Brant and Helms’ Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology 5th edition by Jeffrey Klein,Jennifer Pohl,Emily Vinson,William Brant,Clyde Helms 9781496367426 1496367421

SECTION I. BASIC PRINCIPLES

1 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING METHODS

CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY

CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES

Computed Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Ultrasonography

RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST AGENTS

Iodinated Contrast Agents

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Intravascular Contrast Agents

Gastrointestinal Contrast Agents

Ultrasound Intravascular Contrast Agents

RADIATION RISK AND ENSURING PATIENT SAFETY

RADIOLOGY REPORTING

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SECTION II. NEURORADIOLOGY

2 INTRODUCTION TO BRAIN IMAGING

LOOKING AT THE BRAIN

CURRENT NEUROIMAGING OPTIONS

IMAGING STRATEGY FOR COMMON CLINICAL SYNDROMES

ANALYSIS OF THE ABNORMALITY

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3 CRANIOFACIAL TRAUMA

HEAD TRAUMA

Imaging Strategy

Scalp Injury

Skull Fractures

Temporal Bone Fractures

Head Injury Classification

Primary Head Injury: Extra-Axial

Primary Head Injury: Intra-Axial

Secondary Head Injury

Brainstem Injury

Penetrating Trauma

Predicting Outcome After Acute Head Trauma

Child Abuse

FACIAL TRAUMA

Imaging Strategy

Soft Tissue Findings

Nasal Fractures

Maxillary and Paranasal Sinus Fractures

Orbital Trauma

Fractures of the Zygoma

Fractures of the Midface (Le Fort Fractures)

Nasoethmoidal Fractures

Mandibular Fractures

References

Suggested Readings

4 CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE

ISCHEMIC STROKE

Pathophysiologic Basis for Imaging Changes

Imaging Triage for Emergency Stroke Intervention

Hemorrhagic Transformation of Infarction

Use of Contrast in Ischemic Stroke

Pattern Recognition in Ischemic Stroke

Anterior (Carotid) Circulation

Posterior (Vertebrobasilar) Circulation

Watershed (Borderzone) Infarction

Small Vessel Ischemia

Venous Infarction

HEMORRHAGE

Imaging of Hemorrhage

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Parenchymal Hemorrhage

Primary Hemorrhage Versus Hemorrhagic Neoplasm

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5 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS AND TUMOR-LIKE MASSES

TUMOR CLASSIFICATION

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

NEUROIMAGING PROTOCOL

NEUROIMAGING ANALYSIS

POSTOPERATIVE IMAGING

FOLLOW-UP IMAGING

SPECIFIC NEOPLASMS

Intra-Axial Tumors: Glial

Intra-Axial Tumors: Nonglial

Intra-Axial Tumors: Nonneuroepithelial

Extra-Axial Tumors

Pineal Region Masses

Sellar Region Masses

Masses of Developmental Origin

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6 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS

CONGENITAL INFECTIONS

EXTRA-AXIAL INFECTIONS

Subdural and Epidural Infections

Meningitis

PARENCHYMAL INFECTIONS

Pyogenic Cerebritis and Abscess

Mycobacterial Infections

Fungal Infections

Parasitic Infections

Spirochete Infections

Viral Infections

Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME–RELATED INFECTIONS

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7 WHITE MATTER AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES

DEMYELINATING DISEASES

Primary Demyelination

Ischemic Demyelination

Infection-Related Demyelination

Toxic and Metabolic Demyelination

DYSMYELINATING DISEASES

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID DYNAMICS

NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS

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8 HEAD AND NECK IMAGING

PARANASAL SINUSES AND NASAL CAVITY

SKULL BASE

Tumors of the Skull Base

Temporal Bone

SUPRAHYOID HEAD AND NECK

Superficial Mucosal Space

Parapharyngeal Space

Carotid Space

Parotid Space

Masticator Space

Retropharyngeal Space

Prevertebral Space

Trans-Spatial Diseases

LYMPH NODES

ORBIT

CONGENITAL LESIONS

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9 SPINE IMAGING

COMMON CLINICAL SYNDROMES

IMAGING METHODS

INFLAMMATION

INFECTION

Pyogenic Infections

Nonpyogenic Infections

NEOPLASMS

Intramedullary Masses

Intradural-Extramedullary Masses

Extradural Masses

VASCULAR DISEASES

TRAUMA

DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE SPINE

Imaging Methods

Disc Disease

Disc Herniation Location

SPINAL STENOSIS

POSTOPERATIVE CHANGES

Bony Abnormalities

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SECTION III. CHEST

10 METHODS OF EXAMINATION, NORMAL ANATOMY, AND RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF CHEST DISEASE

IMAGING MODALITIES

NORMAL CHEST ANATOMY

Frontal Chest Radiograph

Lateral Chest Radiograph

Anatomy of the Normal Mediastinum

Normal Hilar Anatomy

Pleural Anatomy

Chest Wall Anatomy

Diaphragmatic Anatomy

RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN CHEST DISEASE

Pulmonary Opacity

Pulmonary Lucency

Mediastinal Masses

Mediastinal Widening

Pneumomediastinum and Pneumopericardium

Hilar Disease

Pleural Effusion

Pneumothorax

Localized Pleural Thickening

Diffuse Pleural Thickening

Pleural and Extrapleural Lesions

Chest Wall Lesions

Diaphragmatic Abnormalities

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11 MEDIASTINUM AND HILA

MEDIASTINAL MASSES

Anterior (Prevascular) Mediastinal Masses (Table 11.2)

Middle (Visceral) Mediastinal Masses (Table 11.3)

Posterior (Paravertebral) Mediastinal Masses (Table 11.5)

DIFFUSE MEDIASTINAL DISEASE (TABLE 11.6)

THE HILA

Unilateral Hilar Enlargement/Increased Density (Table 11.8)

Bilateral Hilar Enlargement

Small Hila

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12 PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE

PULMONARY EDEMA

PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE AND VASCULITIS

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

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13 PULMONARY NEOPLASMS AND NEOPLASTIC-LIKE CONDITIONS

THE SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULE

Lesions Presenting as SPNs

LUNG TUMORS

Lung Cancer

NONEPITHELIAL LUNG TUMORS AND TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS

TRACHEAL AND BRONCHIAL MASSES

METASTATIC DISEASE TO THE THORAX

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14 PULMONARY INFECTION

INFECTION IN THE NORMAL HOST

Bacterial Pneumonia

Viral Pneumonia

Fungal Pneumonia

Parasitic Infection

COMPLICATIONS OF PULMONARY INFECTION

INFECTION IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST

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15 DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASE

THIN-SECTION CT OF THE PULMONARY INTERSTITIUM

Thin-Section CT Signs of Disease

CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE

Chronic Interstitial Pulmonary Edema

Connective Tissue Disease

Idiopathic Chronic Interstitial Pneumonias

Chronic Fibrosing Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias

Smoking-Related Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias

Acute or Subacute Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias

Rare Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias

Unclassifiable Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia

Other Chronic Interstitial Lung Diseases

INHALATIONAL DISEASE

Pneumoconiosis

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

GRANULOMATOUS DISEASES

Sarcoidosis

Berylliosis

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of Lung

Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis

EOSINOPHILIC LUNG DISEASE

Idiopathic Eosinophilic Lung Disease

Eosinophilic Lung Disease of Identifiable Etiology

Eosinophilic Lung Disease Associated With Autoimmune Diseases

DRUG-INDUCED LUNG DISEASE

Specific Agents (Table 15.11)

MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS

References and Suggested Readings

16 AIRWAYS DISEASE AND EMPHYSEMA

INTRODUCTION

TRACHEA AND CENTRAL BRONCHI

Congenital Tracheal and Bronchial Anomalies

Focal Tracheal Disease

Diffuse Tracheal Disease

Tracheal and Bronchial Injury

Broncholithiasis

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Asthma and Chronic Bronchitis

Bronchiectasis

Emphysema

BULLOUS LUNG DISEASE

SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE

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17 PLEURA, CHEST WALL, DIAPHRAGM, AND MISCELLANEOUS CHEST DISORDERS

PLEURA

Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology

Pleural Effusion

Bronchopleural Fistula

Pneumothorax

Focal Pleural Disease

Diffuse Pleural Disease

Asbestos-Related Pleural Disease

CHEST WALL

Soft Tissues

The Bony Thorax

DIAPHRAGM

CONGENITAL LUNG DISEASE IN ADULTS

TRAUMATIC LUNG DISEASE

ASPIRATION

RADIATION-INDUCED LUNG DISEASE

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SECTION IV. BREAST RADIOLOGY

18 NORMAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY

OVERVIEW

SKIN

NIPPLE–AREOLAR COMPLEX

SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE

MILK DUCTS AND LOBULES

STROMA

CHEST WALL

MALE BREAST

LYMPHATICS

BLOOD SUPPLY

EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT

CHANGES OVER TIME: PREGNANCY, LACTATION, AND MENOPAUSE

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER

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19 IMAGING THE SCREENING PATIENT

INTRODUCTION

SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER

Support for Screening

Screening Guidelines

TECHNICAL FACTORS IN SCREENING

Mammography Physics

Radiation Risk

Positioning of Screening Mammography

Image Quality

BREAST IMPLANTS

Implant Types

Implant Rupture

TOMOSYNTHESIS

INTERPRETING THE MAMMOGRAM

Maximizing Your Interpretation

Breast Density

THE USE OF OTHER IMAGING MODALITIES FOR BREAST CANCER SCREENING

Screening Breast Ultrasound

Functional Imaging

CONCLUSION

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20 IMAGING THE DIAGNOSTIC PATIENT

INTRODUCTION

DIAGNOSTIC MAMMOGRAPHY

Spot Compression Views

Magnification Views

True Lateral and Rolled CC Views

Tomosynthesis

Ultrasound

EVALUATION OF THE SYMPTOMATIC PATIENT

Palpable Breast Mass

Breast Pain

Nipple Discharge

Inflammation of the Breast

Paget Disease

Axillary Adenopathy

THE MALE BREAST

ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION

BREAST CANCER STAGING

POSTOPERATIVE SURVEILLANCE

CONCLUSION

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21 BREAST IMAGING REPORTING AND DATA SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

MAMMOGRAPHY LEXICON

Breast Composition

Masses

Calcifications

Architectural Distortion

Asymmetries

Associated Features

ULTRASOUND LEXICON

MRI LEXICON

REPORTING

FOLLOW-UP AND OUTCOME MONITORING

Statistical Terms

Medical Audit

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22 BREAST MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

INTRODUCTION TO MRI

INDICATIONS

Screening

Extent of Disease

Metastatic Disease With Suspected Breast Primary

Nipple Discharge

Biopsy Planning

Implant Evaluation

TECHNIQUE

Imaging Parameters

Kinetics

Artifacts

INTERPRETATION

Background Parenchymal Enhancement and Fibroglandular Tissue

Findings

WORKUP OF ABNORMAL MRI

RISKS OF MRI

FUTURE OF MR IMAGING

CONCLUSION

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23 IMAGE-GUIDED BREAST PROCEDURES

INTRODUCTION TO BREAST BIOPSIES

BREAST BIOPSY

Indications

Needle Types

Guidance

Biopsy Markers

Complications

Radiology–Pathology Concordance

Follow-Up After Benign Biopsy

LOCALIZATION

Indications

Localization Devices

Guidance

Specimen Radiograph

GALACTOGRAPHY

CONCLUSION

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SECTION V. CARDIAC RADIOLOGY

24 INTRODUCTION TO CARDIAC ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES

INTRODUCTION

CARDIAC ANATOMY

CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY

IMAGING TECHNIQUES

Chest Radiography

Echocardiography

Nuclear Imaging

Cardiac CT

Cardiac MRI

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25 CORONARY ARTERY ANOMALIES AND DISEASE

CORONARY ARTERY ANATOMY

Left Main Coronary Artery

Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery

Left Circumflex Coronary Artery

Ramus Intermedius

Right Coronary Artery

Posterior Descending Artery

Posterior Left Ventricular Branch

Conus Branch

Sinoatrial Nodal Branch

Atrioventricular Nodal Branch

CORONARY ARTERY ANOMALIES

ABNORMALITIES IN ORIGIN

Abnormalities in Origin, Benign

Abnormalities in Origin, Possibly Malignant

ABNORMALITIES IN COURSE

Myocardial Bridging

Intracavitary Course

Split (Double) Coronary Artery

ABNORMALITIES IN TERMINATION

Coronary Fistula

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Coronary Artery Calcification

Coronary Plaque and Remodeling

MRI IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

MR Imaging of the Coronary Arteries

MR Assessment of the Myocardium in Coronary Artery Disease

TREATMENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Coronary Stents

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts

CORONARY ARTERY ANEURYSM AND PSEUDOANEURYSM

CORONARY ARTERY DISSECTION

MECHANICAL COMPLICATIONS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

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26 CARDIAC MASSES

INTRODUCTION

IMAGING TECHNIQUES AND PROTOCOLS

Echocardiography

Cross-Sectional Imaging

BENIGN CARDIAC TUMORS

MALIGNANT CARDIAC TUMORS

Metastatic Disease

Tumorlike Lesions

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27 VALVULAR DISEASE

VALVE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

IMAGING EVALUATION OF VALVE DISEASE

Echocardiography

Radiography and CT

Cardiac MRI

Phase-Contrast MRI

Quantification of Ventricular Stroke Volume

AORTIC VALVE

Congenital Aortic Valve Disease

Acquired Aortic Valve Disease

Aortic Stenosis

Aortic Regurgitation

MITRAL VALVE

Congenital Mitral Valve Disease

Acquired Mitral Valve Disease

TRICUSPID VALVE

Congenital Tricuspid Valve Disease

PULMONARY VALVE

Pulmonary Stenosis

Pulmonary Regurgitation

ACQUIRED DISEASES OF MULTIPLE VALVES

Infective Endocarditis

Nonbacterial Endocarditis

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Carcinoid Valve Disease

POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING VALVE SURGERY

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28 NONISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHIES

HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

FABRY DISEASE

CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS

LOEFFLER ENDOCARDITIS

DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHIES

ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOPATHY

MYOCARDITIS

CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS

LEFT VENTRICULAR NONCOMPACTION

STRESS-INDUCED (TAKOTSUBO) CARDIOMYOPATHY

IRON OVERLOAD CARDIOMYOPATHY

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29 IMAGING OF THE PERICARDIUM

ANATOMY AND NORMAL APPEARANCE ON IMAGING

Pericardial Sinuses and Recesses

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PERICARDIUM

Pericardial Cyst

Pericardial Defect

ACQUIRED PERICARDIAL DISEASES

Pericardial Effusion

Pericardial Tamponade

INFLAMMATION OF THE PERICARDIUM

Acute Pericarditis

Fibrous Pericarditi