Cohen’s Pathways of the Pulp Expert Consult 11th Edition by Louis Berman,Kenneth Hargreaves 9780323185868 032318586X

I The Core Science of Endodontics

1 Diagnosis

Chapter Outline

Art and Science of Diagnosis

Chief Complaint

Medical History

Dental History

History of Present Dental Problem

Dental History Interview

Examination and Testing

Extraoral Examination

Intraoral Examination

Soft Tissue Examination

Intraoral Swelling

Intraoral Sinus Tracts

Palpation

Percussion

Mobility

Periodontal Examination

Pulp Tests

Thermal

Electric

Laser Doppler Flowmetry

Pulse Oximetry

Special Tests

Bite Test

Test Cavity

Staining and Transillumination

Selective Anesthesia

Radiographic Examination and Interpretation

Intraoral Radiographs

Digital Radiography

Cone-Beam Computerized Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Cracks and Fractures

Crack Types

Vertical Root Fractures

Perforations

Clinical Classification of Pulpal and Periapical Diseases

Pulpal Disease

Normal Pulp

Pulpitis

Reversible Pulpitis

Irreversible Pulpitis

Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis

Asymptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis

Pulp Necrosis

Previously Treated

Previously Initiated Therapy

Apical (Periapical) Disease

Normal Apical Tissues

Periodontitis

Symptomatic Apical Periodontitis

Asymptomatic Apical Periodontitis

Acute Apical Abscess

Chronic Apical Abscess

Referred Pain

Summary

References

2 Radiographic Interpretation

Chapter Outline

Radiographic Interpretation

Imaging Modalities

Image Characteristics and Processing

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)

Diagnostic Tasks in Endodontics

Working Length Determination

Diagnosis and Healing

Three-Dimensional Imaging

Principles of Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Voxels and Voxel Sizes

Field of View

Diagnostic Task

Type of Patient

Spatial Resolution Requirements

Imaging Tasks Improved or Simplified by Cone Beam Volumetric Computed Tomography

Differential Diagnosis

Lesions of Endodontic Origin

Lesions of Nonendodontic Origin

Diagnosis of Endodontic Treatment Failures

Vertical Root Fractures

Evaluation of Anatomy and Complex Morphology

Dental Anomalies

Root Canal System Morphology

Intraoperative or Postoperative Assessment of Endodontic Treatment Complications

Materials Extending Beyond the Root Canal

Fractured Instruments

Calcified Canals

Perforations

Dentoalveolar Trauma

Internal and External Root Resorption

Presurgical Visualization

Outcomes Assessment

Implant Site Assessments

Image Perception and Viewing Environment

Future of CBCT

Conclusions

Joint Position Statement of the American Association of Endodontists and the American Academy of Ora

Introduction

Volume Size(S)/Field of View

Dose Considerations

Interpretation

Recommendations

Diagnosis

Rationale:

Initial Treatment

Preoperative:

Intraoperative:

Postoperative:

Rationale:

Non-Surgical Retreatment

Rationale:

Rationale:

Surgical Retreatment

Rationale:

Special Conditions

a. Implant Placement:

b. Traumatic Injuries:

c. Resorptive Defects:

References

Special Committee to Revise the Joint AAE/AAOMR Position Statement on Use of Limited FOV CBCT in End

References

3 Case Selection and Treatment Planning

Chapter Outline

Common Medical Findings That May Influence Endodontic Treatment Planning

Cardiovascular Disease

Diabetes

Pregnancy

Malignancy

Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (MRONJ)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

End-Stage Renal Disease and Dialysis

Prosthetic Implants

Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders

Psychosocial Evaluation

Development of the Endodontic Treatment Plan

Endodontic Prognosis

Single-Visit versus Multiple-Visit Treatment

Interdisciplinary Treatment Planning

Periodontal Considerations

Surgical Considerations

Restorative and Prosthodontic Considerations

Endodontic Therapy or Dental Implant

Other Factors That May Influence Endodontic Case Selection

Anxiety

Scheduling Considerations

References

4 Pain Control

Chapter Outline

I. Local Anesthesia for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics

Mechanisms of Action for Anesthetics

Clinically Available Local Anesthetics

Selection of a Local Anesthetic: Possible Adverse Effects, Medical History, and Preoperative Anxiety

Possible Adverse Effects

Cardiovascular Reactions

Systemic Effects

Methemoglobinemia

Peripheral Nerve Paresthesia

Allergic Reactions to Local Anesthetics and Latex

Effects of Systemic Diseases or Conditions on Local Anesthetics

Clinical Anesthesia and Routes of Anesthetic Administration

Important Clinical Factors in Local Anesthesia

Traditional Methods of Confirming Anesthesia

Determining Pulpal Anesthesia in Asymptomatic Vital Teeth

Determining Pulpal Anesthesia in Symptomatic Vital Teeth

Patient Who Has Had Previous Difficulty with Anesthesia

Failure to Achieve Anesthesia in Patients with Pain

Use of Topical Anesthetics

Reversing the Action of Local Anesthetics

Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block for Restorative Dentistry

2% Lidocaine and 1 : 100,000 Epinephrine

Anesthetic Success

Anesthetic Failure

Noncontinuous Anesthesia

Slow Onset

Duration

Alternative Anesthetic Solutions for the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block

Plain Solutions: 3% Mepivacaine (Carbocaine, Polocaine, Scandonest) and 4% Prilocaine (Citanest Plai

4% Prilocaine with 1 : 200,000 Epinephrine (Citanest Forte) and 2% Mepivacaine with 1 : 20,000 Levon

Articaine with 1 : 100,000 Epinephrine (Septocaine, Articadent, Zorcaine)

Clinical Effectiveness of Articaine for Inferior Alveolar Nerve Blocks

Articaine and Uncorroborated Insurance Carrier Warning

Long-Acting Anesthetics

Buffered Lidocaine

Use of Mannitol

Alternative Injection Sites

Gow-Gates and Vazirani-Akinosi Techniques

Incisive Nerve Block/Infiltration at the Mental Foramen

Lidocaine Infiltrations

Articaine Infiltrations

Attempts to Increase Success of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block

Increasing the Volume of Anesthetic

Increasing the Epinephrine Concentration