support

Conclusion

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 8: Gastrointestinal System

Embryology of the GI Tract

Foregut

Midgut

Hindgut

Physiology of the GI Tract

Structure

Circulation

Motility

Immunity

Maturation of GI Function

Bacterial Colonization

Delayed Transit

Assessment of the GI Tract

History

Physical Assessment

Related Findings

Risk Factors

Diagnostic Procedures

Collaborative Management

General Principles

Gastric Decompression

Fluid and Electrolytes

Thermoregulation

Positioning

Prevention of Infection

Pain Management

Nutrition

General Preoperative Management

General Postoperative Management

Ostomy Care

Complications

Consideration of Ethical Issues

Management of Problems with Ingestion

Cleft Lip and Palate

Esophageal Atresia/TEF

Gastroesophageal Reflux

Pyloric Stenosis

Management of Problems with Digestion

Biliary Atresia

Duodenal Atresia

Jejunal/Ileal Atresia

Omphalocele

Gastroschisis

Malrotation with Volvulus

Management of Problems with Elimination

Hirschsprung Disease

Small Left Colon

Meconium Ileus

Meconium Plug

Anorectal Agenesis

Intussusception

NEC

Other GI Disorders

Short-Bowel Syndrome

Gastric Perforations

Peptic Ulcer

Umbilical Hernia

Lactobezoars

Support of Family with an Infant with a GI System Disorder

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 9: Metabolic Problems

General Principles: The Neonate with a Metabolic Disorder

Pathophysiology of IEMs

Clinical Manifestations of IEMs

Diagnosis of IEMs

Urea Cycle Disorders

Pathophysiology of UCDs

Clinical Manifestations of UCDs

Diagnosis of UCDs

Management of UCDs

Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism

Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia (NKH)

Hereditary Tyrosinemia

Transient Tyrosinemia

PKU

Disorders of Organic Acid Metabolism

MSUD

Isovaleric Acidemia

Propionic Acidemia

MMA

FAODs

Pathophysiology of FAODs

Clinical Manifestations of FAODs

Diagnosis of FAODs

Management of FAODs

Multiple Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (Glutaric Aciduria Type II)

Congenital Lactic Acidoses

PDH Deficiency

PCD

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Galactosemia

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase Deficiency

Glycogen Storage Disease

Peroxisomal Disorders

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Management

Lysosomal Disorders

Niemann-Pick Type C

Gaucher Disease

GM1 Gangliosidosis

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Glycogen Storage Disease Type II (Pompe’s Disease)

Disorders of Cholesterol Synthesis

Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome

Disorders of Metal Metabolism

Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 10: Endocrine System

The Endocrine System

Fetal Origins of Adult Disease

Neonatal Endocrine Disorders

Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus

Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary

Congenital Hypopituitarism

Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary

Diabetes Insipidus

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone

Thyroid Gland

Fetal and Neonatal Thyroid Development

Congenital Hypothyroidism

Thyroid Dysgenesis

Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis

Thyroid-Binding Globulin Deficiency

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hypothyroidism

Thyroid Hormone Resistance

Clinical Manifestations of Congenital Hypothyroidism

Diagnosis of Congenital Hypothyroidism

Management of Hypothyroidism

Transient Disorders of Thyroid Function

Transient Hypothyroxinemia of Prematurity

Nonthyroidal Illness

Transient Primary Hypothyroidism

Transplacental Passage of Drugs or Antibodies

Hyperthyroidism (Neonatal Graves’ Disease)

Adrenal Gland

Fetal Adrenal Gland

Neonatal Adrenocortical Function

Adrenal Disorders in the Neonate

Transient Adrenocortical Insufficiency of Prematurity

Adrenal Hemorrhage

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Ambiguous Genitalia

Sexual Development in the Fetus

Internal Genitalia

External Genitalia

Disorders of Sexual Development

46XX DSD Trimester

46XY DSD

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Testosterone Biosynthetic Defects

5α-Reductase-2 Deficiency

Gonadal Dysgenesis

Ovotesticular DSD

General Principles of Management of DSDs

Pancreas

Disorders of the Pancreas

Infant of a Diabetic Mother

Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus

Congenital Hyperinsulinism

Cystic Fibrosis

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 11: Immune System

Assessment and Management of the Infant with Suspected or Proven Infection

Incidence of Neonatal Infection

Clinical Signs of Infection

Risk Factors

Diagnostic Work-Up

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis

Management

Antimicrobial Agents

Types of Neonatal Infection

Bacterial Infections

Neonatal Meningitis

Congenital Infections

Fungal Agents

Nosocomial Infections

Infection Control Policies

Summary

Case Study

Acknowledgment

Online Resources

References

Chapter 12: Integumentary System

Skin Structure and Function

Developmental Variations

Thickness of the Stratum Corneum and Permeability

Dermal Instability

Diminished Cohesion

Skin pH

Melanin Production

Assessment and Physiologic Variations

Pigmentary Lesions

Lesions Related to the Birth Process

Dermatologic Diseases

Blistering Diseases

Infections of the Skin

Scaling Disorders

Skin Care Practices

Bathing

Emollients

Disinfectants

Adhesives

Transepidermal Water Loss

Management of Skin Care Problems

Skin Assessment

Skin Excoriations

Nutritional Deficiencies

Intravenous Extravasations

Diaper Dermatitis

Management

Evidence-Based Skin Care Guideline

Case Study

Summary

Online Resources

References

Chapter 13: Hematologic System

Overview of the Hematologic System

Hematopoiesis

Red Blood Cells

Hemoglobin

Erythropoietin

White Blood Cells

Platelets

Blood Volume

Blood Group Type

Hemostatic System

Initial Steps in Hemostasis

Vascular Spasm

Platelet Plug Formation

Coagulation

Assessment of Hematologic Function

Common Hematologic Disorders

Blood Group Incompatibilities

ABO Incompatibility

Rh Incompatibility

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Bilirubin Metabolism and Hyperbilirubinemia

Kernicterus

Nonimmune Causes of Hyperbilirubinemia

Increased Red Blood Cell Breakdown

Interference With Bilirubin Conjugation

Treatment of Hyperbilirubinemia

Side Effects of Exchange Transfusion

Anemia

Pathophysiology

Common Causes of Pathologic Anemia in the Newborn

Red Blood Cell Destruction and Hemolysis

Maternal–Fetal Blood Group Incompatibilities

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Physiologic Anemia of the Newborn and Anemia of the Premature Infant

Treatment

Polycythemia

Common Coagulation Disorders in the Newborn

Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn

Hemophilia

Von Willebrand Disease

Thrombocytopenia

Neonatal Factors

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy

Differential Diagnosis of Newborn Coagulopathies

Collaborative Management of a Coagulopathy

Support of the Family of the Infant with Hematologic Disorder

Blood Component Replacement Therapy

Whole Blood

Packed Red Blood Cells

Washed Red Blood Cells

Frozen Deglycerolized Red Cells

Fresh Frozen Plasma

Platelets

Granulocytes

Cryoprecipitate

Factor Concentrates

Protocols

Example of Transfusion Guidelines

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 14: Musculoskeletal System

Embryology

Assessment

Types of Musculoskeletal Dysfunction

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Types of OI and Clinical Presentation

Diagnosis

Collaborative Management

Skeletal Dysplasia

Achondroplasia

Hypochondroplasia

Thanatophoric Dysplasia

Differential Diagnosis

Management

Arthrogryposis

Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Management

Prognosis

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

Incidence and Risk Factors

Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations

Collaborative Management

Parent and Family Education and Support

Long-Term Consequences and Complications

Clubfoot

Pathology

Clinical Manifestations

Collaborative Management

Syndactyly

Pathology

Treatment

Prognosis

Collaborative Management

Polydactyly

Collaborative Management

Amniotic Band Syndrome

Diagnosis

Pathophysiology

Collaborative Management

Birth Trauma

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Collaborative Management

Parental Education and Support

Congenital Muscular Torticollis

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Collaborative Management

Craniosynostosis

Pathology and Clinical Characteristics

Diagnosis and Management

Tar Syndrome: Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius

Pathology

Management

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 15: Neurologic System

CNS Development and Structural Abnormalities

Neurulation

Prosencephalic Development

Neuronal Proliferation

Neuronal Migration

Organization

Myelinization

Neurologic Assessment

History

Physical Examination

Neurologic Examination

Diagnostic Techniques

General Management

Neonatal Seizures

Pathophysiology

Biochemical Effects of Seizures

Seizures in Neonates Compared with Those in Older Children and Adults

Assessment

Types of Seizures

Management

Outcomes

HIE

Pathophysiology

Assessment

Management

Outcomes

Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Pathophysiology

Assessment

Management

Management of Progressive Ventricular Dilation

Outcomes

White-Matter Injuries (WMI) in Preterm Infants

Pathophysiology

Assessment

Management

Outcomes

Cerebellar Injury in Preterm Infants

Birth Injuries

Extracranial Hemorrhage

Other Types of Intracranial Hemorrhage

Skull Fracture

Spinal Cord Injury

Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 16: Auditory System

Anatomy of the Ear

Physiology of Audiologic Function

External Ear

Middle Ear

Inner Ear

Hearing Impairment

Types of Hearing Impairment

Identification of the Hearing-Impaired Infant

Physical Examination

Inspection of the Ear

Inspection of the Middle Ear and Tympanic Membrane

Inspection of the Head and Neck

History

Family History

Hereditary Hearing Loss

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Test

Screening Methods for Identification of Hearing Loss

Peripheral Measurements of Hearing Function

Development of a Treatment Plan for the Hearing-Impaired Neonate

Cochlear Implants

Implementation and Evaluation

Parental Support

Online Resources

References

Chapter 17: Ophthalmic System

Embryology

Assessment

History

Examination

Eye Drops

Neonatal Conjunctivitis

Aseptic Neonatal Conjunctivitis

Chlamydial Conjunctivitis (Inclusion Conjunctivitis)

Gonorrheal Conjunctivitis

Staphylococcal Conjunctivitis

Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis

Infectious Conjunctivitis Caused by Other Microorganisms

Lacrimal Dysfunction

Obstructed Nasolacrimal Duct

Mucocele

ROP

Pathophysiology

Risk Factors

Treatment

Collaborative Care

Congenital Defects

Aniridia

Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous

Capillary Hemangioma of the Eyelid

Ptosis

Congenital Glaucoma

Congenital Cataracts

Retinoblastoma

Congenital Infections

CMV Infection

Rubella

Herpes Simplex Virus

Varicella

Toxoplasmosis

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus

Other Disorders that Affect the Eyes

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Maternal Diabetes

PVL

IVH

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 18: Genitourinary System

Embryologic Development of the Urogenital System

The Urinary System

Physiology of Kidney Function

Renal Blood Flow

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Secretion and Reabsorption

Assessment of the Genitourinary System

History

Physical Assessment

Inspection

Palpitation

Percussion

Related Findings

Urine Collection

Urinalysis

Urine Chemistries

Blood Urea Nitrogen and Creatinine

Urine Culture

Radiologic Evaluation

Renal Ultrasonography

Prenatal Ultrasound

Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)

Renal Scintigraphy with Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA) Scan

Diuretic Renography

Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Management

Fluid, Electrolytes, and Nutrition

Skin Management

Respiratory Management

General Preoperative Management

General Postoperative Management

Parental Support

Urinary Tract Infections

Pathophysiology

Risk Factors

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Prognosis

Collaborative Management

Nursing Management

Circumcision

Nursing Management

Acute Renal Failure

Pathophysiology

Risk Factors

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Prognosis

Collaborative Management

Nursing Management

Potter’s Syndrome

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Collaborative Management

Unilateral Renal Aplasia

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Collaborative Management

Cystic Kidney Disease

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Pathophysiology

Risk Factors

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Prognosis

Collaborative Management

MKD

Pathophysiology

Risk Factors

Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Collaborate Management

Prune-Belly Syndrome (Eagle-Barrett Syndrome)

Pathophysiology

Risk Factors

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Prognosis

Collaborative Management

Nursing Management

Extrophy of the Bladder

Pathophysiology

Risk Factors

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Prognosis

Collaborative Management

Nursing Management

RVT

Pathophysiology

Risk Factors

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Prognosis

Collaborative Management

Nursing Management

Hydronephrosis

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Prognosis

Collaborative Management

Nursing Management

Obstructive Uropathy

Pathophysiology

Risk Factors

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Prognosis

Collaborative Management

Posterior Urethral Valves

Pathophysiology

Risk Factors

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Prognosis

Collaborative Management

Nursing Management

Hydrocele

Pathophysiology

Risk Factors

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Collaborative Management

Nursing Management

Inguinal Hernia

Pathophysiology

Risk Factors

Prognosis

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Collaborative Management

Nursing Management

Testicular Torsion

Pathophysiology

Risk Factors

Prognosis

Clinical Manifestations

Collaborative Management

Nursing Management

Nephroblastoma (Wilms’ Tumor)

Pathophysiology

Risk Factors

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Prognosis

Collaborative Management

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Unit IV: Special Considerations

Chapter 19: Fluids, Electrolytes, Vitamins, and Minerals

Water and Electrolytes

Water

Changes in Water Distribution

Water Balance and Body Metabolism

Water Requirements

Postnatal Adaptation

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

Vitamin B6

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)

Folic Acid

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

Niacin

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

Vitamin K

Trace Minerals

Zinc

Copper

Nursing Management

Assessment and Evaluation in Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 20: Nutrition Management of Premature Infants

Nutrients

Protein

Fat

Carbohydrate

Summary

Vitamins, Macrominerals, and Trace Minerals

Gastrointestinal Function of the Premature Infant

Summary

Parenteral Nutrition (PN)

Indications

Energy

Glucose

Protein

Lipids

Carnitine

Fluid and Electrolytes

Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium

Vitamins

Trace Minerals

Enteral Nutrition

Human Milk

Infant Formulas

Feeding Management

Feeding Method

Feeding Assessment

Growth and Growth Charts

Biochemical Indices

Postdischarge Nutrition

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 21: Neonatal and Infant Pharmacology

Drug Therapy: Evidence-Based Medicine

Pediatric Labeling

Pediatric Dosing Methods

Adverse Drug Effects

Medication Errors

Developmental Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Elimination

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Fetal and Infant Exposure to Maternal Medications

Fetal Exposure

Lactation Exposure

Medication Administration

Oral Administration

Intravenous Administration

Intraosseous Administration

Intranasal Administration

Aerosol Administration

Medication Administration in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Medication Shortages

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 22: Emerging Technologies in Neonatal Care: Health Care Simulation for Neonatal Care

What is Health Care Simulation?

History of Health Care Simulation

Simulation and Patient Safety

Simulation in Neonatal Care

Implementation of Simulation in Neonatal Care

Scenario Development

Step 1: Identification of the Purpose of the Scenario

Step 2: Identification of the Learning Objectives

Step 3: Identification of the Learners/Participants

Step 4: Identification of a Clinical Case to Create in Order to Achieve the Desired Learning Objecti

Step 5: Completion of a Scenario Design Template

Step 6: Development of Debriefing Script Based on Learning Objectives

Step 7: Practice and Rehearsal of the Scenario

Step 8: Implementation and Evaluation of the Simulation Scenario

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 23: Pain in the Newborn and Infant

Defining Pain in Infants

Developmental Neurophysiology of Pain

Peripheral Transduction and Transmission

Central Mechanisms and Modulation

Neurodevelopment of Pain Perception

Long-Term Consequences of Pain

Clinical Assessment of Pain

Multidimensional Pain Tools

Factors that Influence Pain

Management of Neonatal Pain

Prevention of Pain

Nonpharmacologic Comfort Management

Pharmacologic Management

Management of Specific Pain Types

Procedural Pain

Postoperative Pain

Preemptive Analgesia for Mechanical Ventilation

Pain Management at EOL

Parents

Neonatal Nurse’s Role and Responsibilities

Summary

Case Study

References

Chapter 24: Fetal Therapy

Historical Overview

Fetus as Patient: Maternal–Fetal Risks and Benefits

Ethical Considerations

Evolution of Fetal Surgical Techniques

Open Fetal Surgery

Minimally Invasive Fetal Surgery

Anesthesia

Fetal Malformations Amenable to Surgical Correction

Obstructive Uropathy

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma

Congenital High Airway Obstructive Syndrome

Complications of Twin Pregnancies

Myelomeningocele

Amniotic Band Syndrome

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Multidisciplinary Collaborative Approach to Fetal Therapy

Considerations for Collaborative Care Planning

Fetal Therapy: New Horizons

Future of Fetal Surgery: Team Responsibilities

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 25: Surgical Considerations in the Newborn and Infant

Antenatal Considerations

Transportation of Infants for Surgery

Surgical Neonatal Intensive Care Units

Staffing

Family

Classification of Neonatal Surgery

Preanesthetic Evaluation

Preparation for Surgery

Temperature Control

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Maintenance of Glucose Levels

Acid–Base Balance

Drugs

Monitoring

Intravascular Lines

Nurse’s Role

Preoperative Checklist

During Surgery

Anesthesia

Stress Response

Thermoregulation

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Monitoring

Postoperative Care

Oxygenation and Ventilation

Pain Management

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Nutrition

Wound Care

Outcomes

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 26: Emerging Infections

Antimicrobial Resistance

Genetic Mechanisms of Resistance

Pharmacodynamics and Resistance

Selective Antibiotic Pressure

MRSA

Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Organisms

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus

Multidrug-Resistant Organisms

Basesia

Influenza A (H1N1)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Measles

Combating Emerging Infections

Antimicrobial Stewardship

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Unit V: Vulnerable Populations

Chapter 27: Newborn or Infant Transplant Patient

Liver Transplantation in Infants and Children

Etiology

Biliary Atresia

Errors of Metabolism

Contraindications for Liver Transplantation

Transplant Selection

Nutritional Support

Pretransplant Management

Preparing the Patient for the OR

Types of Liver Transplants

Reperfusion Phase

Heterotopic Liver Transplantation

Reduced-Size Liver Transplantation

Living Donor Transplantation

Auxiliary Liver Transplantation

Portal Hypertension

Infection

Posttransplant Management

Immunosuppressive Management

Postoperative Complications

Posttransplant Management of Complications

Heart Transplant

Bridge to Transplant

Left Ventricular Assist Device

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Berlin Heart

Physiology of the Transplanted Heart

Postoperative Management

Renal Transplantation in Infants and Children

Etiology

Pretransplant Management

Dialysis

Nutritional Support

Intestinal Transplant

Intestinal Transplant Considerations

Donor Options

Intestinal Transplant Evaluation

Postoperative Management

Intestinal Transplantation Survival

Organ Procurement

Waiting List

Pediatric Critical Pathway

Stem Cell Transplantation

Physiology

Collection of Cord Blood

Cord Blood Banks

Cord Blood Transfusion in Neonate

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 28: Extremely-Low-Birth-Weight (ELBW) Infant

Evidence-Based Neonatal Nursing Care

Impact of Birth of ELBW Infants

Decision Making in the Delivery Room

Survival of ELBW Infants

Morbidity in ELBW Infants

Complications of Being Born at ELBW

Thermoregulation

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Hyperbilirubinemia

Apnea of Prematurity

PDA

Hypotension

Fluid and Electrolytes

Metabolic Considerations

Nutrition

Gastroesophageal Reflux

Anemia

Infection

Families of ELBW Infants

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 29: The Late Preterm Infant

Definition

Incidence and Epidemiology

Etiologic Factors Causing the Late Preterm Infant Births

Pathophysiologic Immaturity of the Late Preterm Infant

Respiratory

Cardiac

Metabolic

Gastrointestinal

Central Nervous System

Morbidity and Mortality of the Late Preterm Infant

Medical and Nursing Care of the Late Preterm Infant

Respiratory Disorders

Hyperbilirubinemia

Hypoglycemia

Hypothermia

Feeding Difficulties

Early and Late Neonatal Sepsis

Admission to NICU and Prolonged Hospital Stay

Increased Maternal Emotional Distress

Discharge and Follow-Up Care and Rehospitalization of the Late Preterm Infant

Discharge

Follow-Up Care

Rehospitalization

Long-Term Outcomes of the Late Preterm Infant

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Unit VI: Environmental Health and Family-Centered Care in the NICU and Beyond

Chapter 30: Neurobehavioral Development

Fetal and Neonatal Central Nervous System Development

Fetal and Neonatal Sensory Development

Neonatal Neurobehavioral Development

Assessment of Neonatal Neurobehavioral Development

Who Needs to Be Assessed?

Neurobehavioral Assessment in the NICU and Early Infancy

Sleep–Wake States

Summary

Online Resources

References

Chapter 31: The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Environment

The NICU

Neonatal Behavioral Development

Neurologic Development

Intrauterine Versus Extrauterine Environment

Sensory Integration

Models of Developmental Care

Healing Environment

Physical Environment (Space, Privacy, and Safety)

Sensory Environment (Tactile/Touch/Thermoregulation, Chemosensory [Gustatory and Olfactory]; Noise [

Safeguarding Sleep

Minimizing Stress and Pain

Positioning and Handling

Partnering with Families

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 32: Family: Essential Partner in Care

Family-Centered Care

Definition of Family

Role Theory

Parental Role

Parenting During Crisis

Parents’ Reactions

Factors That Affect Parenting Skills

Cultural Perspectives

Definitions

Promoting Parenting in the NICU

Facilitating the Attachment Process

Providing Information

Family Presence During Rounds

Family Presence and Participation in Procedures

Supporting Families with Caregiving Protocols

Family Conferences

Facilitating Transfer to Another Facility

Providing Support for Parents and Families

Parent and Staff Expectations

Siblings

Sibling Visitation to the NICU

Implications for Practice

Environmental Effects

Summary

Online Resources

References

Chapter 33: Palliative and End-of-Life Care

Ethical obligation to Provide Optimum End-of-Life Care

Compassionate Care at the EOL

Obligation to Provide Beneficent Care

Obligation of Nonmaleficence

Recognition of Parents’ Moral Authority

Burden of Treatment

Neonatal Pain Management at the EOL

Hospice Care

Pediatric Hospice Care

Barriers to Pediatric Hospice Service

Pediatric Palliative Care

Respect for the Dignity of Patients and Families

Access to Competent and Compassionate Palliative Care

Support for the Caregivers

Improved Professional and Social Support for Pediatric Palliative Care

Continued Improvement of Pediatric Palliative Care Through Research and Education

Incorporating Pediatric Palliative Care into the NICU

Bereavement

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 34: Complementary and Integrative Therapies

Lifestyle Therapies (Developmental Care)

General Developmental Care

Aromatherapy

Music Therapy

Light Therapy

Kangaroo Care

Infant Massage

Reflexology

Osteopathy/CS Therapy

Bioenergetic Therapies

Acupuncture

Healing Touch

Reiki

Biochemical Interventions

Homeopathy

Herbal Medicine

Galactagogues

Research

Summary

Online Resources

References

Chapter 35: Postdischarge Care of the Newborn, Infant, and Families

Postdischarge Care for High-Risk Infants

Follow-Up of High-Risk Infants

Immunizations

EI Services

Use of Services and Rehospitalizations as an Indicator of Adequacy of Postdischarge Care

Family Care

Care for Parents After Hospital Discharge

NICU Experience

Transition

Strategies to Help Families Postdischarge

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Unit VII: Neonatal Care in the New Millennium: Challenges and Opportunities

Chapter 36: Trends in Neonatal Care Delivery

Levels of Care

Developmental Care

Neonatal Statistics

Maternal/Fetal Neonatal Units

Genetics

Globalization

Palliative and End-of-Life Care

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Population Health

Summary

Online Resources

References

Chapter 37: Neonatal Care Using Informatics

Background Information

Special Considerations for the EHR in Supporting Pediatric and Neonatal Patient Care

Types of ISs

Flow Sheet Replacement and Clinical Monitoring

Interdisciplinary Notes: Daily Documenting Challenges

CPOE/Management

Pharmacy

Other Systems

Integrating Computer IS

Intercommunication standards and HIPAA

Background of HIPAA

HIPAA Mandates: Codes Set Standards

HIPAA Mandates: Identifiers

HIPAA Mandates: Privacy

HIPAA Mandates: Security

HIPAA Mandates: Penalties

Is Evaluation, Selection, and Implementation

Researching is Solutions

Evaluation and System Selection

Implementation

Summary

Online Resources

Recommended Reading

References

Chapter 38: Human Genetics and Genomics: Impact on Neonatal Care

Incidence of Genetic Conditions

Historical Perspective

Human Genome Project

DNA

Genetic Testing

Cellular Division

Mitosis

Meiosis

Protein Synthesis

Patterns of Inheritance

Mendelian Laws of Gene Expression

Patterns of Traits Inherited by Single-Gene Transmission

Traits With an Autosomal Dominant Pattern of Inheritance

Traits With an Autosomal Recessive Pattern of Inheritance

Sex-Linked Patterns of Inheritance

Multifactorial Inheritance

Gene Variation and Nontraditional Inheritance

Mitochondrial Disorders

Chromosomal Aberrations

Numeric Aberrations

Structural Aberrations

Prenatal Testing and Screening

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

Fetal Ultrasonography

Tests on Fetally Derived Cells

Newborn Testing and Screening

Family History tool and Nursing

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 39: Trends in Neonatal Research and Evidence-Based Practice

Evidence-Based Neonatal Nursing Practice

What is EBP?

A Model of Evidence-Based Nursing

What are the Major Features of EBP?

Sources of Evidence for Practice

Skills Essential in Employing EBP

How to Employ EBP

Global Considerations in EBP

Using Research to Change Neonatal Nursing Practice

Identifying Problems for Neonatal Research

The Role of Neonatal Nursing Organizations

Barriers and Facilitators to Implementing Neonatal Nursing EBP

Conducting Research in Neonatal Nursing

Why Do Research?

Research Roles for Neonatal Nurses

Current Trends in Neonatal Nursing Research

Summary

References

Chapter 40: Legal and Ethical Issues in Neonatal Care

Recognizing Ethical Issues in Neonatal Care and the NICU

Ethical Principles

Managing Ethical Issues: Resolution Strategies

Nursing Ethics Rounds

Debriefing Discussions

Collaborating with Hospital Ethics Committees

Support for the Family

Decision Making

Determining Parental Preferences

Opposing Points of View

Support for the Neonatal Nurse

Compassion Fatigue

Moral Distress

Summary

References

Chapter 41: Neonatal Care From a Global Perspective

A Strong Global Voice for Neonatal Nursing

Coinn’s Role in Global Health

European Foundation for the Care of Newborns and Infants

Russian Example

Indian Example

Southern African Example

Brazilian Example

Japanese Example

Rwandan Example

Funding for Nursing Education

Summary

Case Study

Online Resources

References

Chapter 42: Competency-Based Education and Continued Competency

Development of the Competency Movement

Competence and Competency

CBE

Implications for Neonatal Nursing

Competency Validation

Continuing Competence

Summary

Online Resources

References

Unit VIII: Neonatal Diagnostic and Care Protocols

I: Diagnostic Processes

Diagnostic Imaging in Infants

Conditions Requiring Diagnostic Imaging

Anatomic Proportions

Types of Diagnostic Imaging

X-Ray Imaging (Roentgenology)

Roentgenologic Biophysical Principles

Radiographic Contrast Agents

Ionizing Radiation Interactions With Tissue

Factors Affecting Radiographic Quality

Radiologic Projections

Exposure Factors in Infancy

Collaborative Care

Radionuclide Imaging

Ultrasonographic Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Laboratory Values

Cardiac Procedures

Electrocardiography

Echocardiography

Cardiac Catheterization

Genetic Testing

Chromosome Analysis

Sweat Chloride Test

Comparative Genomic Hybridization or Chromosomal Microarray Analysis

Newborn Screening

Gastrointestinal Procedures

Barium Enema

Upper Gastrointestinal Series With Small Bowel Follow-Through

Rectal Suction Biopsy

Liver Biopsy

Genitourinary Procedures

Cystoscopy

Excretory Urography and Intravenous Pyelography

Voiding Cystourethrogram

Electroencephalography

Respiratory Procedures

Pulse Oximetry

End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Monitoring

Bronchoscopy

Summary

References

II: Developmental Care for the Sick and Preterm Infant

Education and Training of Health Care Providers and Parents

Health Care Provider Education

Parent Education

Multidisciplinary Approach

Patient Assessment

Goal of Developmental Care

Recognition of Stress

Responding to Stress

The Care Environment

Equipment and Resources

Use of Positioning Devices

Control of Stimulation

Family Center Care

Conclusion

References

III: Neonatal Transport

Regionalization of Neonatal Care

Stabilization by the Referring Facility

The Neonatal Transport Program

Transport Team Composition

Mode of Transportation

Stabilization by the Transport Team

Transport Equipment

Documentation

Family-Centered Care During Transport

Conclusion

References

IV: Introduction to Vascular Access

Evidence-Based Practice for PICCS

Technological Advances for PICCS

References

V: Age-Appropriate Care of the Premature and Hospitalized Infant

What is Age-Appropriate for the Premature and Hospitalized Infant?

Erikson’s Stages of Development

Developmentally Supportive Care

The Universe of Age–Appropriate Care

Core Measures for Age-Appropriate Care

Protected Sleep

Pain and Stress Assessment and Management

Age-Appropriate Activities of Daily Living

Family-Centered Care

The Healing Environment

Implications of the Provision of Age-Appropriate Care for Neonatal Outcomes

Summary

Notes

References

VI: Competency Education in NICU

Competency-Based Orientation Program at Level III NICU

Requirements

Low-Risk Course

High-Risk Course

High-Risk NICU Orientation

Annual Competency

Conclusion

References

VII: Transfusion Guidelines

Reference

VIII: Management of Jaundice in the Newborn Nursery

References

Appendix A: Neonatal Nurses and Interconception Care

Online Resources

References

Appendix B: Conversion Table to Standard International (SI) Units

Appendix C: Frequently Used Reference Values and Conversions

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