Mechatronics Electronics in Products and Processes 1st Edition by David Allan Bradley, Alan Loader, Burd, David Dawson 0367111888 9780367111885

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ISBN 10: 0367111888

ISBN 13: 9780367111885

Author: David Allan Bradley, Alan Loader, N.C. Burd, David Dawson

Mechatronics: Electronics in Products and Processes identifies the concepts which underpin the mechatronic approach to engineering design and brings together its principle components – sensors and transducers, embedded microprocessors, actuators and drives – to explore their interrelationships. The text focuses primarily on hardware elements and the impact of system architecture. Modern technology is set in an historical background and each chapter comes with learning objectives and chapter outlines. The book includes numerous case studies illustrating the concepts applied in such areas as automatic cameras, aerospace parts manufacturing, fly-by-wire systems, and boat autopilot.

Mechatronics Electronics in Products and Processes 1st Table of contents:

1 What is mechatronics?

1.1 Mechatronics in manufacturing

1.2 Mechatronics in products

1.3 Mechatronics and engineering design

1.3.1 A modular approach to mechatronics and engineering design

1.4 The engineer and mechatronics

1.5 Mechatronics and technology

Part One Sensors and Transducers

2 Measurement systems

2.1 Sensors, transducers and measurement

2.2 Classification

2.2.1 Classification by function

2.2.2 Classification by performance

2.2.3 Classification by output

2.3 Developments in transducer technology

2.3.1 Solid state transducers

2.3.2 Optical transducers

2.3.3 Piezoelectric transducers

2.3.4 Ultrasonic transducers

2.4 Signal processing and information management

2.5 The design of a measurement system

3 Resistive, capacitive, inductive and resonant transducers

3.1 Resistive transducers

3.1.1 Potentiometers

3.1.2 Strain gauges

3.1.3 Resistive temperature transducers

3.2 Capacitive transducers

3.3 Inductive transducers

3.3.1 Linear variable differential transformer

3.3.2 Linear variable inductive transducer

3.3.3 The inductosyn

3.3.4 Inductive velocity transducers

3.4 Thermoelectric transducers

3.5 Resonant transducers

3.5.1 Vibrating wire transducers

3.5.2 Vibrating beam transducers

3.5.3 Vibrating cylinder transducers

4 Optical measurement systems

4.1 Radiant energy sources

4.1.1 Incandescent lamps

4.1.2 Discharge lamps

4.1.3 Light emitting diodes

4.1.4 Lasers

4.1.5 Illumination

4.2 Photodetectors

4.2.1 Thermal photodetectors

4.2.2 Quantum photodetectors

4.2.3 Array detectors

4.3 Vision systems

4.3.1 Image processing

4.4 Laser scanning

4.5 Fibre optic transducers

4.5.1 Intensity modulation

4.5.2 Phase modulation

4.5.3 Modulation of the angle of polarization

4.5.4 Modulation of wavelength and spectral distribution

4.6 Non-fibre optical transducers

4.6.1 Optical encoders

4.6.2 Tactile sensing

4.6.3 Triangulation

5 Solid state sensors and transducers

5.1 Magnetic measurements

5.1.1 Hall effect

5.1.2 Magnetoresistor

5.1.3 Magnetodiode

5.1.4 Magnetotransistor

5.2 Temperature measurements

5.2.1 Thermistor

5.2.2 Thermodiodes and thermotransistors

5.2.3 Seebeck effect devices

5.2.4 Solid state pyrometers

5.3 Mechanical measurements

5.3.1 Strain

5.3.2 Force

5.4 Chemical measurements

5.4.1 Humidity

5.4.2 Gas detectors

6 Piezoelectric and ultrasonic sensors and transducers

6.1 Piezoelectric devices

6.1.1 Accelerometers

6.1.2 Humidity measurement

6.1.3 Surface acoustic wave devices

6.1.4 Light modulation

6.1.5 Piezoelectric actuators

6.2 Ultrasonic systems

6.2.1 Sources

6.2.2 Coupling of the source

6.2.3 Receivers

6.2.4 Ultrasonic flow measurement

6.2.5 Ultrasonic distance measurement

6.2.6 Ultrasonic measurement using variation in transmission velocity

6.2.7 Ultrasonic imaging

7 Interference and noise in measurement

7.1 Interference

7.1.1 Common mode rejection ratio

7.1.2 Ground or earth loops

7.1.3 Electrostatic interference: screening and guarding

7.1.4 Electromagnetic interference

7.1.5 Power supplies as a source of interference

7.2 Noise

7.2.1 White and coloured noise

7.2.2 Sources of noise

7.2.3 Noise factor

7.2.4 Signal-to-noise ratio

8 Signal processing

8.1 Operational amplifiers

8.1.1 Integrator

8.1.2 Buffer amplifier

8.1.3 Current to voltage converter

8.1.4 Voltage to current converter

8.1.5 Logarithmic amplifier

8.1.6 Charge amplifier

8.1.7 Differential amplifier

8.1.8 Comparator

8.1.9 Schmitt trigger amplifier

8.2 Practical operational amplifiers

8.2.1 Amplifier errors

8.2.2 Chopper stabilized amplifiers

8.2.3 Auto-zeroing amplifier

8.3 Signal isolation

8.3.1 Isolation amplifier

8.3.2 Opto-isolation

8.3.3 Transformer isolation

8.4 Phase sensitive detector

8.4.1 Phase locked loop

8.5 Multiplexing

8.5.1 Time division multiplexing

8.5.2 Frequency division multiplexing

8.6 Filters

8.6.1 Analogue filters

8.6.2 Digital filters: the sampling theorem

8.6.3 Pre-processing and post-processing filters

8.7 Digital signal processing

8.7.1 Analogue to digital and digital to analogue conversion

8.7.2 Signal analysis

8.8 Smart sensors

8.9 Expert systems, artificial intelligence and measurement

Part Two Embedded Microprocessor Systems

9 Microprocessors in mechatronic systems

9.1 Embedded real-time microprocessor systems

9.2 The mechatronic system

10 The microprocessor system

10.1 The system components

10.2 The system bus

10.3 The memory map

10.4 The microprocessor bus operation

11 The central processing unit

11.1 CPU operation: the fetch phase

11.1.1 The program counter

11.1.2 The stack pointer

11.1.3 Instruction decode and control

11.1.4 Microcoded instruction decode and control

11.1.5 Hard wired control units

11.2 CPU operation: the execution phase

11.2.1 The arithmetic and logic unit and the accumulator

11.2.2 The processor status register

11.2.3 The register bank

11.3 Interrupt processing

11.3.1 Register stacking and context switching

11.3.2 Systems with multiple interrupt sources

11.3.3 Non-vectored interrupts

11.3.4 Vectored interrupts

11.3.5 Multiple interrupt processing

11.3.6 Non-maskable interrupts and CPU reset

11.4 The central processor unit instruction set

11.5 Addressing modes

11.5.1 Immediate addressing

11.5.2 Direct addressing

11.5.3 Paged addressing

11.5.4 Indirect addressing

11.5.5 Indexed addressing

11.5.6 Relative addressing

11.5.7 Stack addressing

11.6 CISC and RISC instruction sets

12 Semiconductor memory, input and output, and peripheral circuits

12.1 Semiconductor memory devices

12.1.1 Read only memory

12.1.2 Read/write memories

12.2 Input and output devices

12.2.1 Parallel I/O

12.2.2 Interrupt support

12.2.3 Data transfer using handshaking

12.2.4 Serial I/O

12.2.5 Analogue to digital and digital to analogue converters

12.3 Peripheral circuits

12.3.1 Programmable counter/timers

12.3.2 Direct memory access

12.3.3 Interrupt controllers

12.4 Coprocessors

12.5 Microprocessor types

12.5.1 Microcontrollers

12.5.2 Example: the National Semiconductor HPC16083 microcontroller

12.5.3 Digital signal processors

13 Semi-custom devices, programmable logic and device technology

13.1 Application specific integrated circuits

13.1.1 Gate arrays

13.1.2 Standard cell and functional block ASICs

13.1.3 Analogue ASICs

13.2 Programmable logic devices

13.2.1 The programmable read only memory

13.2.2 The programmable logic array

13.2.3 Programmable array logic

13.2.4 Programming and reprogramming programmable logic devices

13.3 Semiconductor technologies

13.3.1 Some important characteristics

13.3.2 MOS technologies

13.3.3 Bipolar technologies

14 The development of microprocessor systems

14.1 The system specification

14.2 The development environment

14.3 The development cycle

14.3.1 The editor: entering the source program

14.3.2 Compilation and assembly: the generation of object code

14.3.3 Linking: relocatable and absolute object code

14.3.4 Object code libraries

14.3.5 Emulation and debugging

14.4 Assemblers, linkers and assembly language

14.4.1 An assembler program example

14.5 High level programming languages and compilers

14.6 The real-time multitasking executive

14.6.1 Tasks and task scheduling

14.6.2 Intertask communications and synchronization

14.6.3 Timing

14.6.4 Memory manager

14.6.5 An application example

15 Communications

15.1 Control and communication system hierarchies

15.2 Local area networks

15.2.1 Standards and the communication system reference model

15.2.2 LAN standards

15.2.3 LAN topology

15.2.4 LAN frame structure and medium access techniques

15.3 A communications system hierarchy for industrial automation applications

15.3.1 The manufacturing automation protocol

15.3.2 The enhanced performance architecture (EPA) MAP

15.3.3 Fieldbus

Part Three Motion Control

16 Drives and Actuators

17 Control devices

17.1 Electrohydraulic control devices

17.1.1 Flapper controlled electrohydraulic servovalve

17.1.2 Proportional solenoid Controlled Electrodynamic Value

17.1.3 Simple flapper orifice

17.2 Electropneumatic proportional controls

17.2.1 Direct proportional controls for pressure and flow

17.2.2 Pulse width modulation control of solenoid valves

17.3 Control of electrical drives: power semiconductor devices

17.3.1 Diodes

17.3.2 Thyristors

17.3.3 Gate turn-off thyristors

17.3.4 Triacs

17.3.5 Power transistors

17.3.6 Power MOSFETs

17.3.7 Insulated gate bipolar transistors

17.3.8 Smart power devices

17.3.9 Heat transfer and cooling

17.3.10 Protection

17.4 Converters, choppers, inverters and cycloconverters

17.4.1 Naturally commutated thyristor converters

17.4.2 DC choppers

17.4.3 Inverters

17.4.4 Cycloconverters

18 Linear systems

18.1 Pneumatic rams: rod type

18.2 Pneumatic rams: rodless type

18.3 Pneumatic diaphragms

18.4 Pneumatic bellows

18.5 Hydraulic cylinders

18.6 Motor and ball screw

18.7 Motor and leadscrew

18.8 Direct linear electrical actuators

18.9 Solenoids

18.10 Other forms of electrical actuator

19 Rotational drives

19.1 Pneumatic motors: continuous rotation

19.2 Pneumatic motors: limited rotation

19.3 Hydraulic motors: continuous rotation

19.3.1 Gear motors

19.3.2 Vane motors

19.3.3 Axial piston motors

19.3.4 Radial piston motors

19.3.5 General characteristics of rotational hydraulic transmissions

19.4 Hydraulic motors: limited rotation

19.5 Electrical motors

19.5.1 DC machines

19.5.2 DC variable speed drives

19.5.3 DC servomotors

19.5.4 Induction machines

19.5.5 AC variable speed drives

19.5.6 Stepper motors

19.5.7 Synchronous machines

19.5.8 Brushless machines

19.5.9 Switched reluctance motors

19.5.10 Toroidal torque motor

19.5.11 Electrical variable speed drive characteristics

20 Motion converters

20.1 Fixed ratio motion converters

20.1.1 Parallel shaft gears

20.1.2 Epicyclic gears

20.1.3 Harmonic drives

20.1.4 Worm and bevel gears

20.1.5 V belt drives

20.1.6 Toothed belt drivers

20.1.7 Chains and sprockets

20.1.8 Friction wire wrap drives

20.1.9 Rack and pinion

20.1.10 Screw nut systems

20.2 Motion converters with invariant motion profile

20.2.1 Cams

20.2.2 Indexing mechanisms

20.2.3 Linkages

20.2.4 Springs and dampers

20.3 Variators (continuously variable transmissions)

20.3.1 Conical pulley/disc systems

20.3.2 Ball/disc friction drive systems

20.3.3 Unit hydraulic transmissions

20.4 Remotely controlled couplings

Part Four Case Studies

21 Mechanical systems and design

21.1 Tradition versus mechatronics

21.2 The mechatronic approach

21.2.1 Replacement of mechanisms

21.2.2 Simplification of mechanisms

21.2.3 Enhancement of mechanisms

21.2.4 Synthesis of mechanisms

21.3 Control

21.3.1 Program control

21.3.2 Adaptive control

21.3.3 Distributed systems

21.4 The design process

21.4.1 Need

21.4.2 Feasibility

21.4.3 Specification

21.4.4 Conceptual design

21.4.5 Analysis and modelling

21.4.6 Embodiment and optimization

21.4.7 Detail design

21.5 Types of design

21.6 Integrated product design

21.6.1 Project management

21.6.2 Planning and implementation of facilities

22 Mechanisms

22.1 Load conditions

22.1.1 Actuator requirements

22.1.2 Attaining partial static balance

22.1.3 Articulation requirements

22.1.4 Speed versus accuracy

22.1.5 Minimization of kinetic energy

22.1.6 Power transmission over a distance

22.1.7 Effects of assembly play and friction

22.1.8 Inertia

22.2 Design

22.2.1 Materials

22.2.2 Sizing of actuators

22.3 Flexibility

22.3.1 Resilience

22.3.2 Backlash

22.3.3 Vibration

22.4 Modelling and simulation

22.4.1 GRASP

22.4.2 ADAMS/DRAMS

23 Structures

23.1 Load conditions

23.1.1 Static loading

23.1.2 Dynamic and cyclic loading

23.1.3 Impulse and shock loading

23.2 Flexibility

23.2.1 Flexible structures

23.2.2 Vibration effects

23.2.3 Materials

23.3 Environmental isolation

23.4 Modelling

23.5 Systems

24 Man-machine interface

24.1 Industrial design and ergonomics

24.1.1 Aesthetics and style

24.1.2 Ergonomics

24.2 Information transfer: from machine to man

24.2.1 Human responses to stimuli

24.3 Information transfer: from man to machine

24.4 Safety

24.4.1 Operator safety

24.4.2 System safety

Part Five Case Studies

25 Introduction to case studies

26 Canon EOS autofocus cameras

26.1 Main microprocessor

26.2 Exposure control

26.2.1 Diaphragm drive system

26.3 Autofocus

26.3.1 The BASIS sensor

26.3.2 Depth of field setting

26.3.3 Focusing drives

26.4 Lens microprocessor

26.5 Film transport system

27 Fly-by-wire

27.1 The EAP systems architecture and flight control system

27.2 The flight control computers

27.3 MIL-STD-1553: a digital data transmission system for military applications

28 British aerospace small parts flexible manufacturing system

28.1 Billet preparation

28.2 Steel and titanium parts

28.3 Aluminium parts

28.4 Control

29 Autohelm 800 boat autopilot

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