Aviation and Airport Security Terrorism and Safety Concerns 2nd Edition by Kathleen Sweet 1420088165 9781420088168

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ISBN 10: 1420088165

ISBN 13: 9781420088168

Author: Kathleen Sweet

The Definitive Handbook on Terrorist Threats to Commercial Airline and Airport SecurityConsidered the definitive handbook on the terrorist threat to commercial airline and airport security, USAF Lieutenant Colonel Kathleen Sweet‘s seminal resource is now updated to include an analysis of modern day risks. She covers the history of aviation security

Aviation and Airport Security Terrorism and Safety Concerns 2nd Table of contents:

Chapter 1 The Aviation Industry: A National Security Asset

News

Importance of Air Transportation

Airways

Development of the Aviation Industry

Airlines

Facilities

Airway Routes

Deregulation

Consequences of 11 September to the Industry

Emergency Funding

Protecting Public Air Transportation

Conclusion

References

Chapter 2 The Historical Hijacking Threat and Government Response: A Persistent Problem

News

Hijacking

Legal Responses to Expanding Security Measures

International Perspectives

The Trend Begins

Early Federal Aviation Regulations

Airport Security Programs

New Carrier Rules 1972

New Airport Operator Rules 1972

Resistance Fades

How to Implement the New Rules

Public Law 93–366

Dissemination of Threat Warnings

Recommendations of the President’s Commission

Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990

The Federal Aviation Reauthorization Act of 1996

Civil Aviation Security

Aviation Security Research and Development Division

Costs

White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security—The Department of Transportation Status Report

Aviation and Transportation Security Act—P.L. 107–71

Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 (H.R. 110-1, P. L. No:110-53)

The National Strategy for Aviation Security

The White House, March 26, 2007

Security Guidelines for General Aviation Airports

Transportation Security Administration, May 17, 2004

Conclusion

References

Chapter 3 International Solutions and Reactions

News

Crimes Against Humanity

The Tokyo Convention

Hijacking Convention: Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft

Montreal Convention

The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons

Bonn Agreement 1978

International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages

Tokyo Summit 1986

Further Efforts

Montreal Protocol of 1988

Diplomatic Conference on Air Law 1991

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material 1980

G-7 Summit 1995

Lyon Summit 1996

Ministerial Conference on Terrorism 1996

Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings 1997

International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism 1999

United Nations

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and The European Civil Aviation Conference

Post July 2005 British Legislation

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism

Conclusion

References

Chapter 4 Growth and Change: Aircraft as Missiles

News

Early Criminal Hijackings

Terrorist Hijackings Spread

Initial Public Responses

Cockpit Doors

Passenger Photo IDs

Crew Training

Profiling

CAPPS II

Secure Flight

No Fly List

Sky Marshal Program, Federal Air Marshal Program

History of Significant Air Hijackings Since 1972

31 May 1972: Lod Airport

27 June 1976: Entebbe, Uganda

14 June 1985: Trans World Airlines Flight 847

21 December 1988: Pan American Flight 103

11 September 2001

Other Hijackings in Recent Decades

Conclusion

References

Chapter 5 Terrorism: The Roots Remain

News

Introduction

Causes of Terrorism

Middle East

Rival Claims

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

Abu Nidal

Hamas

Iranian Support of Terrorism

Hezbollah

Afghanistan: Usama Bin Laden

Europe

Germany

Italy

Spain

Northern Ireland

Japan

Aum Shinrikyo

Latin America

Tupac Amaru (MRTA)

Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)

Russia

U S. Domestic Terrorism

The Order

Nuclear Terrorism

A Dirty Bomb

Attack on Nuclear Power Plants

Diversion of Nuclear Material or Weapons

Biological and Chemical Warfare

Conclusion

References

Chapter 6 International Major CounterTerrorism Units, Law Enforcement, and Intelligence Agencies — The Best Defense

News

Introduction

CounterTerrorist Units

Austrian Special CountertTerrorist Intervention Unit

Canadian Armed Forces Joint Task Force 2

Great Britain: SAS

Germany: GSG-9

Israel: Sarayat Mat’Kal

Civil Guard

Border Guard Force

Ireland: Army Ranger Wing

France: Groupment d’intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale (GIGN)

Spain: Grupo Especial de Operaciones (GEO)

United States: Special Forces Teams

Operation Ice Eagle

Local Law Enforcement

Training

The U.S. Customs Service

Customs and Border Protection Bureau

Drug Enforcement Agency

Federal Bureau of Investigation

The U.S. Marshals

Department of Homeland Security

Transportation Security Administration

The Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S. Citizen and Immigration Service

The Border Fence and The Real ID Card Program

9-11 Commission

Director of National Intelligence

The Intelligence Community

Terrorist Screening Center (TSC)

United States Postal Inspection Service

Interpol

Conclusion

References

Chapter 7 Screening—The Last Line of Defense

News

Introduction

Sterile Concourse

Sterile Boarding Areas

Departure-Gate Screening

Screening Checkpoint Augmentation

Law Enforcement Officers at the Gate

Flexible Law Enforcement Response Program

Airport Categories

Public and Private Security Interface

Criminal Case Law Examples

U.S. v. James Edward Ware, U. S. District Court, Western District of Oklahoma, August 1970

U.S. v. Feldman, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of New York, 1 May 1969

U.S. v. Benrus Eugene Brown, United States District Court, Western District of Texas, October 1969

Lawrence Havelock v. the U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit June 1970

U.S. v. Reid 2003 (Shoe Bomber)

U.S. v. John Walker Lindh

Case Law Summary

Initial Screening

Screening Procedures

Screening Baggage

Threat Assessment

3-1-1 Rule

Screening Computers and Laptops

Discovered Contraband

Battery Restriction

Screening Passengers

Cast Scope

Rating Hand-Held Metal Detectors

Body Search

Screening Airport and Airline Employees

Screening Diplomats

Registered Traveler Program

No Fly List

Federal Behavior Detection Officers

Theft

Potential TSA Ethics Issues

Public Relations

Airborne Aircraft Security

Federal Flight Deck Officers

Training

Conclusion

References

Chapter 8 Private Security Personnel versus Transportation Administration Security Personnel—Increased Supervision?

News

Introduction

Criminal Guards: Foxes Guarding the Chickens

Ergonomic Solutions

Potential Operator Concerns with Specific Screening Technologies

Measuring Operator Performance

Operator Selection

Tougher Than They Thought

The Opt Out Program

Conclusion

References

Chapter 9 Metal Detectors, X-Ray Inspection, Explosive Detection, and Trace Detection Devices: Will the Public Tolerate the Intrusion?

News

Introduction

Metal Detectors

Selecting a Metal Detector

Hand-Held Body Scanners

Testing

Metal Detectors, Computers, and Personal Medical Devices

X-Ray Inspection Units

Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

Active Millimeter-Wave Imaging

Selecting an X-ray Unit

Sizers

Film and Laptops

Passenger X-Ray Screening Devices

Portable Digital X-Ray Imaging Systems

Testing X-ray Equipment

Detection Capabilities

Prior X-Ray Explosive Detection Devices

U.S. Standard on Radiation Protection

New Computer Software

Explosive-Detection Systems

Three-Dimensional Imaging: Explosive Assessment Computed Tomography

Bottled Liquid Scanners

Trace Detection Technology Today

Explosive Detection Devices for Baggage

Enhancing ETD Capability

Thermedics EGIS 3000, EGIS II, EGIS III

Barringer IONSCAN 400B, Centurion, Sentinel II

ION Track ITEMISER 3, Entry Scan

Taggants

Project Hostile Intent

Conclusion

References

Chapter 10 Cargo Security: A Loose End

News

Introduction

Cargo Carrier Responsibility

Report to Congress on Air Cargo Security

Arming Cargo Pilots

Suicides

Baggage Tags

Passenger and Baggage Reconciliation

Airport Lockers

Container Hardening

Blast Containment versus Blast Management

Airmail Security

Indirect Air Carriers

Known Shipper

Unknown Shipper

GAO Status Report on Cargo Security 2002

Strategic Plan of TSA

Enhanced Measures

Summary of Airforwarder’s Association Objections

The Latest

Vacuum Chambers

Inspection of Hazardous Cargo

International Cargo Standards

TSA Inspection of Airports

Conclusion

References

Chapter 11 Security and the Rules of Law—A Slippery Slope

News

Introduction

Fourth Amendment

Administrative Search Exception

Balancing Approach

Less Intrusive Alternatives

Individual Stop and Frisk Searches

Selectee Class Stop and Frisk Search

Consent Exception

Other Exceptions to Fourth Amendment Requirements

Border Searches

Exigent Circumstances

Reasonableness

Probable Cause

The Exclusionary Rule

The Legal Authority of Private Persons to Search

Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule

Inevitable Discovery

Good Faith Exception

Police Participation

NonViolent Threats?

Airport Administrative Screening Searches at Airports

Passenger’s Right to Terminate a Search

Alternate Viewpoint

The War on Drugs

Passenger Rights

New Law in the Area of Searches

New Technologies and the Law

Conclusion

References

Chapter 12 Foreign Airport Security: Comparison of U.S. Law and Foreign Domestic Law—Lessons Learned

News

Introduction

Ground Security

American Assessments

Diversion Airports

Legal Remedies

Legislation after 11 September 2001

AntiTerrorism Legislation in the United Kingdom

Post 2005 London Bombings

Canada’s War with the FLQ

Germany

Italy

Profiling

International Views of Profiling

SAFEE

Bomb Sniffing Dogs

Conclusion

References

Chapter 13 Technological Improvements: Some Intrusive, Some Not

News

Introduction

Gore Commission

Homeland Security: Science and Technology Directorate

Antimissile Defense Systems

Microwave Holographic Imaging

Triggered Spark Gap

BOSS™

Flight VU™

BiosimMER™

Quadrupole Resonance Devices

Intelliscan™ 12000 Metal Detector

Biometric Systems

FACE IT™ Access Controls

Imaging Technologies

Trace-Detection Technologies

Fuel Flammability

Remote-Controlled Aircraft

Improved Closed-Circuit Television Technology

Cockpit Doors

Conclusion

References

Chapter 14 Airport Operator Concerns and Other Safety and Security Issues: The Foundations of Security

News

Introduction

Airport Runway Incursions

Passenger Interference

Air Rage and Passenger Involvement

Air Rage and Civil Liability

Civil Remedies

Conventional Weapons

Explosives

Nuclear and Biological Weapons

Embracing Risk Management

Assessing the Threat

Law Enforcement

Federal Resources

Private Intelligence Services

Stratfor Strategic Forecasting, Inc

Jane’s Information Group

Economist Intelligence Unit

Flight Crew Involvement

Conclusion

References

Chapter 15 Access Controls, Perimeter Security: Another Foundation

News

Introduction

Access Control

Locks

Access Cards

Electronic Locks

Sensors

Biometric Security Systems

Retinal Scans

Fingerprint Verification Readers

Voiceprint Identification

Hand Geometry

Facial Scan

Signs

Perimeter Fencing and Lighting

Exterior Alarm Sensors

Motion Detectors

Microwave

Charged Coupled Devices

Portal Coaxial Cables

Electric Field

Vibration and Stress Detectors

Closed Circuit Television

Infrared Motion Detectors

Active Infrared

Passive Infrared

Glass-Break Detectors

The Control Room

Alarms

No Power, No Security

Media Intrusion

Computer Security

Kiosks

Conclusion

Epilogue

Changes

The More Things Change, The More They Remain the Same—Screeners Are Screener

Arming Pilots

The Federal Air Marshal Program

Emerging Technology

Civil Liberties

Summary

References

Selected Bibliography

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