BIOENERGETICS 1st Edition by Lars Ernster ISBN 0444805796 9780444805799

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Product details:

ISBN 10:       0444805796
ISBN 13: 978-0444805799
Author:        Lars Ernster 

 

Bioenergetics is a branch of biochemistry that focuses on the study of the flow of energy through living systems. It involves understanding how cells and organisms harness energy from chemical reactions to perform biological work, such as growth, reproduction, and movement. At its core, bioenergetics is concerned with the transformation of energy from one form to another, primarily the conversion of chemical energy from nutrients into usable energy forms, like ATP, to fuel cellular processes.

Key Concepts:

1. Thermodynamics in Bioenergetics: The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. The second law emphasizes that energy transformations increase disorder, or entropy. These laws are central to understanding cellular energy transformations, such as how cells maintain a low entropy state by coupling exergonic (energy-releasing) and endergonic (energy-requiring) reactions.

2. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): ATP is the primary energy currency in cells. It stores energy in the high-energy bonds between its phosphate groups, which is released when these bonds are broken. ATP is utilized in various biological processes such as muscle contraction, active transport, and biosynthesis.

3. Chemiosmotic Theory: A central concept in bioenergetics, the chemiosmotic theory explains how ATP is synthesized in mitochondria and chloroplasts via the proton gradient created by electron transport chains. This gradient drives the ATP synthase enzyme to produce ATP.

4. Energy Transduction Mechanisms: The process by which cells convert energy from one form to another. This includes mechanisms like oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, photosynthesis in plants, and fermentation in anaerobic conditions.

5. Energy Metabolism Pathways: Key metabolic pathways involved in energy conversion include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation. Each of these pathways plays a crucial role in converting biochemical substrates into ATP and other energy-rich molecules.

6. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): A series of protein complexes located in the mitochondrial membrane that pass electrons from electron donors (like NADH and FADH2) to electron acceptors (like oxygen), releasing energy used to pump protons across the membrane, generating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

7. Redox Reactions: These reactions are vital in bioenergetics, where electron donors lose electrons (oxidation), and electron acceptors gain electrons (reduction). Redox reactions are essential for processes like cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

8. Energy Efficiency: Bioenergetics also involves studying the efficiency of energy conversion processes and how organisms minimize energy loss during these transformations. This is critical for understanding metabolic diseases, bioenergetic dysfunction, and the design of bioengineering applications.

Applications:

• Cellular Respiration: Understanding how cells derive energy from food through aerobic and anaerobic processes.
• Photosynthesis: The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
• Bioenergetic Disorders: Disease states caused by disruptions in energy conversion pathways, such as mitochondrial diseases.
• Energy Production: Insights into improving bioenergy solutions, including biofuels and energy-efficient technologies.

BIOENERGETICS 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Aspects of Bioenergetics

1. Introduction
2. Simple Thermodynamics
3. (Thermo-)kinetics
4. A Mosaic in Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (MNET)
5. Application of MNET to Biological Free-Energy Converters
6. Prospects
7. References

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Chapter 2: Mechanisms of Energy Transduction

1. Introduction
2. The Basic Features of the Chemiosmotic Theory
3. The Proton Circuit
4. Coupling of the Proton Circuit to the Transport of Divalent Cations
5. Is the Proton Circuit in Equilibrium with the Bulk Aqueous Phases on Either Side of the Membrane?
6. Conclusion
7. References

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Chapter 3: The Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain

1. Introduction
2. General Survey
3. Cytochrome Oxidase or Complex IV
4. The Cytochrome bc1 Complex
5. The NADH-Ubiquinone Reductase Complex
6. Epilogue
7. References

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Chapter 4: Photosynthetic Electron Transfer

1. Introduction
2. Reaction Centers
3. The Reaction Centers of Photosynthetic Bacteria
4. Photosystem I of Higher Plants
5. Photosystem II of Higher Plants
6. The Cytochrome b/c1 Complex
7. Oxygen-Evolving Complex
8. Cytochrome b-559
9. The Redox Interaction Between Complexes
10. Membrane Topology and Proton Translocation
11. References

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Chapter 5: Proton Motive ATP Synthesis

1. Introduction
2. Structure of H+ ATPase (F0F1)
3. Function of F0F1
4. Mechanism of the H+ -ATPase Reaction
5. Epilogue
6. References

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Chapter 6: The Synthesis and Utilization of Inorganic Pyrophosphate

1. Introduction
2. Properties of Inorganic Pyrophosphate
3. Formation of Inorganic Pyrophosphate
4. Inorganic Pyrophosphate as Phosphate and Energy Donor in Soluble Systems
5. Membrane-Bound Pyrophosphatases
6. The Mitochondrial Membrane-Bound PPiase
7. The H+ -PPiase from Rhodospirillum rubrum
8. Outlook
9. References

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Chapter 7: Mitochondrial Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase

1. Introduction
2. Energy-Linked Transhydrogenase
3. Properties of Purified and Reconstituted Transhydrogenase from Beef Heart
4. References

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Chapter 8: Metabolite Transport in Mammalian Mitochondria

1. Introduction
2. Identification of the Transporters
3. Distribution
4. Biosynthesis and Insertion into the Membrane
5. Molecular Mechanism
6. The Influence of Mitochondrial Transporters on Metabolic Fluxes
7. Conclusion
8. References

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Chapter 9: The Uptake and Release of Calcium by Mitochondria

1. Early History
2. The ‘Limited Loading’ of Mitochondria with Ca2+
3. Mechanism of the Ca2+ Uptake Process
4. Molecular Components of the Calcium Uptake System
5. The Reversibility of the Ca2+ Influx System and the Problem of a Separate Route for Ca2+ Efflux
6. The Na+-Activated Ca2+ Release Route
7. Calcium Movements Evoked by Changes in the Redox State of Pyridine Nucleotides
8. Regulation of the Mitochondrial Ca2+ Transport Process
9. Mitochondria in the Intracellular Homeostasis of Ca2+
10. References

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Chapter 10: Thermogenic Mitochondria

1. Introduction
2. The Thermogenin Concept
3. The Manifestations and Measurements of Thermogenin
4. The Thermogenin Molecule
5. The Regulation of Thermogenin Activity
6. The Regulation of Thermogenin Amounts
7. References

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Chapter 11: Bacteriorhodopsin and Related Light-Energy Converters

1. Introduction
2. Bacteriorhodopsin
3. Halorhodopsin
4. Slowly Cycling Rhodopsin
5. Light-Driven Ion Transport in the Halobacteria
6. References

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Chapter 12: Biogenesis of Energy-Transducing Systems

1. Introduction
2. Semiautonomous Organelles
3. Import of Proteins into Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, and Storage Vesicles
4. Vectorial Translation – Biogenesis of Secretory Vesicles and Acetylcholine Receptor
5. Vectorial Processing – Import of Proteins into Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
6. Protein Incorporation
7. Assembly of Functional Protein Complexes
8. Regulation of Membrane Formation

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