Fundamentals of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology 1st edition by Sean Hubar 9781119122227 1119122228

Part One: Fundamentals

A Introduction

What is dental radiology?

What are x rays?

What’s the big deal about x‐ray images?

B History

Discovery of x rays

Who took the world’s first “dental” radiograph?

Dr. C. E. Kells, Jr., a New Orleans dentist and the early days of dental radiography

C Generation of X Rays

D Exposure Controls

Voltage (V)

Amperage (A)

Exposure timer

E Radiation Dosimetry

Exposure

Absorbed dose

Equivalent dose

Effective dose

F Radiation Biology

What happens to the dental x‐ray photons that are directed at a patient?

Determinants of biologic damage from x‐radiation exposure

G Radiation Protection

1. RADIATION PROTECTION: PATIENT

Protective apron

Collimation

Filtration

Digital versus analog

Exposure settings

Operator technique

2. RADIATION PROTECTION: OFFICE PERSONNEL

How much occupational radiation exposure is permitted?

H Patient Selection Criteria

I Film versus Digital Imaging

Film

Digital imaging

Imaging software

J What do Dental X‐ray Images Reveal?

Alterations to the dentition

Periodontal disease

Growth and development

Alterations to periapical tissues

Osseous pathology

Temporomandibular joint disorder

Implant assessment (pre‐ and post‐placement)

Identification of a foreign body

K Intraoral Imaging Techniques

1. PARALLELING TECHNIQUE

Maxillary incisors paralleling projection (Fig. K4)

Maxillary cuspid paralleling projection (Fig. K5)

Maxillary bicuspid paralleling projection (Fig. K6)

Maxillary molar paralleling projection (Fig. K7)

Mandibular incisor paralleling projection (Fig. K8)

Mandibular cuspid paralleling projection (Fig. K9)

Mandibular bicuspid paralleling projection (Fig. K10)

Mandibular molar paralleling projection (Fig. K11)

2. BISECTING ANGLE TECHNIQUE

Maxillary incisor bisecting angle projection

Maxillary cuspid bisecting angle projection

Maxillary bicuspid bisecting angle projection

Maxillary molar bisecting angle projection

Mandibular incisor bisecting angle projection

Mandibular cuspid bisecting angle projection

Mandibular bicuspid bisecting angle projection

Mandibular molar bisecting angle projection

3. BITEWING TECHNIQUE

Bicuspid bitewing (Fig. K14)

Molar bitewing (Fig. K15)

Anterior bitewing projection (Fig. K16)

4. DISTAL OBLIQUE TECHNIQUE

5. OCCLUSAL IMAGING TECHNIQUE

Maxillary occlusal projection

Mandibular occlusal projection

L Intraoral Technique Errors

Cone‐cut

Apex missing

Elongation

Foreshortening

Overlapped contacts

Missing contacts

Overexposure and underexposure

Motion artifact

Foreign object

M Extraoral Imaging Techniques

1. PANORAMIC IMAGING

Positioning the patient

Exposure settings

Advantages and disadvantages

Technique errors

Anatomic landmarks

2. LATERAL CEPHALOGRAPH IMAGING

3. CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Introduction

Anatomic landmarks

N Quality Assurance

O Infection Control

Excerpt from “CDC Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health‐Care Settings”

General instructions for cleaning and disinfecting a solid‐state receptor (courtesy of Sirona™)

P Occupational Radiation Exposure Monitoring

Q Hand‐held X‐ray Systems

Dental radiographic examinations: recommendations for patient selection and limiting radiation exposure

Commentary

Part Two: Interpretation

R Localization of Objects (SLOB Rule)

S Recommendations for Interpreting Images

T X‐ray Puzzles

U Radiographic Anatomy

1. DENTAL ANATOMY

2. ANATOMIC LANDMARKS OF THE MAXILLARY REGION

Radiopaque landmarks

Radiolucent landmarks

3. ANATOMIC LANDMARKS OF THE MANDIBULAR REGION

Radiopaque landmarks

Radiolucent landmarks

V Dental Caries

Limitations to visualizing caries on x‐ray images

Classification of caries

W Dental Anomalies

Number

Size

Shape

Developmental factors

Environmental factors

X Osseous Pathology (Alphabetic)

Y Lagniappe (Miscellaneous Oddities)