(EBook PDF) Materials for Biomedical Engineering Nanobiomaterials in Tissue Engineering 1st edition by Alina Maria Holban 0128169109 9780128169100 full chapters

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ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎0128169109 

ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 9780128169100

Author :  Alina-Maria Holban 

Materials for Biomedical Engineering: Nanobiomaterials in Tissue Engineering highlights the impact of novel bioactive materials in both current applications and their potential in the future progress of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering is a well investigated and challenging bio-medical field, with promising perspectives to improve and support the quality of life in diseased patients. This book brings together the latest research findings regarding the design and versatility of bioactive materials and their potential in tissue engineering. In addition, recent progress in soft and hard tissue engineering is presented within the chapters of the book.

Materials for Biomedical Engineering: Nanobiomaterials in Tissue Engineering 1st Table of contents:

1 Nanobiomaterials for tissue engineering
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Nanoengineered Scaffolds in Regenerative Medicine
1.3 Nanostructured Polymers as Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
1.3.1 Natural and Synthetic Polymers
1.3.2 Blended Polymers for Smart Hybrid Scaffold Fabrication
1.3.3 Other Nanostrategies Combined With Polymeric Scaffolds
1.4 DNA Nanotechnology, a Promising Approach in Tissue Engineering
1.5 Conclusions and Further Perspectives
References
Further Reading
2 Resorbable biomaterials: role of chitosan as a graft in bone tissue engineering
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Properties of Substitutes to Act as Bone Grafts
2.2.1 Biocompatibility
2.2.2 Porosity
2.2.3 Pore Size
2.2.4 Surface Properties
2.2.5 Osteoinduction
2.2.6 Mechanical Stability and Biodegradability
2.3 Chitosan-Based Material for Bone Graft Substitutes
2.3.1 Chitosan–Calcium Phosphate Based Substitutes
2.3.2 Chitosan Hydroxyapatite Based Bone Graft Substitutes
2.3.3 Chitosan-Alginate Scaffolds
2.3.4 Chitosan Polylactic Acid Substitute
2.4 Summary
References
3 Novel twisted and coiled polymer artificial muscles for biomedical and robotics applications
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Description
3.1.2 Fabrication of Basic Twisted and Coiled Polymer Muscles
3.1.3 Structures and Working Principles of Twisted and Coiled Polymer Muscles
3.1.4 Comparison With Other Soft Actuators
3.2 Detailed Fabrication of the Twisted and Coiled Polymeric Muscles
3.2.1 Twisting
3.2.2 Coiling
3.2.3 Annealing (Heat Treatment)
3.2.4 Training
3.3 Characteristics and Properties of Twisted and Coiled Polymer Muscles
3.3.1 Strain and Force Measurement
3.3.2 Force Measurement
3.3.3 Frequency Measurement and Pulsed Actuation
3.3.4 Microscopy
3.4 Biomedical Applications of Twisted and Coiled Polymer
3.4.1 Prosthetic Hands
3.4.2 Orthotic Hand
3.4.3 Fecal Incontinence Treatment
3.4.4 Variable Stiffness Actuators
3.4.5 Self-Healing Composites
3.4.6 Medical Textiles
3.5 Robotic Application of Twisted and Coiled Polymer
3.5.1 Twisted and Coiled Polymer Muscle Embedded in Silicone
3.5.2 Artificial Musculoskeletal Systems
Acknowledgment
References
4 Electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Electrospinning Process
4.2.1 Multijets From a Single Needle
4.2.2 Multijets From Multiple Needles
4.2.3 Multijets From Needleless Systems
4.2.4 Melt Electrospinning
4.3 Electrospinning for Tissue Engineering
4.3.1 Bones, Cartilage, and Tendon Tissue Regeneration
4.3.2 Skin Tissue Regeneration
4.3.3 Other Tissue Engineering Application of Electrospun Nanofibers
4.4 Conclusions
References
5 Recent advances of chitosan composites in artificial skin: the next era for potential biomedical a
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Anatomy of Skin
5.2.1 Subcutaneous Layer
5.2.2 Dermis
5.2.3 Epidermis
5.3 Chitosan Composites
5.3.1 Chitosan Composites as Sponges
5.3.2 Chitosan Composites as Hydrogels
5.3.3 Chitosan Composites as Nanofibers
5.3.4 Chitosan Composites as Conductive Membrane/Films
5.4 Characterization
5.4.1 Pore Size and Porosity
5.4.2 Mechanical Strength
5.4.3 Biocompatibility
5.5 Wound Healing Models Studied for Chitosan Composites
5.5.1 In Vivo Models
5.5.1.1 Full thickness wound model
5.5.1.2 Split thickness model
5.6 Challenges
5.7 Future Perspectives
References
6 Resorbable polymer fiber reinforced composites in biomedical application
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biocomposites
6.3 Biocomposites Prepared by Using Resorbable Polymeric Fibers
6.3.1 Polylactide
6.3.1.1 Biodegradation of polylactic acid
6.3.1.2 Medical applications of polylactic acid composites
Tissue engineering
Wound management
Drug delivery system
Orthopedic system
6.3.1.3 Polylactide based microcomposites using different reinforcing materials
6.3.1.4 Polylactide based nanocomposites using different reinforcing materials
6.3.2 Collagen
6.3.3 Silk
6.4 Patent Literature on Biocomposites
6.5 Recent Advances and Future Prospects
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Possibilities and perspectives of chitosan scaffolds and composites for tissue engineering
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Scaffold
7.3 Chitosan
7.4 Chitosan as Biomaterial: Properties
7.4.1 Mucoadhesive
7.4.2 Hemostatic
7.4.3 Antimicrobial
7.4.4 Biodegradable
7.4.5 Biocompatible
7.5 Chitosan Scaffold
7.5.1 Chitosan Hydrogel
7.5.1.1 Physical association network
7.5.1.2 Cross-linked networks
7.5.2 Chitosan Sponges
7.5.3 Chitosan Films
7.5.4 Chitosan Nanofibers
7.5.5 Chitosan Nanocomposite
7.6 Applications of Chitosan Scaffolds
7.6.1 Tissue Engineering
7.6.1.1 Cartilage tissue engineering
7.6.1.2 Bone tissue engineering
7.6.1.3 Liver tissue engineering
7.6.1.4 Nerve tissue engineering
7.6.2 Wound Healing
7.6.3 Drug Delivery
7.6.4 Gene Therapy
7.7 Conclusions
References
8 Hydroxyapatite: an inorganic ceramic for biomedical applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Structure of Calcium Hydroxyapatite
8.3 Synthesis Routes of Hydroxyapatite
8.3.1 Physical Method
8.3.1.1 Solid state method
8.3.1.2 Mechanochemical technique
8.3.2 Chemical Methods
8.3.2.1 Chemical precipitation method
8.3.2.2 Sol–gel method
8.3.2.3 Hydrothermal/solvothermal method
8.3.2.4 Emulsion technique
8.3.2.5 Sonochemical technique
8.3.3 Biomimetic Techniques
8.4 Characterizations of Hydroxyapatite
8.4.1 X-Ray Powder Diffraction
8.4.2 Raman Spectroscopy
8.4.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
8.4.4 Mechanical Characterization of Hydroxyapatite
8.5 Bioactivity of Hydroxyapatite
8.5.1 Cellular Mechanism at Bone–Material Interface
8.5.2 Resorption of Hydroxyapatite
8.6 Role of Elemental Doping in Hydroxyapatite
8.6.1 Lithium-Doped Hydroxyapatite
8.6.2 Selenium-Doped Hydroxyapatite
8.6.3 Aluminum-Doped Hydroxyapatite
8.6.4 Zirconium-Doped Hydroxyapatite
8.6.5 Silver-Doped Hydroxyapatite
8.6.6 Magnesium-Doped Hydroxyapatite
8.6.7 Manganese-Doped Hydroxyapatite
8.6.8 Iron-Doped Hydroxyapatite
8.6.9 Zinc-Doped Hydroxyapatite
8.6.10 Anion-Doped Hydroxyapatite
8.7 Applications of Hydroxyapatite
8.7.1 Hydroxyapatite as a Drug Delivery Vehicle for Antibiotics in Bone Infection
8.7.1.1 Drug release kinetics
8.7.2 Hydroxyapatite in Dental Applications
8.7.2.1 Enamel restoration
8.7.2.2 Dental fillers
8.7.2.3 Dental implants
8.7.3 Hydroxyapatite and Stem Cell Differentiation
8.7.3.1 Types of stem cells
8.7.3.1.1 Embryonic stem cells
8.7.3.1.2 Adult stem cells
8.7.3.1.3 Mesenchymal stem cells
8.7.3.2 Hydroxyapatite interaction with stem cells
8.7.3.3 Mechanism of osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in presence of hydroxyapat
8.7.4 Hydroxyapatite in the Treatment of Osteomyelitis
8.7.5 Hydroxyapatite as Coating Material
8.8 Challenges and Limitations of Hydroxyapatite
8.8.1 Complications of Hydroxyapatite
8.9 Conclusion
References
9 Mechanical behavior of hydroxyapatite-based dental resin composites
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Dental Composites
9.2.1 Resin Matrix for Dental Composites
9.2.2 Polymerization Process
9.2.3 Filler Typologies
9.3 HA Filler as a New Challenge for Restorative Dentistry
9.3.1 Hydroxyapatite Crystal Morphologies
9.3.1.1 Spheroidal particles
9.3.1.2 Whiskers
9.3.1.3 Fibers
9.3.1.4 Urchin-like
9.3.2 Chemicophysical Properties of HA-Based Composite
9.3.3 Degree of Conversion
9.3.4 Shrinkage
9.3.5 Optical Properties
9.3.6 Sorption/Solubility in Water
9.3.7 Mechanical Properties of HA-Based Resin Composite for Restorative Dentistry
9.3.8 Biocompatibility Issues
9.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends
References
10 Molecular study of simulated body fluid and temperature on polyurethane/graphene polymeric nanoco
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Polymers
10.1.1.1 Polyurethane
10.1.1.1.1 Polyurethane properties
10.1.1.1.2 Polyurethane applications
10.1.1.2 Polymethyl methacrylate
10.1.1.2.1 Polymethyl methacrylate properties
10.1.1.3 Graphene
10.1.1.3.1 Graphene properties
10.1.1.4 Calcium carbonate
10.1.1.4.1 Calcium carbonate properties
10.1.2 Prosthesis
10.1.2.1 Materials
10.1.2.1.1 Metals
10.1.2.1.2 Ceramics
10.1.2.1.3 Polymers
10.1.3 Simulated Body Fluid
10.1.4 Computational Chemistry
10.1.4.1 Molecular mechanics
10.1.4.2 Quantum mechanics
10.1.4.3 Monte Carlo
10.1.5 Molecular Properties
10.1.5.1 Molecular energy
10.1.5.2 Optimization geometry
10.1.5.3 Quantitative structure–activity relationships properties
10.1.5.3.1 Partition coefficient (log P)
10.1.5.4 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
10.1.5.5 Electrostatic potential maps
10.2 Methodology
10.2.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis
10.2.2 Electrostatic Potential Map
10.2.3 Determination of the Effect of Temperature on the Nanocomposite
10.2.4 Simulated Body Fluid Characterization
10.2.4.1 Determination of the effect of temperature and SBF on the nanocomposite
10.3 Results
10.3.1 Polyurethane/Graphene/Polymethyl Methacrylate Nanocomposite
10.3.1.1 Optimization geometry and partition coefficient
10.3.1.2 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
10.3.1.3 Electrostatic potential map
10.3.2 Polyurethane/Graphene/Calcium Carbonate Nanocomposite
10.3.2.1 Optimization geometry, minimum energy, and partition coefficient
10.3.2.2 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
10.3.2.3 Electrostatic potential map
10.4 Conclusions
References
11 New insights into nanohydroxyapatite/chitosan nanocomposites for bone tissue regeneration
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Overview of Bone Biology
11.3 The Ideal Bone Graft
11.3.1 Biocompatibility
11.3.2 Biodegradability
11.3.3 Mechanical Properties
11.3.4 Structural Requirements
11.3.5 Manufacturing Technology
11.4 Overview of Commercially Available Bone Grafts
11.5 Hydroxyapatite as a Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration
11.6 Chitosan as a Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration
11.7 Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan Nanocomposite Materials
11.8 Preparation of Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan Microparticles
11.9 Preparation of Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan Scaffolds
11.10 Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan Nanocomposite Materials Sterilization
11.11 Conclusions
References
12 Production of polymer–bioactive glass nanocomposites for bone repair and substitution
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Bioactive Glass
12.2.1 Silicate-Based Bioactive Glass
12.2.2 Phosphate-Based Bioactive Glass
12.2.3 Borate-Based Bioactive Glass
12.2.4 Fabrication of Bioactive Glass Scaffolds
12.2.4.1 Mechanical Properties
12.3 Natural and Synthetic Polymer–Bioactive Glass Composites
12.4 Composite Production Techniques
12.4.1 Electrospinning
12.4.2 Microspheres
12.4.3 Solvent Casting–Particulate Leaching
12.4.4 Freeze-Drying
12.4.5 3D Printing
12.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
13 Bioactive glass–based composites in bone tissue engineering: synthesis, processing, and cellula
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Bone: A Natural Composite
13.1.2 Bone Tissue Engineering
13.1.2.1 Requirements for bone implant materials
13.1.3 Bioactive Glasses for Bone Tissue Engineering
13.2 Bioactive Glasses: Composition and Properties
13.2.1 Type of Bioactive Glasses
13.2.1.1 Silicate-bioactive glasses
13.2.1.2 Borate/borosilicate-bioactive glasses
13.2.1.3 Phosphate-bioactive glasses
13.2.1.4 Doped-bioactive glasses
13.2.1.5 Metallic-bioactive glasses
13.2.2 Response of Bioactive Glasses to Cells
13.2.3 Antibacterial Effect of Bioactive Glasses
13.3 Synthesis of Bioactive Glasses
13.3.1 Sol–Gel Method
13.3.2 Microemulsion Method
13.3.3 Flame-Spray Method
13.3.4 Laser-Spinning Method
13.4 Surface Modification of Bioactive Glasses
13.5 Processing of Bioactive Glasses–Based Scaffolds
13.5.1 Melt-Derived Processing
13.5.2 Sol–Gel Processing
13.5.3 Polymer-Foam Replication
13.5.4 Freeze-Casting and Freeze-Drying Process
13.5.5 Electrospinning Process
13.5.6 Rapid Prototyping Process
13.6 Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications
13.6.1 Bioactive Glasses–Based Composite Scaffolds
13.6.2 Natural Polymer/Bioactive Glasses–Based Composite Scaffolds
13.6.3 Synthetic Polymer/Bioactive Glasses–Based Composite Scaffolds
13.6.4 Mixed Natural and Synthetic Polymers/Bioactive Glasses–Based Composite Scaffolds
13.7 Conclusion, Major Challenges, and Future Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
14 Mechanical and wear properties of nano titanium based dental composite resin
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Polymethylmethacrylates: A Prominent Denture Matrix
14.1.2 Nanofillers
14.1.2.1 Metal and metal oxide filler
14.1.2.2 Fiber filler
14.1.3 Recent Scenario of Nanofiller-Based Polymethyl Methacrylate Composite for Dentist
14.1.3.1 Mechanical properties
14.1.3.2 Wear properties
14.2 Experimental
14.2.1 Materials
14.2.2 Preparation of Ti/Polymethyl Methacrylate Composite
14.2.3 Characterization
14.3 Results and Discussion
14.3.1 Mechanical Analysis
14.3.1.1 Tensile test
14.3.1.2 Wear test
14.3.2 Morphological Analysis
14.3.3 Thermal Analysis
14.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15 In vitro and in vivo technologies: an up to date overview in tissue engineering
15.1 Introduction
15.2 In Vitro Tissue Engineering Technologies for Cancer Research
15.2.1 3D Cell Cultures
15.2.1.1 Liquid methods
15.2.1.2 Scaffolds
15.2.2 Bioprinting
15.2.3 Microchips and Microfluidics
15.3 In Vivo Tissue Engineering Technologies for Cancer Research
15.4 Conclusions and Perspectives

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