Learning Radiology Recognizing the Basics 1st edition by William Herring 9780323567299 0323567290

Chapter 1 Recognizing Anything

Many Shades of Gray

Conventional Radiography (Plain Films)

The Five Basic Densities

Computed Tomography

Ultrasound

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Fluoroscopy

Nuclear Medicine

Conventions Used in This Book

Chapter 2 Recognizing a Technically Adequate Chest Radiograph

Evaluating the Chest Radiograph for Technical Adequacy

Penetration

Inspiration

Rotation

Magnification

Angulation

Chapter 3 Recognizing Normal Pulmonary Anatomy

The Normal Frontal Chest Radiograph

The Normal Lateral Chest Radiograph

Normal CT Anatomy of the Chest

Chapter 4 Recognizing Normal Cardiac Anatomy

Evaluating the Heart on Chest Radiographs

General Principles

Evaluating the Heart on Cardiac CT

Uses of Cardiac CT

Cardiac MRI

Chapter 5 Recognizing Airspace Versus Interstitial Lung Disease

Classifying Parenchymal Lung Disease

Characteristics of Airspace Disease

Some Causes of Airspace Disease

Characteristics of Interstitial Lung Disease

Some Causes of Interstitial Lung Disease

Chapter 6 Recognizing the Causes of an Opacified Hemithorax

Atelectasis of the Entire Lung

Massive Pleural Effusion

Pneumonia of an Entire Lung

Postpneumonectomy

Chapter 7 Recognizing Atelectasis

What Is Atelectasis?

Signs of Atelectasis

Types of Atelectasis

How Atelectasis Resolves

Chapter 8 Recognizing a Pleural Effusion

Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Pleural Space

Modalities for Detecting Pleural Effusions

Causes of Pleural Effusions (Table 8.1)

Types of Pleural Effusions

Side-Specificity of Pleural Effusions

Recognizing the Different Apperances of Pleural Effusions

Chapter 9 Recognizing Pneumonia

General Considerations

General Characteristics of Pneumonia

Patterns of Pneumonia

Lobar Pneumonia

Segmental Pneumonia (Bronchopneumonia)

Interstitial Pneumonia

Round Pneumonia

Cavitary Pneumonia

Aspiration

Localizing Pneumonia

How Pneumonia Resolves

Chapter 10 Recognizing the Correct Placement of Lines and Tubes And Their Potential Complications

Endotracheal and Tracheostomy Tubes

Intravascular Catheters

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters: PICC

Multiple Lumen Catheters: “Quinton Catheters,” Hemodialysis Catheters

Pleural Drainage Tubes (Chest Tubes, Thoracotomy Tubes)

Cardiac Devices: Pacemaker, Automatic Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator (AICD), Intra-aortic Balloon Pump (IABP)

Automatic Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators (AICD)

Intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon pump (IABP or IACB)

Gi Tubes and Lines: Nasogastric Tubes, Feeding Tubes

Chapter 11 Recognizing Other Diseases of the Chest

Mediastinal Masses

Anterior Mediastinum

Middle Mediastinal Masses

Posterior Mediastinal Masses

Solitary Nodule/Mass in the Lung

Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Metastatic Neoplasms in the Lung

Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease (PE)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Bullae, Cysts, and Cavities

Bronchiectasis

Chapter 12 Recognizing Adult Heart Disease

Recognizing an Enlarged Cardiac Silhouette

Recognizing Common Cardiac Diseases

Chapter 13 Recognizing the Normal Abdomen and Pelvis

Recognizing the Normal Abdomen: What to Look For

Acute Abdominal Series: The Views and What They Show

Recognizing the Normal Abdomen: Extraluminal Air

Recognizing the Normal Abdomen: Calcifications

Recognizing the Normal Abdomen: Organomegaly

Chapter 14 Recognizing the Normal Abdomen and Pelvis on Computed Tomography

Introduction to Abdominal and Pelvic CT

Intravenous Contrast in CT Scanning

Oral Contrast in CT Scanning

Abdominal CT: General Considerations

Abdominal CT: By organ

Chapter 15 Recognizing Bowel Obstruction and Ileus

Abnormal Gas Patterns

Laws of the Gut

Functional Ileus: Localized—Sentinel Loops

Functional Ileus: Generalized Adynamic Ileus

Mechanical Obstruction: Small Bowel Obstruction

Mechanical Obstruction: Large Bowel Obstruction (LBO)

Volvulus of the Colon

Intestinal Pseudoobstruction (Ogilvie Syndrome)

Chapter 16 Recognizing Extraluminal Gas in the Abdomen

Signs of Free Intraperitoneal Air

Signs of Extraperitoneal Air (Retroperitoneal Air)

Signs of Air in the Bowel Wall

Signs of Air in the Biliary System

Chapter 17 Recognizing Abnormal Calcifications and Their Causes

Patterns of Calcification

Location of Calcification

Chapter 18 Recognizing Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary, and Urinary Tract Abnormalities

Barium Studies of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Esophagus

Stomach and Duodenum

Small and Large Bowel

Large Bowel

Pancreas

Hepatobiliary Abnormalities

Biliary System

Urinary Tract

Pelvis

Urinary Bladder

Adenopathy

Chapter 19 Ultrasonography

How It Works

Types of Ultrasound

Adverse Effects or Safety Issues

Medical Uses of Ultrasonography

Female Pelvic Organs

Pregnancy

Abdominal Hernias

Appendicitis

Ascites

Musculoskeletal System

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound

Chapter 20 Vascular, Pediatric, and Point-of-Care Ultrasound

Vascular Ultrasound

Arterial Stenosis

Pseudoaneurysm

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Pediatrics

Point-of-Care Ultrasound

Chapter 21 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

How MRI Works

Hardware That Makes Up an MRI Scanner

What Happens Once Scanning Begins

How Can You Identify a T1-Weighted or T2-Weighted Image?

MRI Contrast: General Considerations

MRI Safety Issues

Diagnostic Applications of MRI

Chapter 22 Recognizing Nontraumatic Abnormalities of the Appendicular Skeleton Including Arthritis

Conventional Radiography, CT, and MRI in Bone Imaging

Normal Bone and Joint Anatomy

Diseases That Affect Bone Density

Diseases That Increase Bone Density

Diseases That Decrease Bone Density

Diseases of the Joints: An Approach to Arthritis

Chapter 23 Recognizing Nontraumatic Abnormalities of the Spine

The Normal Spine (Fig. 23.1)

Normal MRI Appearance of the Spine

Back Pain

Chapter 24 Recognizing Trauma to the Bony Skeleton

Recognizing an Acute Fracture

Recognizing Dislocations and Subluxations

Describing Fractures

Avulsion Fractures

Salter-Harris Fractures: Epiphyseal Plate Fractures in Children

Child Abuse

Stress Fractures

Common Fracture Eponyms

Some Subtle Fractures or Dislocations

Fracture Healing

Spinal Trauma

Pathologic Fractures

Chapter 25 Recognizing the Imaging Findings of Trauma to the Chest

Chest Trauma

Chest Wall Trauma

Pleural Abnormalities: Pneumothorax

Imaging Modalities Used to Diagnose a Pneumothorax

Trauma-Related Parenchymal Lung Abnormalities

Aortic Trauma

Chapter 26 Recognizing the Imaging Findings of Trauma to the Abdomen and Pelvis

Abdominal Trauma

Pelvic Trauma

Less Common Abdominal Injuries

Chapter 27 Recognizing Some Common Causes of Intracranial Pathology

Normal Anatomy (Fig. 27.1)

Mri and the Brain

Head Trauma

Intracranial Hemorrhage

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Increased Intracranial Pressure

Stroke

Ruptured Aneurysms

Hydrocephalus

Cerebral Atrophy

Brain Tumors

Other Diseases

Terminology

Chapter 28 Recognizing Pediatric Diseases

Diseases Discussed in This Chapter

Newborn Respiratory Distress

Childhood Lung Disease

Soft Tissues of the Neck

Ingested Foreign Bodies

Other Diseases

Salter-Harris Fractures: Epiphyseal Plate Fractures in Children

Child Abuse

Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)

Esophageal Atresia With/Without Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)

Chapter 29 Using Image-Guided Interventions in Diagnosis and Treatment

Arterial Access and Arteriography

Central Venous Access: Image-Guided Venous Access

Pulmonary Embolism: Thrombolysis

Pulmonary Embolism: Inferior Vena Caval (IVC) Filter Placement

Pulmonary Nodule: Image-Guided Biopsy

Hepatic/Renal/Pulmonary Tumor: Thermal Ablation

Portal Hypertension: Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)

Abscess: Percutaneous Abscess Aspiration and Drain Placement

Gastrointestinal (GI) Bleeding: Arteriography and Embolization

Obstructive Uropathy: Percutaneous Nephrostomy (PCN)/ Nephroureterostomy (PCNU)

Aortic Aneurysm: Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR)

Uterine Fibroids: Uterine Fibroid Embolization (UFE)

Acute Ischemic Stroke: Mechanical Thrombectomy

Chapter 30 Recognizing the Findings in Breast Imaging

Breast Imaging Modalities: Overview

Mammography: Screening Versus Diagnostic

Fundamental Mammography Findings

Ultrasound

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Management of Breast Abnormalities

Special Considerations