(Ebook PDF) Advanced MR Neuroimaging 1st edition by Ioannis Tsougos 135121652X 9781351216524 full chapters

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ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎135121652X 

ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 9781351216524

Author :  Ioannis Tsougos 

Over the last decade, some of the greatest achievements in the field of neuroimaging have been related to remarkable advances in magnetic resonance techniques, including diffusion, perfusion, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and functional MRI. Such techniques have provided valuable insights into tissue microstructure, microvasculature, metabolism and brain connectivity. Previously available mostly in research environments, these techniques are now becoming part of everyday clinical practice in a plethora of clinical MR systems. Nevertheless, despite growing interest and wider acceptance, there remains a lack of a comprehensive body of knowledge on the subject, exploring the intrinsic complexity and physical difficulty of the techniques. This book focuses on the basic principles and theories of diffusion, perfusion, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and functional MRI. It also explores their clinical applications and places emphasis on the associated artifacts and pitfalls with a comprehensive and didactic approach. This book aims to bridge the gap between research applications and clinical practice. It will serve as an educational manual for neuroimaging researchers and radiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and physicists with an interest in advanced MR techniques. It will also be a useful reference text for experienced clinical scientists who wish to optimize their multi-parametric imaging approach.

Advanced MR Neuroimaging 1st Table of contents:

1 Diffusion MR Imaging
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Diffusion
1.1.2 Diffusion in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1.2 Diffusion Imaging: Basic Principles
1.2.1 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
1.2.2 The b-Value
1.2.3 Apparent Diffusion Coefficient
1.2.4 Isotropic or Anisotropic Diffusion?
1.2.5 Echo Planar Imaging
1.2.6 Main Limitations of DWI
1.3 Diffusion Tensor Imaging
1.3.1 “Rotationally Invariant” Parameters (Mean Diffusivity and Fractional Anisotropy)
1.3.2 Fiber Tractography
1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
2 Artifacts and Pitfalls in Diffusion MRI
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Artifacts and Pitfalls Categorization
2.3 Artifacts from the Gradient System
2.3.1 Eddy Current Artifacts
2.3.2 Eddy Currents—Mitigating Strategies
2.4 Motion Artifacts
2.4.1 Motion Artifacts—Mitigating Strategies
2.4.2 EPI Specific Artifacts
2.4.3 Distortions Originating from B0 Inhomogeneities
2.4.4 Misregistration Artifacts from Eddy Currents and Subject Motion
2.4.5 Mitigating Strategies—EPI Specific
2.5 Artifacts Due to Properties of the Subject Being Imaged and “Physiological” Noise
2.5.1 Susceptibility-Induced Distortions
2.5.2 Physiological Noise
2.5.3 Susceptibility Effects and Physiological Noise—Mitigating Strategies
2.6 Processing and Interpretation Pitfalls
2.6.1 Preprocessing of Data
2.6.2 Quantitation of Parameters
2.6.3 Dependence of Estimated Mean Diffusivity on b-Factor
2.6.4 Effect on ROI Positioning and Bias on Parametric Maps
2.6.5 CSF Contamination in Tract Specific Measurements
2.6.6 Intrasubject and Intersubject Comparisons
2.7 Mitigating Strategies—Available Methods and Software for Diffusion Data Correction
2.7.1 RESTORE Algorithm
2.7.2 ExploreDTI
2.7.3 FSL-FDT
2.7.4 FreeSurfer—TRACULA
2.7.5 TORTOISE
2.8 Conclusion
References
3 Perfusion MR Imaging
3.1 Introduction
3.2 DSC MRI
3.2.1 DSC Imaging Explained
3.2.2 DSC Perfusion Parameters: CBV, CBF, MTT
3.2.2.1 CBV
3.2.2.2 CBF
3.2.2.3 MTT
3.3 DCE-MRI
3.3.1 DCE Imaging Explained
3.4 ASL
3.4.1 ASL Imaging Explained
3.4.2 Different ASL Techniques
3.4.2.1 CASL and pCASL
3.4.2.2 PASL
3.4.2.3 VSASL
3.4.3 ASL beyond CBF Estimation
3.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
4 Artifacts and Pitfalls of Perfusion MRI
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast (DSC) Imaging Limitations
4.2.1 Subject Motion
4.2.2 Relationship between MR Signal and Contrast Concentration
4.2.3 Bolus Delay and Dispersion
4.2.4 BBB Disruption and Leakage Correction
4.2.5 Absolute versus Relative Quantification
4.3 Dynamic Contrast Enhancement (DCE) Imaging Limitations
4.3.1 Suitability of Tumor Lesions
4.3.2 Subject Motion
4.3.3 Estimation of Arterial Input Function (AIF)
4.3.4 Temporal and Spatial Resolutions
4.3.5 Variability of Results According to the Models Used
4.3.6 Quality Assurance
4.4 Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) Imaging Limitations
4.4.1 Subject Motion
4.4.2 Physiological Signal Variations
4.4.3 Magnetic Susceptibility Artifacts
4.4.4 Coil Sensitivity Variations
4.4.5 Labeling Efficiency
4.4.6 Transit Time Effects
4.4.7 Errors from Quantification Models
4.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
5 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 MRS Basic Principles Explained
5.2.1 Technical Issues
5.2.2 Data Acquisition
5.2.3 Field Strength (B0)
5.2.4 Voxel Size Dependency
5.2.5 Shimming
5.2.6 Water and Lipid Suppression Techniques
5.3 MRS Metabolites and Their Biological and Clinical Significance
5.3.1 Myo-Inositol
5.3.2 Choline-Containing Compounds
5.3.3 Creatine and Phosphocreatine
5.3.4 Glutamate and Glutamine
5.3.5 N-Acetyl Aspartate
5.3.6 Lactate and Lipids
5.3.7 Less Commonly Detected Metabolites
5.4 MRS Quantification and Data Analysis
5.4.1 Quantification
5.4.2 Post Processing Techniques
5.5 Quality Assurance in MRS
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Artifacts and Pitfalls of MRS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Artifacts and Pitfalls
6.2.1 Effects of Patient Movement
6.2.2 Field Homogeneity and Linewidth
6.2.3 Frequency Shifts and Temperature Variations
6.2.4 Voxel Positioning
6.2.5 Use of Contrast and Positioning in MRS
6.2.6 Chemical Shift Displacement
6.2.7 Spectral Contamination or Voxel Bleeding
6.2.8 To Quantify or Not to Quantify?
6.2.8.1 Relative Quantification
6.2.8.2 Absolute Quantification
6.2.9 Available Software Packages for Quantification and Analysis of MRS Data
6.2.9.1 LCModel
6.2.9.2 jMRUI
6.2.9.3 TARQUIN
6.2.9.4 SIVIC
6.2.9.5 AQSES
6.3 Conclusion
References
7 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 What Is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Brain?
7.1.2 Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) fMRI
7.1.3 fMRI Paradigm Design and Implementation
7.1.3.1 Blocked versus Event-Related Paradigms
7.1.3.2 Mixed Paradigm Designs
7.2 fMRI Acquisitions—MR Scanning Sequences
7.2.1 Spatial Resolution
7.2.2 Temporal Resolution
7.2.3 Pulse Sequences Used in fMRI
7.3 Analysis and Processing of fMRI Experiments
7.3.1 fMRI Datasets
7.3.2 Data Preprocessing
7.3.2.1 Slice-Scan Timing Correction
7.3.2.2 Head Motion Correction
7.3.2.3 Distortion Correction
7.3.2.4 Spatial and Temporal Smoothing
7.3.3 Statistical Analysis
7.4 Pre-Surgical Planning with fMRI
7.5 Resting State fMRI
7.5.1 Resting State fMRI Procedure
7.6 Conclusion and the Future of fMRI
References
8 Artifacts and Pitfalls of fMRI
8.1 Introduction to Quantitative fMRI Limitations
8.2 Image Acquisition Limitations
8.2.1 Spatial and Temporal Resolution
8.2.2 Spatial and Temporal fMRI Resolution—Mitigating Strategies
8.2.3 EPI-Related Image Distortions
8.3 Physiological Noise and Motion Limitations
8.3.1 Physiological Noise—Mitigating Strategies
8.3.1.1 Cardiac Gating
8.3.1.2 Acquisition-Based Image Corrections
8.3.1.3 Calibration
8.4 Interpretation Limitations
8.5 Quality Assurance in fMRI
8.6 Conclusion
References
9 The Role of Multiparametric MR Imaging—Advanced MR Techniques in the Assessment of Cerebral Tumors
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Gliomas
9.2.1 DWI Contribution in Gliomas
9.2.2 DTI Contribution in Gliomas
9.2.3 Perfusion Contribution in Gliomas
9.2.4 MRS Contribution in Gliomas
9.3 Cerebral Metastases
9.3.1 DWI/DTI Contribution in Metastases
9.3.2 Perfusion Contribution in Metastases
9.3.3 MRS Contribution in Metastases
9.4 Meningiomas
9.4.1 DWI/DTI Contribution in Meningiomas
9.4.2 Perfusion Contribution in Meningiomas
9.4.3 MRS Contribution in Meningiomas
9.5 Primary Cerebral Lymphoma
9.5.1 DWI/DTI Contribution in PCLs
9.5.2 Perfusion Contribution in PCLs
9.5.3 MRS Contribution in PCLs
9.6 Intracranial Abscesses
9.6.1 DWI DTI Contribution in Abscesses
9.6.2 Perfusion Contribution in Abscesses
9.6.3 MRS Contribution in Abscesses
9.7 Summary and Conclusion

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