Rotating Machinery Vibration From Analysis to Troubleshooting 2nd Edition by Maurice Adams ISBN 9781040063064 1040063063
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Authors:Maurice L. Adams , Series:Mechanical engineering [144] , Tags:Technology & Engineering; Engineering (General); Mechanical; Industrial Design; General; Science; Mechanics; Dynamics , Author sort:Adams, Maurice L. , Ids:9781439847558 , Languages:Languages:eng , Published:Published:Aug 2010 , Publisher:CRC Press , Comments:Comments:Diagnosis and correction are critical tasks for the vibrations engineer. Many causes of rotor vibration are so subtle and pervasive that excessive vibration continues to occur despite the use of usually effective design practices and methods of avoidance.Rotating Machinery Vibration: From Analysis to Troubleshooting provides a comprehensive, consolidated overview of the fundamentals of rotating machinery vibration and addresses computer model building, sources and types of vibration, and machine vibration signal analysis. This reference is a powerful tool to strengthen vital in-house competency on the subject for professionals in a variety of fields.After presenting governing fundamental principles and background on modern measurement, computational tools, and troubleshooting methods, the author provides practical instruction and demonstration on how to diagnose vibration problems and formulate solutions. The topic is covered in four sequential sections: Primer on Rotor Vibration, Use of Rotor Dynamic Analyses, Monitoring and Diagnostics, and Troubleshooting Case Studies.This book includes comprehensive descriptions of vibration symptoms for rotor unbalance, dynamic instability, rotor-stator rubs, misalignment, loose parts, cracked shafts, and rub-induced thermal bows. It is an essential reference for mechanical, chemical, design, manufacturing, materials, aerospace, and reliability engineers. Particularly useful as a reference for specialists in vibration, rotating machinery, and turbomachinery, it also makes an ideal text for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.
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ISBN 10: 1040063063
ISBN 13: 9781040063064
Author: Maurice Adams
Rotating Machinery Vibration From Analysis to Troubleshooting 2nd Edition Table of contents:
Part I Primer on Rotor Vibration
1 Vibration Concepts and Methods
1.1 One-Degree-of-Freedom Model
1.1.1 Assumption of Linearity
1.1.2 Unforced System
1.1.3 Self-Excited Dynamic-Instability Vibrations
1.1.4 Steady-State Sinusoidally Forced Systems
1.1.5 Damping
1.1.6 Undamped Natural Frequency:An Accurate Approximation
1.1.7 1-DOF Model as an Approximation
1.2 Multi-DOF Models
1.2.1 Two-DOF Models
1.2.2 Matrix Bandwidth and Zeros
1.2.3 Standard Rotor Vibration Analyses
1.3 Modes, Excitation, and Stability of Multi-DOF Models
1.3.1 Modal Decomposition
1.3.2 Modal Damping
1.3.3 Forced Systems Decoupled in Modal Coordinates
1.3.4 Harmonic Excitation of Linear Multi-DOF Models
1.3.5 Dynamic Instability: The Complex Eigenvalue Problem
1.4 Summary
2 Lateral Rotor Vibration Analysis Models
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Simple Linear Models
2.2.1 Point-Mass 2-DOF Model
2.2.2 Jeffcott Rotor Model
2.2.3 Simple Nontrivial 8-DOF Model
2.2.3.1 Lagrange Approach (i)
2.2.3.2 Lagrange Approach (ii)
2.2.3.3 Direct F = ma Approach
2.3 Formulations for RDA Software
2.3.1 Basic Rotor Finite Element
2.3.2 Shaft Element Lumped Mass Matrix
2.3.3 Shaft Element Distributed Mass Matrix
2.3.4 Shaft Element Consistent Mass Matrix
2.3.5 Shaft Element Stiffness Matrix
2.3.6 Shaft Element Gyroscopic Matrix
2.3.7 Addition of Nonstructural Mass and Inertia to Rotor Element
2.3.8 Matrices for Complete Free-Free Rotor
2.3.9 Radial-Bearing and Bearing-Support Models
2.3.9.1 Bearing Coefficients Connect Rotor Directly to Ground
2.3.9.2 Bearing Coefficients Connect to an Intermediate Mass
2.3.10 Completed RDA Model Equations of Motion
2.4 Insights into Linear LRVs
2.4.1 Systems with Nonsymmetric Matrices
2.4.2 Explanation of Gyroscopic Effect
2.4.3 Isotropic Model
2.4.4 Physically Consistent Models
2.4.5 Combined Radial and Misalignment Motions
2.5 Nonlinear Effects in Rotor Dynamical Systems
2.5.1 Large Amplitude Vibration Sources that Yield Nonlinear Effects
2.5.2 Journal-Bearing Nonlinearity with Large Rotor Unbalance
2.5.3 Unloaded Tilting-Pad Self-Excited Vibration in Journal Bearings
2.5.4 Journal-Bearing Hysteresis Loop
2.5.5 Shaft-on-Bearing Impacting
2.5.6 Chaos in Rotor Dynamical Systems
2.5.7 Nonlinear Damping Masks Oil Whip and Steam Whirl
2.5.7.1 Oil Whip Masked
2.5.7.2 Steam Whirl Masked
2.5.8 Nonlinear Bearing Dynamics Explains Compressor Bearing Failure
2.6 Summary
Bibliography
Textbooks
Selected Papers Concerning Rotor Dynamics Insights
Selected Papers on Nonlinear Rotor Dynamics
3 Torsional Rotor Vibration Analysis Models
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Rotor-Based Spinning Reference Frames
3.3 Single Uncoupled Rotor
3.3.1 Lumped and Distributed Mass Matrices
3.3.1.1 Lumped Mass Matrix
3.3.1.2 Distributed Mass Matrix
3.3.2 Stiffness Matrix
3.4 Coupled Rotors
3.4.1 Coaxial Same-Speed Coupled Rotors
3.4.2 Unbranched Systems with Rigid and Flexible Connections
3.4.2.1 Rigid Connections
3.4.2.2 Flexible Connections
3.4.2.3 Complete Equations of Motion
3.4.3 Branched Systems with Rigid and Flexible Connections
3.4.3.1 Rigid Connections
3.4.3.2 Flexible Connections
3.4.3.3 Complete Equations of Motion
3.5 Semidefinite Systems
3.6 Examples
3.6.1 High-Capacity Fan for Large Altitude Wind Tunnel
3.6.2 Four-Square Gear Tester
3.6.3 Large Steam Turbo-Generator Sets
3.7 Summary
Bibliography
Part II Rotor Dynamic Analyses
4 RDA Code for Lateral Rotor Vibration Analyses
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Unbalance Steady-State Response Computations
4.2.1 3-Mass Rotor Model + 2 Bearings and 1 Disk
4.2.2 Phase Angle Explanation and Direction of Rotation
4.2.3 3-Mass Rotor Model + 2 Bearings/Pedestals and 1 Disk
4.2.4 Anisotropic Model: 3-Mass Rotor + 2 Bearings/Pedestals and 1 Disk
4.2.5 Elliptical Orbits
4.2.6 Campbell Diagrams
4.3 Instability Self-Excited-Vibration Threshold Computations
4.3.1 Symmetric 3-Mass Rotor + 2 Anisotropic Bearings (Same) and Disk
4.3.2 Symmetric 3-Mass Rotor + 2 Anisotropic Bearings (Different) and Disk
4.4 Additional Sample Problems
4.4.1 Symmetric 3-Mass Rotor + 2 Anisotropic Bearings and 2 Pedestals
4.4.2 Nine-Stage Centrifugal Pump Model, 17-Mass Stations, 2 Bearings
4.4.2.1 Unbalance Response
4.4.2.2 Instability Threshold Speed
4.4.3 Nine-Stage Centrifugal Pump Model, 5-Mass Stations, 2 Bearings
4.5 Summary
Bibliography
5 Bearing and Seal Rotor Dynamics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Liquid-Lubricated Fluid-Film Journal Bearings
5.2.1 Reynolds Lubrication Equation
5.2.1.1 For a Single RLE Solution Point
5.2.2 Journal Bearing Stiffness and Damping Formulations
5.2.2.1 Perturbation Sizes
5.2.2.2 Coordinate Transformation Properties
5.2.2.3 Symmetry of Damping Array
5.2.3 Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing Mechanics
5.2.4 Journal Bearing Stiffness and Damping Data and Resources
5.2.4.1 Tables of Dimensionless Stiffness and Damping Coefficients
5.2.5 Journal Bearing Computer Codes
5.2.6 Fundamental Caveat of LRV Analyses
5.2.6.1 Example
5.3 Experiments to Measure Dynamic Coefficients
5.3.1 Mechanical Impedance Method with Harmonic Excitation
5.3.2 Mechanical Impedance Method with Impact Excitation
5.3.3 Instability Threshold-Based Approach
5.4 Annular Seals
5.4.1 Seal Dynamic Data and Resources
5.4.2 Ungrooved Annular Seals for Liquids
5.4.2.1 Lomakin Effect
5.4.2.2 Seal Flow Analysis Models
5.4.2.3 Bulk Flow Model Approach
5.4.2.4 Circumferential Momentum Equation
5.4.2.5 Axial Momentum Equation
5.4.2.6 Comparisons between Ungrooved Annular Seals and Journal Bearings
5.4.3 Circumferentially Grooved Annular Seals for Liquids
5.4.4 Annular Gas Seals
5.4.4.1 Steam Whirl Compared to Oil Whip
5.4.4.2 Typical Configurations for Annular Gas Seals
5.4.4.3 Dealing with Seal LRV-Coefficient Uncertainties
5.5 Rolling Contact Bearings
5.6 Squeeze-Film Dampers
5.6.1 Dampers with Centering Springs
5.6.2 Dampers without Centering Springs
5.6.3 Limitations of Reynolds Equation-Based Solutions
5.7 Magnetic Bearings
5.7.1 Unique Operating Features of Active Magnetic Bearings
5.7.2 Short Comings of Magnetic Bearings
5.8 Compliance Surface Foil Gas Bearings
5.9 Summary
Bibliography
6 Turbo-Machinery Impeller and Blade Effects
6.1 Centrifugal Pumps
6.1.1 Static Radial Hydraulic Impeller Force
6.1.2 Dynamic Radial Hydraulic Impeller Forces
6.1.2.1 Unsteady Flow Dynamic Impeller Forces
6.1.2.2 Interaction Impeller Forces
6.2 Centrifugal Compressors
6.2.1 Overall Stability Criteria
6.2.2 Utilizing Interactive Force Modeling Similarities with Pumps
6.3 High-Pressure Steam Turbines and Gas Turbines
6.3.1 Steam Whirl
6.3.1.1 Blade Tip Clearance Contribution
6.3.1.2 Blade Shroud Annular Seal Contribution
6.3.2 Partial Admission in Steam Turbine Impulse Stages
6.3.3 Combustion Gas Turbines
6.4 Axial Flow Compressors
6.5 Summary
Bibliography
Part III Monitoring and Diagnostics
7 Rotor Vibration Measurement and Acquisition
7.1 Introduction to Monitoring and Diagnostics
7.2 Measured Vibration Signals and Associated Sensors
7.2.1 Accelerometers
7.2.2 Velocity Transducers
7.2.3 Displacement Transducers
7.2.3.1 Background
7.2.3.2 Inductance (Eddy-Current) Noncontacting Position Sensing Systems
7.3 Vibration Data Acquisition
7.3.1 Continuously Monitored Large Multibearing Machines
7.3.2 Monitoring Several Machines at Regular Intervals
7.3.3 Research Laboratory and Shop Test Applications
7.4 Signal Conditioning
7.4.1 Filters
7.4.2 Amplitude Conventions
7.5 Summary
Bibliography
8 Vibration Severity Guidelines
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Casing and Bearing Cap Vibration Displacement Guidelines
8.3 Standards, Guidelines, and Acceptance Criteria
8.4 Shaft Displacement Criteria
8.5 Summary
Bibliography
Bibliography Supplement
9 Signal Analysis and Identification of Vibration Causes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Vibration Trending and Baselines
9.3 FFT Spectrum
9.4 Rotor Orbit Trajectories
9.5 Bode, Polar, and Spectrum Cascade Plots
9.6 Wavelet Analysis Tools
9.7 Chaos Analysis Tools
9.8 Symptoms and Identification of Vibration Causes
9.8.1 Rotor Mass Unbalance Vibration
9.8.2 Self-Excited Instability Vibrations
9.8.2.1 Oil Whip
9.8.2.2 Steam Whirl
9.8.2.3 Instability Caused by Internal Damping in the Rotor
9.8.2.4 Other Instability Mechanisms
9.8.3 Rotor-Stator Rub-Impacting
9.8.4 Misalignment
9.8.5 Resonance
9.8.6 Mechanically Loose Connections
9.8.7 Cracked Shafts
9.8.8 Rolling-Element Bearings, Gears, and Vane/Blade-Passing Effects
9.9 Summary
Bibliography
Part IV Trouble-Shooting Case Studies
10 Forced Vibration and Critical Speed Case Studies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 HP Steam Turbine Passage through First Critical Speed
10.3 HP-IP Turbine Second Critical Speed through Power Cycling
10.4 Boiler Feed Pumps: Critical Speeds at Operating Speed
10.4.1 Boiler Feed Pump Case Study 1
10.4.2 Boiler Feed Pump Case Study 2
10.4.3 Boiler Feed Pump Case Study 3
10.5 Nuclear Feed Water Pump Cyclic Thermal Rotor Bow
10.6 Power Plant Boiler Circulating Pumps
10.7 Nuclear Plant Cooling Tower Circulating Pump Resonance
10.8 Generator Exciter Collector Shaft Critical Speeds
10.9 Summary
Bibliography
11 Self-Excited Rotor Vibration Case Studies
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Swirl Brakes Cure Steam Whirl in a 1300 MW Unit
11.3 Bearing Unloaded by Nozzle Forces Allows Steam Whirl
11.4 Misalignment Causes Oil Whip/Steam Whirl “Duet”
11.5 Summary
Bibliography
12 Additional Rotor Vibration Cases and Topics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Vertical Rotor Machines
12.3 Vector Turning from Synchronously Modulated Rubs
12.4 Air Preheater Drive Structural Resonances
12.5 Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit Commutator Vibration-Caused Uneven Wear
12.6 Impact Tests for Vibration Problem Diagnoses
12.7 Bearing Looseness Effects
12.7.1 350 MW Steam Turbine Generator
12.7.2 BFP 4000 hp Electric Motor
12.7.3 LP Turbine Bearing Looseness on a 750 MW Steam Turbine Generator
12.8 Tilting-Pad versus Fixed-Surface Journal Bearings
12.8.1 A Return to the Machine of Section 11.4 of Chapter 11 Case Study
12.9 Base-Motion Excitations from Earthquake and Shock
12.10 Parametric Excitation: Nonaxisymmetric Shaft Stiffness
12.11 Rotor Balancing
12.11.1 Static Unbalance, Dynamic Unbalance, and Rigid Rotors
12.11.2 Flexible Rotors
12.11.3 Influence Coefficient Method
12.11.4 Balancing Computer Code Examples and the Importance of Modeling
12.11.5 Case Study of 430 MW Turbine Generator
12.11.6 Continuous Automatic In-Service Rotor Balancing
12.11.7 In-Service Single-Plane Balance Shot
12.12 Summary
Bibliography
Index
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