Advances in Computing and Communications Part III First International Conference ACC 2011 Kochi India July 22 24 2011 Proceedings 1st edition by Ajith Abraham, Jaime Lloret Mauri, John Buford 9783642227202 3642227201

Security, Trust and Privacy

Chaotic Integrity Check Value

Introduction

Proposed Hash Function

Strengthening the Proposed Hash Function

Scheme A

Scheme B

Results and Analysis

Checking for Collisions in the Whole Space

Sensitivity of Proposed Keyed Hash Function with Respect to Input Message

Sensitivity of Control Parameter

Sensitivity of Initial Value

Collision Analysis

Conclusions

References

An In-Depth Analysis of the Epitome of Online Stealth: Keyloggers; and Their Countermeasures

Introduction

Advanced Keylogger Characteristics

Keylogger Methodology: Stealth and Persistence

Keylogger Malware Statistics

Anti-keylogger Analysis

Mitigation Techniques Users

Multifactor Authentication to Thwart Password Stealing [10]

Scratch List

Time Based

Challenge Response Based

Our Solution

Advantages

Disadvantage

Conclusion

References

Cancelable Biometrics for Better Security and Privacy in Biometric Systems

Introduction

Cancelable Biometrics: Related Work

A Biometric Data Shuffling Scheme to Create Cancelable Biometric Templates

The Shuffling Technique

Advantages of Using the Proposed Shuffling Scheme

Experimental Setup

Experimental Results and Security Analysis

Results and Security Analysis on Iris Modality

Results and Security Analysis on Face Modality

Conclusions and Perspectives

References

Advanced Clustering Based Intrusion Detection (ACID) Algorithm

Introduction

Intrusion

Intrusion Detection and Its Importance

Clustering

Introduction

Clustering in Intrusion Detection

Advanced Clustering Based Intrusion Detection (ACID) Algorithm

Introduction

Analysis of the Problem

Solution Strategy

Various Modules or Functions Used

Results and Discussion

Conclusions

References

Measuring the Deployment Hiccups of DNSSEC

Introduction

Background

Domain Name System (DNS)

DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC)

Methodology

PlanetLab

Tor

Data Collection

Results

Node Categorization

Failure Patterns

Related Work

Conclusion

References

Sensor Networks

Self-organizing MAC Protocol Switching for Performance Adaptation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Introduction

Background

Related Work

Proposed Dynamic MAC Protocol Switching

Protocol Adaptations

Adaptations of CSMA/CA for TDMA Coexistence

Adaptation of TDMA for CSMA/CA Coexistence

MAC Protocol Switching Logic

Influencing Switching Parameters

Switching Criteria

Experimental Evaluation

Switching in Response to Changes in Data Rate

Switching in Response to Number of Active Nodes

Switching with Spatially Clustered Traffic

Conclusions and Ongoing Work

References

DFDNM: A Distributed Fault Detection and Node Management Scheme for Wireless Sensor Network

Introduction

Cellular Automata

Mathematical Analysis

Energy Requirement for Wireless Communication

Fault Detection

Proposed DFDNM Approach

Experimental Results

Conclusions

References

An Optimized Reduced Energy Consumption (OREC) Algorithm for Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Introduction

Related Work

Proposed Method

The Node Deployment Protocol

The Realistic Power Model

Optimized Reduced Energy Consumption (OREC) Algorithm

Simulation Results

Conclusion and Future Work

References

Improving Energy Efficiency of Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks Using Transmission Power Control:

Introduction

Related Work

Transmission Power Control to Enhance Energy Efficiency

Overview of RMAC

RMAC with Power Control (RMAC-PC)

Simulation and Results

Conclusion

References

A Collaborative, Secure and Energy Efficient Intrusion Detection Method for Homogeneous WSN

Introduction

Related Works

Contributions

Network Deployment

Algorithm and Probability Analysis

Single Sensing Detection Model

Multi Sensing Detection Model

Simulation and Verification

Conclusions

References

An Efficient and Hybrid Key Management Scheme for Three Tier Wireless Sensor Networks Using LU Matri

Introduction

Related Works

Our Contributions

Preliminaries

Notations Used

WSN Architecture

Proposed Scheme

Security Analysis

Performance Analysis

References

Grey System Theory-Based Energy Map Construction for Wireless Sensor Networks

Introduction

Related Work

Prediction Based Energy Map

Energy Map

The Protocol

Grey System Theory-Based Energy Map

The GM(1, 1) Model

Simulation Results

Optimal Sequence Length

Predicted Value and Correct Value of Energy

Conclusion

References

An Entropic Approach to Data Aggregation with Divergence Measure Based Clustering in Sensor Network

Introduction

Related Work

Proposed Divergence Measure Based Clustering Technique

Preliminary Clustering Phase

Final Clustering Phase

Proposed Data Fusion Algorithm Using Fuzzy-Entropy

Simulation and Performance Evaluations

Conclusion

References

Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Spatial Correlation Based Coll

Introduction

Related Work

Proposed Model

Spatial Correlation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Distortion Constraint

Simulation Results for Distortion Constraint

Collaborative Based Medium Access control (CC-MAC)

Iterative Node Selection Algorithm

Routing Algorithms

Simulation Results

Comparison of End to End Delay with AODV, DSR, DSDV

Comparison of Packet Delivery Ratio with AODV, DSR, DSDV

Comparison of Packet Loss with AODV, DSR, DSDV

Comparison of Energy Consumption with AODV, DSR, DSDV

Conclusion and Future Work

References

Signal and Image Processing

Palmprint Authentication by Phase Congruency Features

Introduction

Palmprint Authentication System

Feature Extraction Using Phase Congruency Features

Feature Matching

Euclidean Distance Similarity Measurement

Reference Threshold

Experimental Results and Analysis

Palmprint Authentication System

Reference Threshold Calculation

Conclusion

References

Design and Implementation of 3D DWT for 4D Image Based Noninvasive Surgery

Introduction

3D Discrete Wavelet Transform for 4D Imaging

Proposed 3D DWT for 4D Imaging

Simulink Model Design of 3D-DWT

Result and Discussion

Conclusion

References

Stratified SIFT Matching for Human Iris Recognition

Introduction

Conventional SIFT Matching

Stratified SIFT Matching

Strata I: SIFT Matching

Strata II: Gradient Based Filtering

Strata III: Scale Based Filtering

Experimental Results

Conclusions

References

Quality Index Based Face Recognition under Varying Illumination Conditions

Introduction

Image Quality Index Based Face Recognition

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

References

Noise Adaptive Weighted Switching Median Filter for Removing High Density Impulse Noise

Introduction

Noise Models

Noise Adaptive Weighted Switching Median (NAWSM) Filter

Noise Detection Stage

Noise Filtering Stage

Performance Measures

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

References

SMT-8036 Based Implementation of Secured Software Defined Radio System for Adaptive Modulation Techn

Introduction

System Architecture

Random Number Generator Based Multi-modulation Software Defined Radio Transmitter

Adaptive SDR Receiver

Platform Used

System Level Simulations

Conclusion and Future Scope

References

Abstraction of Exudates in Color Fundus Images

Introduction

Related Works

Proposed Method

Image Acquisition

Preprocessing

Retinal Image Segmentation

Feature Selection

Region Level Classification

Results

Conclusion

References

A Histogram Adaptation for Contrast Enhancement

Introduction

Histogram Adaptation

Methodologies

Adjustable Histogram Equalization

Histogram Smoothing

Weighted Histogram Approximation

Low-Complexity Histogram Modification Algorithm

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

References

Evaluating the Performance of a Speech Recognition Based System

Introduction

Evaluation without Testing

Case Study

Conclusion

References

Unified Approach in Food Quality Evaluation Using Machine Vision

Introduction

Quality Evaluation Using Machine Vision

Assesment of Food Products

Proposed Unified Approach for Quality Evaluation

Conclusion

References

Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Based All-Optical Peres Gate

Introduction

SOA Based MZI Switch

Peres Gate (PG) Architecture and Its Simulation

Peres Gate (PG) Configuration Using MZI

Functional Operations

Simulation and Performance Evaluation

Concluding Remarks

References

Using PSO in Image Hiding Scheme Based on LSB Substitution

Introduction

Particle Swarm Optimization

Proposed Technique

Extraction of Secret Image

Experimental Results

Conclusions

References

Matrix Embedding Using Random Linear Codes and Its Steganalysis

Introduction

Basic Concepts

Matrix Embedding

Matrix Embedding Using Random Linear Codes for Large Relative Payloads

The Algorithm

Experimental Results

Embedding Efficiency

PSNR Values

Chi-Square Attack

RS Attack

Conclusion

References

An Efficient Directional Weighted Median Switching Filter for Impulse Noise Removal in Medical Image

Introduction

Noise Models

An Efficient Directional Weighted Median Switching Filter for Impulse Noise Removal in Medical Image

Noise Detection Stage

Noise Filtering Stage

Performance Measures

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

References

An Improved Handwritten Text Line Segmentation Technique

Introduction

Proposed Method

Painting Algorithm and Stripe Minimization

Line Drawing by Estimated Slope and Adding Words to blocks

Edge Detection Process

Experiment Analysis and Comparative Study

Conclusion

References

Skew Estimation for Unconstrained Handwritten Documents

Introduction

Proposed Method

Experimental Results and Comparative Study

Discussion and Conclusion

References

Recognition of Simple and Conjunct Handwritten Malayalam Characters Using LCPA Algorithm

Introduction

Proposed OCR System

Pre processing Technique

Skeletonization

Feature Extraction and Recognition

Classification of Characters Based on Features

Experimental Analysis

Conclusion

References

A Fuzzy Genetic Approach to Impulse Noise Removal

Introduction

Genetic Algorithm Based Impulse Noise Removal

The Proposed Method Using Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm

Results and Discussion

Performance Evaluation

Conclusion

References

Chain Code Histogram Based Facial Image Feature Extraction under Degraded Conditions

Introduction

Face Database

Chain Code Histogram (CCH) for Image Feature Extraction

Face Verification System Using CCH Feature

Preprocessing

Canny Edge Detection

CCH Feature Extraction

Verification System

Experiments and Outcomes

Experimental Details

Experimental Results and Discussions

Summary and Conclusions

References

Object Recognition Based on Fuzzy Morphological Polynomial Signal Representation

Introduction

Background Knowledge

Fuzzy Mathematical Morphology

Fuzzy Morphological Polynomial (FMP) Signal Representation

FMP Object Recognition

Examples

Conclusions

References

Face Detection for Skin-Toned Images Using Signature Functions

Introduction

Preprocessing

Proposed Algorithm

Feature Extraction Stage

Testing Phase

Results

Conclusion

References

Recurrent Neural Network Based Phoneme Recognition Incorporating Articulatory Dynamic Parameters

Introduction

Distinctive Phonetic Features

Phoneme Recognition Methods

The Existing Method [9]

Proposed Method

Experiments

Speech Database

Experimental Setup

Experimental Results and Analysis

Conclusion

References

Gaussian Noise and Haar Wavelet Transform Image Compression on Transmission of Dermatological Images

Introduction

The Dermatological Image Database

The HWT Compression Based Teledermatology System (HTS)

Results and Conclusion

References

Image Processing Techniques for Glaucoma Detection

Introduction

Proposed Methods for Glaucoma Detection

Pre Processing

Segmentation from the Preprocessed Image

Results and Discussions of Glaucoma Detection Techniques Based on CDR Evaluation

Glaucoma Detection Based on Multi-thresholding

Glaucoma Detection Based on Active Contour Method

Glaucoma Detection Based on Region Growing Segmentation Technique

Conclusion

References

Transmitter Preprocessing Assisted MIMO SDMA Systems over Frequency-Selective Channels

Introduction

System Configuration

Power Allocation Policy

Joint Power Allocation Policy

Individual Power Allocation Policy

Performance Results

Conclusion

References

A Fuzzy Neuro Clustering Based Vector Quantization for Face Recognition

Introduction

Related Works

Proposed Face Recognition System

Pre-processing

The Proposed Adaptive Codebook Design

Codebook Generated by Code Classification

Codebook Design Using IAFC

Experimental Results and Discussions

Conclusion

References

3D Face Recognition Using Orientation Maps

Introduction

Methodology

Preprocessing

Significant Point Extraction

Significant Point Descriptor Computation

Similarity between Two Face Images

Experimental Results

Database

Results

Conclusion

References

The Optimal Wavelet for Speech Compression

Introduction

Choice of Wavelet

Discrete Wavelet Transform

Signal Reconstruction

Data Base used for the Experiment

Experiment

Performance Measurement Tools

Mean Square Error

Peak Signal to Noise Ratio

Normalized Root Mean Square Error

Retained Signal Energy (RSE)

Compression Ratio

Mean Opinion Score (MOS)

Result

Conclusion

References

Skew Angle Estimation and Correction for Noisy Document Images

Introduction

Prior and Related Work

System Description

Preprocessing

Noise Removal Algorithm

Image Block Selection

Skew Angle Estimation and Correction

Experimental Results

Mean Filter

Median Filter

Conclusion

References

Face Recognition Using ATP Feature Set under Difficult Lighting Conditions

Introduction

Related Work

Empirical Model of the Proposed System

Noise Removal Technique

Feature Extraction

Empirical Analysis

Conclusion

References

Classification of Mammogram Images Using Discrete Wavelet Transformations

Introduction

Digital Mammograms

Wavelet Transformations

Proposed Method

Results

Conclusions

References

Optimized Trace Transform Based Feature Extraction Architecture for CBIR

Introduction

Proposed Algorithm and Architecture for Trace Transform Based Feature Extraction

Proposed Algorithm

Proposed Architecture

Implementation and Results

Conclusion

References

Multi-algorithm Fusion for Speech Emotion Recognition

Introduction

Our Approach

Wavelet Transform

Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) Algorithm

Fusion of Algorithms

Feature Extraction

Feature Extraction from Wavelet Transform

Feature Extraction from MFCC

Feature Matching

Experiments and Results

Conclusion

References

Combining Chain-Code and Fourier Descriptors for Fingerprint Matching

Introduction

Shape Representation

Chain Code

Fourier Descriptors

Proposed Method

Pre-processing

Chain Code Processing

Fourier Descriptor

Feature Extraction

Matching Similarity Measures

Test Results

Conclusion

References

Facial Emotion Recognition Using Different Multi-resolution Transforms

Introduction

Related Work

Multi-resolution Image Analysis

Wavelet Transform

Curvelet Transform

Contourlet Transform

Experiments and Results

Emotion Corpus

Experimental Setup

Conclusion

References

Robust Watermarking through Spatially Disjoint Transformations

Introduction

Related Works

Theory of DCT Watermarking

Theory of DWT Watermarking

Theory of DFT Watermarking

Proposed Spatially Disjoint Watermarking Procedure

Experimental Results

Result Analysis for PSNR

Result Analysis for Similarity Factor

Results for PSNR and SM against Various Signal Processing Attacks

Conclusion

References

Soft Computing Techniques

An ANN Based Approach to Calculate Robotic Fingers Positions

Introduction

Related Work

System Description

ANN Implementation

Results

Conclusion

References

Word Classification Using Neural Network

Introduction

Features for Classification

Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs)

Formants (F1, F2, F3 and F4)

Zero Crossing Rate

Results and Discussions

Conclusion

References

Very Short Term Wind Power Forecasting Using PSO-Neural Network Hybrid System

Introduction

PSO-Neural Network

Artificial Neural Network

Particle Swarm Optimization

Short Term Wind Power Forecasting

Wind Speed Prediction

Wind Power Prediction

Results

Conclusion

References

A Class of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) Architectures with SOM for Estimating MIMO Channels

Introduction

Basic Considerations of RNN

System Model

Complex Time Delay Fully Recurrent Neural Network (CTDFRNN) with Self Organizing Map (SOM) Optimizat

Competitive Learning of the SOM Optimization Block

Experimental Results and Discussion

Conclusion

References

An Efficient Framework for Prediction in Healthcare Data Using Soft Computing Techniques

Introduction

Literature Survey

Motivation

Data Set Details

Proposed Data Preprocessing Framework

Proposed Approach to Impute Continuous Missing Values

Proposed Approach to Impute Categorical Missing Values

Prediction Model

Performance Analysis

Conclusions

References

Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning for Soft Computing

Introduction

Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning

Context and Examples

Genetic Algorithms

Neural Networks

Fuzzy Sets and Relations

Results

Conclusions

References

A Modified and Efficient Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (MSFLA) for Unsupervised Data Clustering

Introduction

Scientific Backgrounds

Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA)

Steps in SFL Algorithm

MSFLA to Data Clustering

Modified SFLA (MSFLA)

Application to Data Clustering

Experimental Studies

Experimental Settings

Results and Discussion

Simulation Results

Conclusions

References

Neighborhood Search Assisted Particle Swarm Optimization (NPSO) Algorithm for Partitional Data Clust

Introduction

Data Clustering Problem Formulation

PSO Algorithms in Clustering

General Structure of Proposed NPSO Algorithm

Generation of Initial Particles

Centroid-Updating Scheme

Neighborhood Search Schemes

Performance Analysis of NPSO Algorithm

Experimental Setup

Results and Discussions

Conclusion

References

System Software

Portability in Incremental Compilers

Introduction

Related Work

Proposed Solution

External Data Representation

Proposed Architecture

XML-Based Code

Results and Observations

Conclusion and Future Work

References

Test Case Optimization Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

Introduction

Background Work

Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm

Proposed Strategy

ABC Optimization Algorithm

Case Study

Analysis and Comparison

Conclusions and Future Work

References

Vehicular Communications Networks

Adaptive Power Allocation in CI/MC-CDMA System Using Genetic Algorithms

Introduction

Review of Prior Works, Limitations and Scope of the Present Work

System Model with Antenna Diversity

Transmitter Model

Channel Model

Receiver Model

Antenna Diversity

Proposed GA Based Power Allocation Algorithm

Formulation of Objective Function

GA Based Adaptive Power Allocation

Performance Evaluation

Conclusions and Scope of Future Works

References

PHY Abstraction for MIMO Based OFDM Systems

Introduction

Link Level Simulations

System Level Simulations

Abstraction Methods for Link to Systems

Static Methodology of Abstraction

Dynamic PHY Abstraction Methodology

Received Symbol Mutual Information Rate

RBIR Mapping for MIMO Receiver

Channel Estimation Error Modeling

Simulations

Simulation Parameter

Conclusions

References

Level Crossing Rate in Land Mobile Satellite Channel with a Modified Nakagami-Lognormal Distribution

Introduction

Envelope Process and Probability Density Function

Expression for Level Crossing Rate

Expression for Joint Pdf of Signal and Its Time Derivative

Level Crossing Rate

Effects of Different Parameters on Computed LCR

Conclusion

References

Cache Invalidation for Location Dependent and Independent Data in IVANETS

Introduction

Related Work

Proposed Scheme

System Model

Proposed Approach

Proposed Cache Invalidation Technique

Theoretical Analysis

Conclusion

References

VCAR: Scalable and Adaptive Data Dissemination for VANET

Introduction

Related Work

Proposed Protocol Model

Junction Mode

Highway Mode

Cluster Formation

Cluster Head Announcement

Mobile Cluster in Highway Mode

Simulation and Performance Evaluation

Simulation Results and Analysis

Conclusion

References

Efficient Distributed Group Authentication Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

Introduction

Related Work

Protocol Design

Security Requirements

E-GAP Protocol

Simulation

Performance Evaluation

Conclusions and Future Work

References

Opportunistic Dissemination for Accident Management Using Vehicular Networks

Introduction

Related Works

Proposed Model

Least Length Path Routing (LLPR)

Performance Evaluation

Conclusion

References

Machine Learning Approach for Multiple Misbehavior Detection in VANET

Introduction

Related Work

System and Attacker Model

Proposed Methodology

Experimental Setup

Results and Analysis

Conclusion

References

Improved Position-Based Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Using P-DIR Method

Introduction

Related Work

Proposed Work

Link Duration (LD)

Direction towards Destination (DR)

Position Metric for Next-Hop Node

Results and Performance Analysis

Link Duration

Position of the Next-Hop Node

Conclusion

References

IMS and Presence Service Integration on Intelligent Transportation Systems for Future Services

Introduction

IMS Background

3GPP IMS Core

3GPP IMS Emergency Sessions

3GPP IMS Presence Architecture

Related Work

Reference Architecture

Development of the Presence-Based Service Platform

Service Prototypes

Conclusions and Future Work

References

Author Index