Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses at a Glance 1st Edition by Ian Peate, Muralitharan Nair 1118746317 9781118746318

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ISBN 10: 1118746317

ISBN 13: 9781118746318

Author: Ian Peate, Muralitharan Nair

From the authors of the successful and acclaimed ‘Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology for Student Nurses’, comes this easy-to-read, comprehensive and highly visual overview of all the key anatomy and physiology a healthcare student needs to know.

Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses at a Glance 1st Table of contents:

Part 1 Foundations

1 The genome

Figure 1.1 DNA double helix with nucleotides in situ

Figure 1.2 RNA molecule

Figure 1.3 A nucleotide with its three parts

Figure 1.4 A chromosome

Figure 1.5 Splitting of DNA and transcription by RNA

Genetics

The double helix of DNA

RNA

Nucleotides

Bases

Chromosomes

Protein synthesis

Transcription

Translation

Gene transference

Mitosis

Meiosis

2 Homeostatic mechanisms

Figure 2.1 Components of a negative feedback system

Figure 2.2 Negative feedback of raised blood pressure

Figure 2.3 Negative feedback of raised temperature

Figure 2.4 Positive feedback of childbirth

Homeostasis

Feedback mechanisms

Receptor

Control centre

Effector

Negative feedback

What happens when the body is too hot?

What happens when the body is too cold?

Positive feedback

3 Fluid compartments

Figure 3.1 Distribution of body water

Table 3.1 Fluid intake and losses

Total body water

Intracellular fluid

Extracellular fluid

The plasma membrane

Fluid regulation

4 Cells and organelles

Figure 4.1 A typical cell

Figure 4.2 Mitochondrion

Figure 4.3 Cell membrane

Cells

Cell membrane

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Lipid bilayer

Membrane proteins

Functions of the plasma membrane

5 Transport systems

Figure 5.1 Osmosis

Figure 5.2 Simple diffusion

Figure 5.3 Active transport

Figure 5.4 Facilitated diffusion

Figure 5.5 Endocytosis

Figure 5.6 Exocytosis

Osmosis

Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport

Secondary active transport

Endocytosis and exocytosis

Purpose of exocytosis

6 Blood

Figure 6.1 Red blood cell shape

Figure 6.2 Haemoglobin molecule

Figure 6.3 Recycling of red blood cells (RBC)

Figure 6.4 White blood cells

Figure 6.5 Platelets

Blood

Formation of blood cells

RBC

Haemoglobin

Recycling of RBC

WBC

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophil

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

Platelets

Blood plasma

7 Inflammation and immunity

Figure 7.1 The cells of the immune system

Figure 7.2 Types of acquired immunity

Table 7.1 Types of antibodies

Immune system

Types of immunity

Innate immunity

Inflammation

Acquired immunity

Natural and artificial acquired immunity

8 Tissues

Figure 8.1 Levels of organisation

Figure 8.2 Types of cells

Figure 8.3 Human body tissues

Tissues

Epithelial tissue

Nervous tissue

Connective tissue

Muscle tissue

Part 2 The nervous system

9 The brain and nerves

Figure 9.1 The brain

Figure 9.2 A Neuron

Figure 9.3 Cranial nerves

Figure 9.4 The meninges

Brain

Meninges

Cerebrospinal fluid

Neuron

Axon

Dendrite

Cell body

Myelin sheath

Cranial nerves

10 Structures of the brain

Figure 10.1 The cerebrum

Figure 10.2 The cerebellum

Figure 10.3 Limbic system

Structures of the brain

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

Brain stem

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

Limbic system

Ventricles of the brain

Cerebrospinal fluid

11 The spinal cord

Figure 11.1 The spinal cord and spinal nerves

Figure 11.2 Spinal cord layers

Spinal cord

Pia matter

Arachnoid matter

Dura matter

Spinal cord sections

Functions of the spinal cord

Reflex actions

Spinal nerves

12 The blood supply

Figure 12.1 Circle of Willis

Figure 12.2 Blood brain barrier

Circle of Willis

Function of the circle of Willis

Blood–brain barrier (BBB)

Function of BBB

13 The autonomic nervous system

Figure 13.1 The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

ANS

Sympathetic nervous system

Functions

Parasympathetic nervous system

Functions

Autonomic control by the CNS

Autonomic reflexes

14 Peripheral nervous system

Figure 14.1 Somatic nervous system

Figure 14.2 Motor pathway

PNS

Peripheral nervous system connections

Sensory division

Somatic

Visceral

Motor division

Part 3 The heart and vascular system

15 The heart

Figure 15.1 Location of the heart

Figure 15.2 Walls of the heart

Figure 15.3 Myocardium cells

Figure 15.4 Chambers of the heart

Heart

Walls of the heart

Pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

Parietal pericardium

Myocardium

Endocardium

Chambers of the heart

Valves of the heart

Blood vessels of the heart

16 Blood flow through the heart

Figure 16.1 Blood flow through the heart

Figure 16.2 Blood vessels of the heart

Figure 16.3 Posterior view of the coronary veins

Blood flow

Pulmonary circulation

Systemic circulation

Coronary circulation

Coronary arteries

Coronary veins

17 The conducting system

Figure 17.1 Conducting system of the heart

Figure 17.2 Cardiac cycle

Cardiac conduction

SA node

AV node

Bundle of His

Left and right bundle branches

Purkinje fibres

Cardiac cycle

First diastole phase

First systole phase

Second diastole phase

Second systole phase

18 Nerve supply to the heart

Figure 18.1 Cardioregulatory centre

Autonomic nervous system

Chemical regulation of the heart

Hormones

Ions

Baroreceptors

Cardioinhibitory centre

Vasomotor centre

Other factors in heart regulation

Body temperature

Body fluid level

19 Structure of the blood vessels

Figure 19.1 Blood vessels

Figure 19.2 Layers of the blood vessel

Figure 19.3 Comparison of an artery, vein and capillary

Figure 19.4 Capillary network

Blood vessels

Structure

Arteries

Veins

Capillaries

20 Blood pressure

Figure 20.1 Baroreceptors

Figure 20.2 Blood pressure measurement

What is blood pressure?

Physiological factors

Control of blood pressure

Baroreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Circulating hormones

Renin-angiotensin system

Hypothalamus

Taking blood pressure

21 Lymphatic circulation

Figure 21.1 The lymphatic system

Figure 21.2 Lymphatic capillaries

Figure 21.3 Lymph node

Lymphatic system

What is lymph?

Lymph nodes

Lymphatic organs

Spleen

Thymus gland

Functions of the lymphatic system

Part 4 The respiratory system

22 The respiratory tract

Figure 22.1 Respiratory organs

Figure 22.2 Detail structures of the respiratory tract

Figure 22.3 Lower respiratory tract

Figure 22.4 Bronchial tree

Respiratory system

Upper respiratory tract

Lower respiratory tract

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi and bronchioles

Lungs

Blood supply

23 Pulmonary ventilation

Figure 23.1 Boyle’s Law

Figure 23.2 Inspiration and expiration

Breathing

Inspiration

Exhalation

Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation

Surface tension of alveolar fluid

Airway resistance

Compliance of the lungs

Lung volumes

24 Control of breathing

Figure 24.1 Respiratory centre

Figure 24.2 Peripheral chemoreceptors

Pneumotaxic area

Apneustic area

Medullary rhythmicity area

Central chemoreceptors

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Inflation reflex

Other influences on respiration

Limbic system

Temperature

Pain

Irritation of airways

25 Gas exchange

Figure 25.1 External respiration

Figure 25.2 Gas exchange in the lungs

Figure 25.3 Internal respiration

External respiration

Exchange of gases in the lungs

Fick’s Law

Internal respiration

Factors affecting pulmonary and systemic gas exchange

Partial pressure difference of gases

Surface area available for gas exchange

Diffusion distance

Solubility of gases

Transport of gases

Part 5 The gastrointestinal tract

26 The upper gastrointestinal tract

Figure 26.1 Upper and lower GI tract

Figure 26.2 The tongue

Figure 26.3 Swallowing action

Figure 26.4 Stomach

The mouth (oral cavity)

Lips and cheeks

Tongue

Palate

Salivary glands

Oesophagus

Swallowing (deglutition)

Stomach

27 The lower gastrointestinal tract

Figure 27.1 Small intestine

Figure 27.2 Large intestine

Small intestine

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Large intestine (colon)

28 The liver, gallbladder and biliary tree

Figure 28.1 The liver, gallbladder and pancreas

Figure 28.2 Liver lobules

Figure 28.3 Bile production and secretion

Liver

Segments of the liver

Ligaments of the liver

Blood supply

Liver functions

Gallbladder

Function of bile

Biliary tree (tract)

29 Pancreas and spleen

Figure 29.1 The pancreas

Pancreas

Composition of pancreatic juice

Functions of pancreatic juice

Spleen

Function of the spleen

30 Digestion

Figure 30.1 Digestion and absorption

Mechanical

Mastication

Peristalsis

Chemical

Digestion and absorption

Part 6 The urinary system

31 The kidney: microscopic

Figure 31.1 A nephron

Figure 31.2 Bowman’s capsule

Nephrons

Glomerular capsule

Glomerulus

Proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

Collecting ducts

32 The kidney: macroscopic

Figure 32.1 External layers of the kidney

Figure 32.2 Blood flow through the kidney

Kidney

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Renal pelvis

Blood supply

Nerve supply

33 The ureter, bladder and urethra

Figure 33.1 Blood supply of the ureter

Figure 33.2 Bladder

Figure 33.3 Male urethra

Figure 33.4 Female urethra

Ureters

Abdominal ureter

Pelvic ureter

Blood supply

Urinary bladder

Layers of the bladder

Vessels and nerves

Urethra

Male urethra

Female urethra

34 Formation of urine

Figure 34.1 Renal filtration

Figure 34.2 Renin-angiotension pathway

Filtration

Selective reabsorption

Secretion

Hormonal control

ADH

Angiotension

Aldosterone

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Part 7 The male reproductive system

35 External male genitalia

Figure 35.1 Left testis and epididymis

Figure 35.2 Sagittal view of penis and male pelvis

Figure 35.3 The anatomy of the penis

The testes

Spermatogenesis

The penis

The epididymis

The vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and spermatic cord

36 The prostate gland

Figure 36.1 The zones of the prostate gland

The gland

The zones of the prostate gland

The peripheral zone

The transition zone

Central zone

The surfaces of the prostate gland

The base

The apex

The anterior, inferolateral and posterior surfaces

The function of the prostate gland

Prostatic fluid

Some structures around the prostate

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

37 Spermatogenesis

Figure 37.1 Spermatogenesis

Figure 37.2 Primary and secondary sex characteristics

Spermatogenesis

Male sex hormones

Part 8 The female reproductive system

38 Female internal reproductive organs

Figure 38.1 The female internal reproductive organs

Table 38.1 The layers of the uterus

The internal female reproductive organs

The ovaries

The ovarian cortex

Graafian follicles

Corpus luteum

The ovarian medulla

Oogenesis

Female sex hormones

The uterus

The fallopian tubes

The vagina

The cervix

39 External female genitalia

Figure 39.1 The female external genitalia

The mons veneris

Labia majora

Labia minora

Clitoris

The urethra

Hymen

Blood supply

Arterial supply of the female external genitalia

Venous drainage of the female external genitalia

Lymph drainage

Nerve supply

40 The breast

Figure 40.1 The breast

Figure 40.2 The breast and surrounding structures

Figure 40.3 Lobules and ducts

Figure 40.4 Breast lymph

Figure 40.5 Axillary lymph nodes

The breast

Function

Structure

Lobules and ducts

Fat, ligaments and connective tissue

Nerve supply

Arteries and capillaries

Lymph nodes and lymph ducts

Breast development

Hormones and the breast

41 The menstrual cycle

Figure 41.1 Hormonal regulation of the changes in the ovary and uterus

Figure 41.2 Changes in the concentration of anterior pituitary and ovarian hormones

The reproductive cycle

The pituitary gland

The follicular phase

The ovulatory phase

The luteal phase

The menstrual cycle

Part 9 The endocrine system

42 The endocrine system

Figure 42.1 The major endocrine glands

Figure 42.2 The pituitary gland and surrounding structures

Table 42.1 Hormones released by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

The endocrine glands

The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

The pineal gland

The anterior pituitary lobe

The posterior pituitary lobe

43 The thyroid and adrenal glands

Figure 43.1 The thyroid and parathyroid glands

Table 43.1 Some effects associated with an abnormal secretion of thyroid hormones

Figure 43.2 Control of thyroid hormone production — negative feedback

The thyroid gland

Parathyroid glands

The adrenal glands

Hormones of the adrenal cortex

Hormones of the adrenal medulla

44 The pancreas and gonads

Figure 44.1 The pancreas

Figure 44.2 Insulin and glucagon effects on blood glucose

Table 44.1 Other endocrine glands

The pancreas

The exocrine pancreas

The endocrine pancreas

Insulin

Glucagon

Somatostatin

The gonads

The ovaries

The testes

Other endocrine glands

Part 10 The musculoskeletal system

45 Bone structure

Figure 45.1 Bone remodelling

Figure 45.2 Bone growth

Figure 45.3 Osteon, haversian canal

Bone remodelling and modelling

Ossification

Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts

The skeleton

46 Bone types

Figure 46.1 The skeleton: axial and appendicular

Figure 46.2 Compact bone (long bone): found in the toes, legs, fingers and arms

Figure 46.3 Short bone

Figure 46.4 Flat bone

Figure 46.5 Irregular bone

Figure 46.6 Sesamoid bone

Skeleton divisions

The axial skeleton

The appendicular skeleton

Bone types

Long bones

Short bones

Flat bones

Irregular bones

Sesamoid bones

47 Joints

Figure 47.1 Joint types

Movements

Fibrous joints

Cartilaginous joints

Synovial joints

Freely movable (synovial) joints

Hinge

Pivot

Ball and socket

Saddle

Condyloid

Gliding

48 Muscles

Figure 48.1 Muscle tissues

Muscles

Muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle tissue

Cardiac muscle tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Properties of muscle tissue

Part 11 The skin

49 The skin layers

Figure 49.1 The skin and associated structures

Figure 49.2 Skin types

Figure 49.3 The layers of the epidermis

The skin

The layers of the skin

The epidermis

The dermis

The subcutaneous tissues

50 The skin appendages

Figure 50.1 The hair and associated glands

Figure 50.2 The nails

The dermal appendages

The hair

The nail

The glands

The sebaceous glands

The sudoriferous glands

The ceruminous glands

51 Epithelialisation

Figure 51.1 Epidermal and deep wound healing

Epithelialisation

Wounds

How wounds heal

Types of wound healing

Primary closure

Secondary closure

Delayed primary closure

Wound closure

52 Granulation

Figure 52.1 Summary of wound healing events

Granulation tissue

Tissue repair

Over-granulation

Part 12 The senses

53 Sight

Figure 53.1 The eye

Table 53.1 The eye

Figure 53.2 The lacrimal apparatus

Sight

The orbit

The eye lids, eye lashes and eye brows

The lacrimal apparatus

The sclera

The cornea

The aqueous humour

The iris

The lens and ciliary muscle

The retina

The visual system pathways to the brain

The visual cortex

54 Hearing

Figure 54.1 The ear

Figure 54.2 The outer ear

Figure 54.3 The middle ear

Figure 54.4 The inner ear

Hearing

The ear

The outer (external ear)

The middle ear

Tympanic membrane

Ossicles

Auditory tube

The inner ear

The vestibule

The semicircular canals

The cochlea

Blood supply to the inner ear

The organ of Corti

55 Olfaction

Figure 55.1 Pathway of smell

Figure 55.2 Olfactory epithelium and olfactory receptor cells

Figure 55.3 The olfactory bulb (nerve)

Physiology of olfaction

Olfactory nerve and the cribriform plate

Olfactory bulb

Olfactory tract

56 Gustation

Figure 56.1 The tongue

Figure 56.2 Taste

Gustation

The tongue

Anatomy and physiology

Taste bud anatomy

Back Matter

Appendices

Appendix 1: Cross-references to chapters in Pathophysiology for Nurses at a Glance

Appendix 2: Normal physiological values

Appendix 3: Prefixes and suffixes

Appendix 4: Glossary

Further reading

Index

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