C How to Program 8th Edition by Paul Deitel, Harvey Deitel 0134147308 9780134147307

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ISBN 10: 0134147308

ISBN 13: 9780134147307

Author: Paul Deitel, Harvey Deitel 

This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. For courses in computer programming   C How to Program is a comprehensive introduction to programming in C. Like other texts of the Deitels’ How to Program series, the book serves as a detailed beginner source of information for college students looking to embark on a career in coding, or instructors and software-development professionals seeking to learn how to program with C.   The Eighth Edition continues the tradition of the signature Deitel “Live Code” approach–presenting concepts in the context of full-working programs rather than incomplete snips of code. This gives readers a chance to run each program as they study it and see how their learning applies to real world programming scenarios.

C How to Program 8th Table of contents:

1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and the Web

Objectives

Outline

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Hardware and Software

1.2.1 Moore’s Law

1.2.2 Computer Organization

1.3 Data Hierarchy

1.4 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages

1.5 The C Programming Language

Built for Performance

1.6 C Standard Library

1.7 C++ and Other C-Based Languages

1.8 Object Technology

1.8.1 The Automobile as an Object

1.8.2 Methods and Classes

1.8.3 Instantiation

1.8.4 Reuse

1.8.5 Messages and Method Calls

1.8.6 Attributes and Instance Variables

1.8.7 Encapsulation and Information Hiding

1.8.8 Inheritance

1.9 Typical C Program-Development Environment

1.9.1 Phase 1: Creating a Program

1.9.2 Phases 2 and 3: Preprocessing and Compiling a C Program

1.9.3 Phase 4: Linking

1.9.4 Phase 5: Loading

1.9.5 Phase 6: Execution

1.9.6 Problems That May Occur at Execution Time

1.9.7 Standard Input, Standard Output and Standard Error Streams

1.10 Test-Driving a C Application in Windows, Linux and Mac OS X

1.10.1 Running a C Application from the Windows Command Prompt

1.10.2 Running a C Application Using GNU C with Linux

1.10.3 Running a C Application Using the Teminal on Mac OS X

1.11 Operating Systems

1.11.1 Windows—A Proprietary Operating System

1.11.2 Linux—An Open-Source Operating System

1.11.3 Apple’s Mac OS X; Apple’s iOS for iPhone®, iPad® and iPod Touch® Devices

1.11.4 Google’s Android

1.12 The Internet and World Wide Web

1.12.1 The Internet: A Network of Networks

1.12.2 The World Wide Web: Making the Internet User-Friendly

1.12.3 Web Services

1.12.4 Ajax

1.12.5 The Internet of Things

1.13 Some Key Software Terminology

1.14 Keeping Up-to-Date with Information Technologies

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

Making a Difference

2 Introduction to C Programming

Objectives

Outline

2.1 Introduction

2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text

2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers

2.4 Memory Concepts

2.5 Arithmetic in C

2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators

2.7 Secure C Programming

Summary

Section 2.1 Introduction

Section 2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text

Section 2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers

Section 2.4 Memory Concepts

Section 2.5 Arithmetic in C

Section 2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators

Section 2.7 Secure C Programming

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

Making a Difference

3 Structured Program Development in C

Objectives

Outline

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Algorithms

3.3 Pseudocode

3.4 Control Structures

3.5 The if Selection Statement

3.6 The if …else Selection Statement

3.7 The while Iteration Statement

3.8 Formulating Algorithms Case Study 1: Counter-Controlled Iteration

3.9 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement Case Study 2: Sentinel-Controlled Iteration

3.10 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement Case Study 3: Nested Control Statements

3.11 Assignment Operators

3.12 Increment and Decrement Operators

3.13 Secure C Programming

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

Making a Difference

4 C Program Control

Objectives

Outline

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Iteration Essentials

4.3 Counter-Controlled Iteration

4.4 for Iteration Statement

4.5 for Statement: Notes and Observations

4.6 Examples Using the for Statement

4.7 switch Multiple-Selection Statement

4.8 do…while Iteration Statement

4.9 break and continue Statements

4.10 Logical Operators

4.11 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators

4.12 Structured Programming Summary

4.13 Secure C Programming

Checking Function scanf’s Return Value

Range Checking

Summary

Section 4.2 Iteration Essentials

Section 4.3 Counter-Controlled Iteration.

Section 4.4 for Iteration Statement

Section 4.5 for Statement: Notes and Observations

Section 4.6 Examples Using the for Statement

Section 4.7 switch Multiple-Selection Statement

Section 4.8 do…while Iteration Statement

Section 4.9 break and continue Statements

Section 4.10 Logical Operators.

Section 4.11 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators.

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

Making a Difference

5 C Functions

Objectives

Outline

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Modularizing Programs in C

5.3 Math Library Functions

5.4 Functions

5.5 Function Definitions

5.5.1 square Function

Calling Function square

square Function Definition

square Function Prototype

Format of a Function Definition

Function Body

Returning Control from a Function

main’s Return Type

5.5.2 maximum Function

5.6 Function Prototypes: A Deeper Look

5.7 Function Call Stack and Stack Frames

5.8 Headers

5.9 Passing Arguments By Value and By Reference

5.10 Random Number Generation

5.11 Example: A Game of Chance; Introducing enum

5.12 Storage Classes

5.13 Scope Rules

5.14 Recursion

5.15 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series

5.16 Recursion vs. Iteration

5.17 Secure C Programming

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

Making a Difference

6 C Arrays

Objectives

Outline

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Arrays

6.3 Defining Arrays

6.4 Array Examples

6.4.1 Defining an Array and Using a Loop to Set the Array’s Element Values

6.4.2 Initializing an Array in a Definition with an Initializer List

6.4.3 Specifying an Array’s Size with a Symbolic Constant and Initializing Array Elements with Calculations

6.4.4 Summing the Elements of an Array

6.4.5 Using Arrays to Summarize Survey Results

6.4.6 Graphing Array Element Values with Histograms

6.4.7 Rolling a Die 60,000,000 Times and Summarizing the Results in an Array

6.5 Using Character Arrays to Store and Manipulate Strings

6.5.1 Initializing a Character Array with a String

6.5.2 Initializing a Character Array with an Intializer List of Characters

6.5.3 Accessing the Characters in a String

6.5.4 Inputting into a Character Array

6.5.5 Outputting a Character Array That Represents a String

6.5.6 Demonstrating Character Arrays

6.6 Static Local Arrays and Automatic Local Arrays

6.7 Passing Arrays to Functions

6.8 Sorting Arrays

6.9 Case Study: Computing Mean, Median and Mode Using Arrays

6.10 Searching Arrays

6.10.1 Searching an Array with Linear Search

6.10.2 Searching an Array with Binary Search

6.11 Multidimensional Arrays

6.11.1 Illustrating a Double-Subcripted Array

6.11.2 Initializing a Double-Subcripted Array

array1 Definition

array2 Definition

array3 Definition

printArray Function

6.11.3 Setting the Elements in One Row

6.11.4 Totaling the Elements in a Two-Dimensional Array

6.11.5 Two-Dimensonal Array Manipulations

6.12 Variable-Length Arrays2

6.13 Secure C Programming

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

Recursion Exercises

7 C Pointers

Objectives

Outline

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Pointer Variable Definitions and Initialization

7.3 Pointer Operators

7.4 Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference

7.5 Using the const Qualifier with Pointers

7.5.1 Converting a String to Uppercase Using a Non-Constant Pointer to Non-Constant Data

7.5.2 Printing a String One Character at a Time Using a Non-Constant Pointer to Constant Data

7.5.3 Attempting to Modify a Constant Pointer to Non-Constant Data

7.5.4 Attempting to Modify a Constant Pointer to Constant Data

7.6 Bubble Sort3 Using Pass-by-Reference

7.7 sizeof Operator

7.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic

7.8.1 Allowed Operators for Pointer Arithmetic

7.8.2 Aiming a Pointer at an Array

7.8.3 Adding an Integer to a Pointer

7.8.4 Subtracting an Integer from a Pointer

7.8.5 Incrementing and Decrementing a Pointer

7.8.6 Subtracting One Pointer from Another

7.8.7 Assigning Pointers to One Another

7.8.8 Pointer to void

7.8.9 Comparing Pointers

7.9 Relationship between Pointers and Arrays

7.9.1 Pointer/Offset Notation

7.9.2 Pointer/Index Notation

7.9.3 Cannot Modify an Array Name with Pointer Arithmetic

7.9.4 Demonstrating Pointer Indexing and Offsets

7.9.5 String Copying with Arrays and Pointers

Copying with Array Index Notation

Copying with Pointers and Pointer Arithmetic

Notes Regarding Functions copy1 and copy2

7.10 Arrays of Pointers

7.11 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation

7.12 Pointers to Functions

7.12.1 Sorting in Ascending or Descending Order

7.12.2 Using Function Pointers to Create a Menu-Driven System

7.13 Secure C Programming

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

Special Section: Building Your Own Computer

Array of Function Pointer Exercises

Making a Difference

8 C Characters and Strings

Objectives

Outline

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Fundamentals of Strings and Characters

8.3 Character-Handling Library

8.3.1 Functions isdigit, isalpha, isalnum and isxdigit

8.3.2 Functions islower, isupper, tolower and toupper

8.3.3 Functions isspace, iscntrl, ispunct, isprint and isgraph

8.4 String-Conversion Functions

8.4.1 Function strtod

8.4.2 Function strtol

8.4.3 Function strtoul

8.5 Standard Input/Output Library Functions

8.5.1 Functions fgets and putchar

8.5.2 Function getchar

8.5.3 Function sprintf

8.5.4 Function sscanf

8.6 String-Manipulation Functions of the String-Handling Library

8.6.1 Functions strcpy and strncpy

8.6.2 Functions strcat and strncat

8.7 Comparison Functions of the String-Handling Library

8.8 Search Functions of the String-Handling Library

8.8.1 Function strchr

8.8.2 Function strcspn

8.8.3 Function strpbrk

8.8.4 Function strrchr

8.8.5 Function strspn

8.8.6 Function strstr

8.8.7 Function strtok

8.9 Memory Functions of the String-Handling Library

8.9.1 Function memcpy

8.9.2 Function memmove

8.9.3 Function memcmp

8.9.4 Function memchr

8.9.5 Function memset

8.10 Other Functions of the String-Handling Library

8.10.1 Function strerror

8.10.2 Function strlen

8.11 Secure C Programming

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

Special Section: Advanced String-Manipulation Exercises

A Challenging String-Manipulation Project

Making a Difference

9 C Formatted Input/Output

Objectives

Outline

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Streams

9.3 Formatting Output with printf

9.4 Printing Integers

9.5 Printing Floating-Point Numbers

9.5.1 Conversion Specifiers e, E and f

9.5.2 Conversion Specifiers g and G

9.5.3 Demonstrating Floating-Point Conversion Specifiers

9.6 Printing Strings and Characters

9.7 Other Conversion Specifiers

9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precision

9.8.1 Specifying Field Widths for Printing Integers

9.8.2 Specifying Precisions for Integers, Floating-Point Numbers and Strings

9.8.3 Combining Field Widths and Precisions

9.9 Using Flags in the printf Format Control String

9.9.1 Right and Left Justification

9.9.2 Printing Positive and Negative Numbers with and without the + Flag

9.9.3 Using the Space Flag

9.9.4 Using the # Flag

9.9.5 Using the 0 Flag

9.10 Printing Literals and Escape Sequences

9.11 Reading Formatted Input with scanf

9.11.1 scanf Syntax

9.11.2 scanf Conversion Specifiers

9.11.3 Reading Integers with scanf

9.11.4 Reading Floating-Point Numbers with scanf

9.11.5 Reading Characters and Strings with scanf

9.11.6 Using Scan Sets with scanf

9.11.7 Using Field Widths with scanf

9.11.8 Skipping Characters in an Input Stream

9.12 Secure C Programming

Summary

Section 9.2 Streams

Section 9.3 Formatting Output with printf

Section 9.4 Printing Integers

Section 9.5 Printing Floating-Point Numbers

Section 9.6 Printing Strings and Characters

Section 9.7 Other Conversion Specifiers

Section 9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precision

Section 9.9 Using Flags in the printf Format Control String

Section 9.10 Printing Literals and Escape Sequences

Section 9.11 Reading Formatted Input with scanf

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

10 C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulation and Enumerations

Objectives

Outline

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Structure Definitions

10.2.1 Self-Referential Structures

10.2.2 Defining Variables of Structure Types

10.2.3 Structure Tag Names

10.2.4 Operations That Can Be Performed on Structures

10.3 Initializing Structures

10.4 Accessing Structure Members with . and ->

10.5 Using Structures with Functions

10.6 typedef

10.7 Example: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation

10.8 Unions

10.8.1 Union Declarations

10.8.2 Operations That Can Be Performed on Unions

10.8.3 Initializing Unions in Declarations

10.8.4 Demonstrating Unions

10.9 Bitwise Operators

10.9.1 Displaying an Unsigned Integer in Bits

10.9.2 Making Function displayBits More Generic and Portable

10.9.3 Using the Bitwise AND, Inclusive OR, Exclusive OR and Complement Operators

Bitwise AND Operator (&)

Bitwise Inclusive OR Operator (|)

Bitwise Exclusive OR Operator (^)

Bitwise Complement Operator (~)

10.9.4 Using the Bitwise Left- and Right-Shift Operators

Left-Shift Operator (<<)

Right-Shift Operator (>>)

10.9.5 Bitwise Assignment Operators

10.10 Bit Fields

10.10.1 Defining Bit Fields

10.10.2 Using Bit Fields to Represent a Card’s Face, Suit and Color

10.10.3 Unnamed Bit Fields

10.11 Enumeration Constants

10.12 Anonymous Structures and Unions

10.13 Secure C Programming

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

Making a Difference

11 C File Processing

Objectives

Outline

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Files and Streams

11.3 Creating a Sequential-Access File

11.3.1 Pointer to a FILE

11.3.2 Using fopen to Open the File

11.3.3 Using feof to Check for the End-of-File Indicator

11.3.4 Using fprintf to Write to the File

11.3.5 Using fclose to Close the File

Relationship Betweeen FILE Pointers, FILE Structures and FCBs

11.3.6 File Open Modes

11.4 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File

11.4.1 Resetting the File Position Pointer

11.4.2 Credit Inquiry Program

Updating a Sequential File

11.5 Random-Access Files

11.6 Creating a Random-Access File

11.7 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File

11.7.1 Positioning the File Position Pointer with fseek

fseek Function Prototype

11.7.2 Error Checking

11.8 Reading Data from a Random-Access File

11.9 Case Study: Transaction-Processing Program

11.10 Secure C Programming

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

Making a Difference

12 C Data Structures

Objectives

Outline

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Self-Referential Structures

12.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation

12.4 Linked Lists

12.4.1 Function insert

12.4.2 Function delete

12.4.3 Function printList

12.5 Stacks

12.5.1 Function push

12.5.2 Function pop

12.5.3 Applications of Stacks

12.6 Queues

12.6.1 Function enqueue

12.6.2 Function dequeue

12.7 Trees

12.7.1 Function insertNode

12.7.2 Traversals: Functions inOrder, preOrder and postOrder

12.7.3 Duplicate Elimination

12.7.4 Binary Tree Search

12.7.5 Other Binary Tree Operations

12.8 Secure C Programming

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

Special Section: Building Your Own Compiler

13 C Preprocessor

Objectives

Outline

13.1 Introduction

13.2 #include Preprocessor Directive

13.3 #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants

13.4 #define Preprocessor Directive: Macros

13.4.1 Macro with One Argument

Expanding a Macro with an Argument

Importance of Parentheses

Better to Use a Function

13.4.2 Macro with Two Arguments

13.4.3 Macro Continuation Character

13.4.4 #undef Preprocessor Directive

13.4.5 Standard Library Functions and Macros

13.4.6 Do Not Place Expressions with Side Effects in Macros

13.5 Conditional Compilation

13.5.1 #if…#endif Preprocessor Directive

13.5.2 Commenting Out Blocks of Code with #if…#endif

13.5.3 Conditionally Compiling Debugging Code

13.6 #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives

13.7 # and ## Operators

13.8 Line Numbers

13.9 Predefined Symbolic Constants

13.10 Assertions

13.11 Secure C Programming

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

14 Other C Topics

Objectives

Outline

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Redirecting I/O

14.2.1 Redirecting Input with <

14.2.2 Redirecting Input with |

14.2.3 Redirecting Output

14.3 Variable-Length Argument Lists

14.4 Using Command-Line Arguments

14.5 Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs

14.5.1 extern Declarations for Global Variables in Other Files

14.5.2 Function Prototypes

14.5.3 Restricting Scope with static

14.5.4 Makefiles

14.6 Program Termination with exit and atexit

14.7 Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Literals

14.8 Signal Handling

14.9 Dynamic Memory Allocation: Functions calloc and realloc

14.10 Unconditional Branching with goto

Summary

Self-Review Exercise

Answers to Self-Review Exercise

Exercises

15 C++ as a Better C; Introducing Object Technology

Objectives

Outline

15.1 Introduction

15.2 C++

15.3 A Simple Program: Adding Two Integers

15.3.1 Addition Program in C++

15.3.2 Header

15.3.3 main Function

15.3.4 Variable Declarations

15.3.5 Standard Output Stream and Standard Input Stream Objects

15.3.6 std::endl Stream Manipulator

15.3.7 std:: Explained

15.3.8 Concatenated Stream Outputs

15.3.9 return Statement Not Required in main

15.3.10 Operator Overloading

15.4 C++ Standard Library

15.5 Header Files

15.6 Inline Functions

15.7 C++ Keywords

15.8 References and Reference Parameters

15.8.1 Reference Parameters

15.8.2 Passing Arguments by Value and by Reference

15.8.3 References as Aliases within a Function

15.8.4 Returning a Reference from a Function

15.8.5 Error Messages for Uninitialized References

15.9 Empty Parameter Lists

15.10 Default Arguments

15.11 Unary Scope Resolution Operator

15.12 Function Overloading

15.13 Function Templates

15.13.1 Defining a Function Template

15.13.2 Using a Function Template

15.14 Introduction to Object Technology and the UML

15.14.1 Basic Object Technology Concepts

Attributes and Behaviors

Object-Oriented Design and Inheritance

Encapsulation and Information Hiding

Object-Oriented Programming

15.14.2 Classes, Data Members and Member Functions

15.14.3 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

15.14.4 The Unified Modeling Language

15.15 Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector

15.15.1 Problems Associated with C-Style Pointer-Based Arrays

15.15.2 Using Class Template vector

Creating vector Objects

vector Member Function size; Function outputVector

Function inputVector

Comparing vector Objects for Inequality

Initializing One vector with the Contents of Another

Assigning vectors and Comparing vectors for Equality

Using the [] Operator to Access and Modify vector Elements

15.15.3 Exception Handling: Processing an Out-of-Range Index

The try Statement

Executing the catch Block

what Member Function of the Exception Parameter

Summary of This Example

15.16 Wrap-Up

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

16 Introduction to Classes, Objects and Strings

Objectives

Outline

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Defining a Class with a Member Function

16.3 Defining a Member Function with a Parameter

16.4 Data Members, set Member Functions and get Member Functions

16.5 Initializing Objects with Constructors

16.6 Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability

16.7 Separating Interface from Implementation

16.8 Validating Data with set Functions

16.9 Wrap-Up

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

Making a Difference

17 Classes: A Deeper Look; Throwing Exceptions

Objectives

Outline

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Time Class Case Study

17.3 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members

17.4 Access Functions and Utility Functions

17.5 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments

17.6 Destructors

17.7 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called

17.8 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap—Returning a Reference or a Pointer to a private Data Member

17.9 Default Memberwise Assignment

17.10 const Objects and const Member Functions

17.11 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes

17.12 friend Functions and friend Classes

Declaring a friend

17.13 Using the this Pointer

17.14 static Class Members

17.15 Wrap-Up

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

Making a Difference

18 Operator Overloading; Class string

Objectives

Outline

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Using the Overloaded Operators of Standard Library Class string

18.3 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading

18.4 Overloading Binary Operators

18.5 Overloading the Binary Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators

18.6 Overloading Unary Operators

18.7 Overloading the Unary Prefix and Postfix ++ and — Operators

18.8 Case Study: A Date Class

18.9 Dynamic Memory Management

18.10 Case Study: Array Class

18.10.1 Using the Array Class

Creating Arrays, Outputting Their Size and Displaying Their Contents

Using the Overloaded Stream Insertion Operator to Fill an Array

Using the Overloaded Inequality Operator

Initializing a New Array with a Copy of an Existing Array’s Contents

Using the Overloaded Assignment Operator

Using the Overloaded Equality Operator

Using the Overloaded Subscript Operator

18.10.2 Array Class Definition

Overloading the Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators as friends

Array Default Constructor

Array Copy Constructor

Array Destructor

getSize Member Function

Overloaded Assignment Operator

C++11: Move Constructor and Move Assignment Operator

C++11: Deleting Unwanted Member Functions from Your Class

Overloaded Equality and Inequality Operators

Overloaded Subscript Operators

C++11: Managing Dynamically Allocated Memory with unique_ptr

C++11: Passing a List Initializer to a Constructor

18.11 Operators as Member vs. Non-Member Functions

18.12 Converting Between Types

18.13 explicit Constructors and Conversion Operators

18.14 Overloading the Function Call Operator ()

18.15 Wrap-Up

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

19 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance

Objectives

Outline

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes

19.3 Relationship between Base and Derived Classes

19.3.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class

CommissionEmployee Constructor

CommissionEmployee Member Functions earnings and print

Testing Class CommissionEmployee

19.3.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class Without Using Inheritance

Defining Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee

Testing Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee

Exploring the Similarities Between Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee and Class CommissionEmployee

19.3.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy

Compilation Errors from Accessing Base-Class private Members

Preventing the Errors in BasePlusCommissionEmployee

Including the Base-Class Header in the Derived-Class Header with #include

Linking Process in an Inheritance Hierarchy

19.3.4 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Data

Defining Base Class CommissionEmployee with protected Data

Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee

Testing the Modified BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class

Notes on Using protected Data

19.3.5 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Data

Changes to Class CommissionEmployee’s Member Function Definitions

Changes to Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee’s Member Function Definitions

BasePlusCommissionEmployee Member Function earnings

BasePlusCommissionEmployee Member Function print

Testing the Modified Class Hierarchy

Summary of the CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Examples

19.4 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes

19.5 public, protected and private Inheritance

19.6 Software Engineering with Inheritance

19.7 Wrap-Up

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

20 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism

Objectives

Outline

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Introduction to Polymorphism: Polymorphic Video Game

20.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy

20.3.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects

Creating Objects and Displaying Their Contents

Aiming a Base-Class Pointer at a Base-Class Object

Aiming a Derived-Class Pointer at a Derived-Class Object

Aiming a Base-Class Pointer at a Derived-Class Object

20.3.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects

20.3.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers

Downcasting

20.3.4 Virtual Functions and Virtual Destructors

Why virtual Functions Are Useful

Declaring virtual Functions

Invoking a virtual Function Through a Base-Class Pointer or Reference

Invoking a virtual Function Through an Object’s Name

virtual Functions in the CommissionEmployee Hierarchy

virtual Destructors

C++11: final Member Functions and Classes

20.4 Type Fields and switch Statements

20.5 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions

20.6 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism

20.6.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee

Employee Class Header

Employee Class Member-Function Definitions

20.6.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee

SalariedEmployee Class Member-Function Definitions

20.6.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee

20.6.4 Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee

20.6.5 Demonstrating Polymorphic Processing

20.7 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood”

20.8 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info

20.9 Wrap-Up

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

Making a Difference

21 Stream Input/Output: A Deeper Look

Objectives

Outline

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Streams

21.2.1 Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams

21.2.2 iostream Library Headers

21.2.3 Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects

Stream-I/O Template Hierarchy and Operator Overloading

Standard Stream Objects cin, cout, cerr and clog

File-Processing Templates

21.3 Stream Output

21.3.1 Output of char * Variables

21.3.2 Character Output Using Member Function put

21.4 Stream Input

21.4.1 get and getline Member Functions

21.4.2 istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore

21.4.3 Type-Safe I/O

21.5 Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount

21.6 Introduction to Stream Manipulators

21.6.1 Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase

21.6.2 Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision)

21.6.3 Field Width (width, setw)

21.6.4 User-Defined Output Stream Manipulators

21.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators

21.7.1 Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint)

21.7.2 Justification (left, right and internal)

21.7.3 Padding (fill, setfill)

21.7.4 Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase)

21.7.5 Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (scientific, fixed)

21.7.6 Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase)

21.7.7 Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha)

21.7.8 Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member Function flags

21.8 Stream Error States

21.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream

21.10 Wrap-Up

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

22 Exception Handling: A Deeper Look

Objectives

Outline

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Example: Handling an Attempt to Divide by Zero

22.3 Rethrowing an Exception

22.4 Stack Unwinding

22.5 When to Use Exception Handling

22.6 Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling

22.7 Exceptions and Inheritance

22.8 Processing new Failures

22.9 Class unique_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation

22.10 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy

22.11 Wrap-Up

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

23 Introduction to Custom Templates

Objectives

Outline

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Class Templates

23.3 Function Template to Manipulate a Class-Template Specialization Object

23.4 Nontype Parameters

23.5 Default Arguments for Template Type Parameters

23.6 Overloading Function Templates

23.7 Wrap-Up

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

A C and C++ Operator Precedence Charts

B ASCII Character Set

C Number Systems

Objectives

Outline

C.1 Introduction

C.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers

C.3 Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers

C.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal

C.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal

C.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two’s Complement Notation

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

D Sorting: A Deeper Look

Objectives

Outline

D.1 Introduction

D.2 Big O Notation

D.3 Selection Sort

D.4 Insertion Sort

D.5 Merge Sort

Summary

Self-Review Exercises

Answers to Self-Review Exercises

Exercises

E Multithreading and Other C11 and C99 Topics

Objectives

Outline

E.1 Introduction

E.2 New C99 Headers

E.3 Designated Initializers and Compound Literals

E.4 Type bool

E.5 Implicit int in Function Declarations

E.6 Complex Numbers

E.7 Additions to the Preprocessor

E.8 Other C99 Features

E.8.1 Compiler Minimum Resource Limits

E.8.2 The restrict Keyword

E.8.3 Reliable Integer Division

E.8.4 Flexible Array Members

E.8.5 Relaxed Constraints on Aggregate Initialization

E.8.6 Type Generic Math

E.8.7 Inline Functions

E.8.8 Return Without Expression

E.8.9 __func__ Predefined Identifier

E.8.10 va_copy Macro

E.9 New Features in the C11 Standard

E.9.1 New C11 Headers

E.9.2 Multithreading Support

Standard Multithreading Implementation

Running Multithreaded Programs

Overview of This Section’s Examples

Example: Sequential Execution of Two Compute-Intensive Tasks

Example: Multithreaded Execution of Two Compute-Intensive Tasks

struct ThreadData

thrd_t

Creating and Executing a Thread

Joining the Threads

Function startFibonacci

Other C11 Multithreading Features

E.9.3 quick_exit function

E.9.4 Unicode® Support

E.9.5 _Noreturn Function Specifier

E.9.6 Type-Generic Expressions

E.9.7 Annex L: Analyzability and Undefined Behavior

E.9.8 Memory Alignment Control

E.9.9 Static Assertions

E.9.10 Floating-Point Types

E.10 Web Resources

Appendices on the Web

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