Handbook of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine 1st Edition by Prabhu 9781119781158 1119781159

Part I: Pathology of Teeth and Supporting Structures

1 Disorders of Tooth Development and Eruption

1.1 Anodontia, Hypodontia and Oligodontia

1.2 Hyperdontia (Supernumerary Teeth)

1.3 Microdontia and Macrodontia

1.4 Gemination, Fusion and Concrescence

1.5 Taurodontism and Dilaceration

1.6 Amelogenesis Imperfecta

1.7 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta

1.8 Dentinal Dysplasia (Dentin Dysplasia)

1.9 Regional Odontodysplasia (Ghost Teeth)

1.10 Delayed Tooth Eruption

1.11 Tooth Impaction (Impacted Teeth)

1.12 Dens Invaginatus and Dens Evaginatus

1.13 Fluorosis (Mottled Enamel)

1.14 Tetracycline‐Induced Discoloration of Teeth: Key Features

1.15 Enamel Pearl: Key Features

1.16 Talon Cusp: Key Features

1.17 Hutchinson’s Incisors and Mulberry Molars: Key Features

1.18 Tooth Ankylosis: Key Features

1.19 Supernumerary Roots: Key Features

Recommended Reading

2 Dental caries

2.1 Definition/Description

2.2 Frequency

2.3 Aetiology/Risk Factors/Pathogenesis

2.4 Classification of Caries

2.5 Clinical Features

2.6 Differential Diagnosis

2.7 Diagnosis

2.8 Microsopic Features

2.9 Management

2.10 Prevention

Recommended Reading

3 Diseases of the Pulp and Apical Periodontal Tissues

3.1 Classification of Diseases of the Pulp and Apical Periodontal Tissues

3.2 Pulpitis

3.3 Apical Periodontitis and Periapical Granuloma

3.4 Apical Abscess (Dentoalveolar Abscess)

3.5 Condensing Osteitis

Recommended Reading

4 Tooth Wear, Pathological Resorption of Teeth, Hypercementosis and Cracked Tooth Syndrome

4.1 Tooth wear: Attrition, Abrasion, Erosion, and Abfraction

4.2 Pathological Resorption of Teeth

4.3 Hypercementosis

4.4 Cracked Tooth Syndrome

Recommended Reading

5 Gingival and Periodontal Diseases

5.1 Classification of Gingival and Periodontal Diseases

5.2 Chronic Gingivitis

5.3 Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases

5.4 Plasma Cell Gingivitis

5.5 Foreign Body Gingivitis

5.6 Desquamative Gingivitis

5.7 Chronic Periodontitis

5.8 Aggressive Periodontitis

5.9 Fibrous Epulis (Peripheral Fibroma)

5.10 Peripheral Ossifying/Cementifying Fibroma

5.11 Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma (Giant Cell Epulis)

5.12 Angiogranuloma (Pyogenic granuloma/pregnancy epulis)

5.13 Inflammatory Gingival Hyperplasia (Inflammatory Gingival Enlargement)

5.14 Generalized Gingival Hyperplasia in Pregnancy

5.15 Drug‐Induced Gingival Hyperplasia

5.16 Familial Gingival Hyperplasia

5.17 Gingival and Periodontal Abscesses

5.18 Pericoronitis/Pericoronal Abscess

5.19 Gingival Enlargement in Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s granulomatosis)

5.20 Gingival Enlargement in Leukaemia

5.21 Gingival Enlargement in Ascorbic Acid Deficiency

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Part II: Pathology of Jaw Bones

6 Infections and Necrosis of the Jaw

6.1 Acute Suppurative Osteomyelitis

6.2 Chronic Suppurative Osteomyelitis

6.3 Sclerosing Osteomyelitis

6.4 Proliferative Periostitis (Garre’s Osteomyelitis)

6.5 Actinomycosis of the Jaw

6.6 Cervicofacial Cellulitis (Cervicofacial Fascial Space Infection)

6.7 Osteoradionecrosis of the Jaw

6.8 Medication‐Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw

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7 Cysts of the Jaw

7.1 Radicular, Lateral Radicular, and Residual Radicular Cysts

7.2 Dentigerous Cyst

7.3 Eruption Cyst

7.4 Odontogenic Keratocyst (Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumour)

7.5 Lateral Periodontal Cyst

7.6 Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst

7.7 Orthokeratinized Odontogenic Cyst: Key Features

7.8 Glandular Odontogenic Cyst: Key Features

7.9 Nasopalatine Duct Cyst (Incisive Canal Cyst)

7.10 Pseudocysts of the Jaw: Solitary Bone Cyst, Aneurysmal Bone Cyst and Stafne’s bone Cyst

7.11 Nasolabial Cyst: Key Features

Recommended Reading

8 Odontogenic Tumours

8.1 World Health Organization Classification of Odontogenic Tumours (2017)

8.2 Ameloblastoma

8.3 Unicystic Ameloblastoma

8.4 Squamous Odontogenic Tumour

8.5 Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumour (Pindborg Tumour)

8.6 Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumour

8.7 Ameloblastic Fibroma

8.8 Ameloblastic Fibrodentinoma and Ameloblastic Fibro‐Odontome

8.9 Odontome (Odontoma)

8.10 Dentinogenic Ghost Cell Tumour

8.11 Odontogenic Myxoma

8.12 Odontogenic Fibroma (Central Odontogenic Fibroma)

8.13 Cementoblastoma

Recommended Reading

9 Non‐odontogenic Benign and Malignant Tumours of the Jaw

9.1 Osteoma

9.2 Multiple Osteomas in Gardner’s Syndrome

9.3 Central Haemangioma (Intraosseous Haemangioma)

9.4 Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumour of Infancy

9.5 Osteosarcoma

9.6 Chondrosarcoma: Key Features

9.7 Ewing’s Sarcoma

9.8 Myeloma (Multiple Myeloma)

9.9 Solitary Plasmacytoma

9.10 Burkitt’s Lymphoma

Recommended Reading

10 Fibro‐Osseous and Related Lesions of the Jaw

10.1 Ossifying Fibroma/Cemento‐Ossifying Fibroma

10.2 Cemento‐Osseous Dysplasias

10.3 Familial Gigantiform Cementoma: Key Features

10.4 Central Giant Cell Granuloma

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11 Genetic, Metabolic, and Other Non‐neoplastic Bone Diseases

11.1 Osteogenesis Imperfecta

11.2 Cleidocranial Dysplasia

11.3 Cherubism

11.4 Gigantism and Acromegaly

11.5 Brown Tumour of Hyperparathyroidism

11.6 Paget’s Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans)

11.7 Fibrous Dysplasia and McCune–Albright Syndrome

11.8 Mandibular and Palatine Tori: Key Features

11.9 Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defect: Key Features

Recommended Reading

Part III: Pathology of the Oral Mucosa

12 Developmental Anomalies and Anatomical Variants of Oral Soft Tissues

12.1 Fordyce Granules: Key Features

12.2 Double Lip: Key Features

12.3 Leukoedema: Key Features

12.4 Ankyloglossia: Key Features

12.5 Geographic Tongue: Key Features

12.6 Hairy Tongue: Key Features

12.7 Fissured Tongue: Key Features

12.8 Lingual Thyroid: Key Features

12.9 Microglossia and Macroglossia: Key Features

12.10 Bifid Tongue: Key Features

12.11 Bifid Uvula: Key Features

12.12 Cleft Lip: Key Features

12.13 Calibre Persistent Labial Artery: Key Features

12.14 Epstein’s Pearl and Bohn’s Nodules: Key Features

12.15 Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts: Key Features

12.16 Oral Varicosities: Key Features

12.17 Lymphoid Aggregates: Key Features

12.18 Parotid Papilla: Key Features

12.19 Circumvallate Papillae: Key Features

12.20 Physiological Pigmentation: Key Features

Recommended Reading

13 Bacterial Infections of the Oral Mucosa

13.1 Scarlet Fever: Key Features

13.2 Syphilis

13.3 Gonorrhoea: Key Features

13.4 Tuberculosis

Recommended Reading

14 Fungal Infections of the Oral Mucosa

14.1 Candidosis (Candidiasis)

14.2 Histoplasmosis

14.3 Blastomycosis: Key Features

Recommended Reading

15 Viral Infections of the Oral Mucosa

15.1 Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis (Primary Herpes)

15.2 Herpes Labialis

15.3 Varicella (Chickenpox)

15.4 Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

15.5 Infectious Mononucleosis (Glandular Fever)

15.6 Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: Key Features

15.7 Cytomegalovirus Infection: Key Features

15.8 Herpangina: Key Features

15.9 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease

15.10 Squamous Papilloma

15.11 Condyloma Acuminatum: Key Features

15.12 Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia: Key Features

15.13 Verruca Vulgaris: Key Features

15.14 Measles: Key Features

Recommended Reading

16 Non‐infective Inflammatory Disorders of the Oral Mucosa

16.1 Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

16.2 Oral Lichen Planus

16.3 Oral Lichenoid Lesions

16.4 Pemphigus Vulgaris

16.5 Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid

16.6 Erythema Multiforme

16.7 Lupus Erythematosus: Key Features

16.8 Traumatic Ulcer: Key Features

16.9 Oral Lesions in Behcet’s Disease/Syndrome

16.10 Oral Lesions in Crohn’s Disease

16.11 Oral Lesions in Reactive Arthritis: Key Features

16.12 Uremic Stomatitis: Key Features

16.13 Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis: Key Features

16.14 Radiation‐Induced Mucositis: Key Features

16.15 Medication‐Induced Oral Ulceration: Key Features

16.16 Stevens–Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Recommended Reading

17 Non‐neoplastic Mucosal Swellings

17.1 Irritation Fibroma (Traumatic Fibroma)

17.2 Denture‐Induced Granuloma (Epulis Fissuratum)

17.3 Fibrous Epulis (Peripheral Fibroma): Key Features

17.4 Pyogenic Granuloma: Key Features

17.5 Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma: Key Features

17.6 Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma: Key Features

17.7 Traumatic Neuroma

17.8 Squamous Papilloma: Key Features

17.9 Congenital Epulis: Key Features

Recommended Reading

18 Benign Neoplasms of the Oral Mucosa

18.1 Lipoma

18.2 Schwannoma (Neurilemmoma)

18.3 Granular Cell Tumour

18.4 Haemangioma

18.5 Lymphangioma

18.6 Leiomyoma (Vascular Leiomyomas): Key Features

18.7 Rhabdomyoma: Key Features

Recommended Reading

19 Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders

19.1 Erythroplakia

19.2 Leukoplakia

19.3 Chronic Hyperplastic Candidosis (Candidal Leukoplakia)

19.4 Palatal Lesions in Reverse Smokers

19.5 Oral Lichen Planus: Key Features

19.6 Oral Submucous Fibrosis

19.7 Oral Lichenoid Lesion

19.8 Lupus Erythematosus

19.9 Actinic Keratosis of the Lip (Actinic Cheilitis)

19.10 Graft‐Versus‐Host Disease

19.11 Dyskeratosis Congenita

19.12 Sublingual Keratosis: Key Features

19.13 Syphilitic Leukoplakia: Key Features

19.14 Darier’s Disease: Key Features

Recommended Reading

20 Malignant Neoplasms of the Oral Mucosa

20.1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Verrucous Carcinoma

20.2 Melanoma (Malignant Melanoma)

20.3 Kaposi’s Sarcoma

20.4 Fibrosarcoma: Key Features

20.5 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Key Features

20.6 Leiomyosarcoma: Key Features

Recommended Readings

Part IV: Pathology of the Salivary Glands

21 Non‐neoplastic Salivary Gland Diseases

21.1 Salivary Calculi: Key Features

21.2 Mucoceles (Mucous Extravasation Cysts, Mucous Retention Cysts and Ranula)

21.3 Sjögren’s Syndrome

21.4 Sialadenitis: Key Features

21.5 Necrotizing Sialometaplasia: Key Features

Recommended Reading

22 Salivary Gland Neoplasms

22.1 World Health Organization Histological Classification of Salivary Gland Tumours (2017)

22.2 Pleomorphic Adenoma

22.3 Warthin’s Tumour (Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum)

22.4 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

22.5 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

Recommended Reading

Part V: Clinical Presentation of Mucosal Disease

23 White Lesions of the Oral Mucosa

23.1 Actinic Cheilitis: Key Features

23.2 Chemical Burn: Key Features

23.3 Chronic Hyperplastic Candidosis: Key Features

23.4 Darier’s Disease: Key Features

23.5 Dyskeratosis Congenita: Key Features

23.6 Fordyce Granules: Key Features

23.7 Frictional Keratosis: Key Features

23.8 Hereditary Benign Intraepithelial Dyskeratosis: Key Features

23.9 Leukoedema: Key Features

23.10 Leukoplakia: Key Features

23.11 Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: Key Features

23.12 Oral Lichen Planus: Key Features

23.13 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Key Features

23.14 Pseudomembranous Candidosis: Key Features

23.15 Smokeless Tobacco‐Induced Keratosis: Key Features

23.16 Smoker’s Keratosis: Key Features

23.17 Sublingual Keratosis: Key Features

23.18 Syphilitic Leukoplakia: Key Features

23.19 Verrucous Carcinoma: Key Features

23.20 White Hairy Tongue: Key Features

23.21 White Sponge Nevus: Key Features

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24 Red and Purple Lesions of the Oral Mucosa

24.1 Contact Stomatitis: Key Features

24.2 Desquamative Gingivitis: Key Features

24.3 Erythema Migrans: Key Features

24.4 Erythema Multiforme: Key Features

24.5 Erythematous Candidosis: Key Features

24.6 Erythroplakia: Key Features

24.7 Haemangioma: Key Features

24.8 Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia: Key Features

24.9 Infectious Mononucleosis: Key Features

24.10 Kaposi’s Sarcoma: Key Features

24.11 Linear Gingival Erythema: Key Features

24.12 Lupus Erythematosus: Key Features

24.13 Median Rhomboid Glossitis: Key Features

24.14 Mucosal Ecchymosis, Haematoma, and Petechiae: Key Features

24.15 Plasma Cell Gingivitis: Key Features

24.16 Port‐Wine Nevus: Key Features

24.17 Radiation Mucositis: Key Features

24.18 Thermal Burn: Key Features

Recommended Reading

25 Blue, Black, and Brown Lesions of the Oral Mucosa

25.1 Addison’s Disease: Key Features

25.2 Amalgam Tattoo: Key Features

25.3 Black/Brown Hairy Tongue: Key Features

25.4 Drug‐Induced Pigmentation: Key Features

25.5 Heavy Metal Pigmentation: Key Features

25.6 Laugier–Hunziker Syndrome: Key Features

25.7 Melanoma: Key Features

25.8 Melanotic Macule: Key Features

25.9 Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome: Key Features

25.10 Physiological Pigmentation: Key Features

25.11 Mucosal Nevi: Key Features

25.12 Smoker’s Melanosis: Key Features

Recommended Reading

26 Vesiculobullous Lesions of the Oral Mucosa

26.1 Angina Bullosa Haemorrhagica: Key Features

26.2 Bullous Lichen Planus: Key Features

26.3 Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Key Features

26.4 Erythema Multiforme: Key Features

26.5 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: Key Features

26.6 Herpes Zoster (Shingles): Key Features

26.7 Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid: Key Features

26.8 Pemphigus Vulgaris: Key Features

26.9 Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis: Key Features

26.10 Herpes Labialis: Key Features

Recommended Reading

27 Ulcerative Lesions of the Oral Mucosa

27.1 Oral Ulcers in Agranulocytosis: Key Features

27.2 Oral Ulcers in Behçet’s Disease: Key Features

27.3 Oral Ulcers in Coeliac Disease: Key Features

27.4 Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis: Key Features

27.5 Oral Ulcers in Crohn’s Disease: Key Features

27.6 Oral Ulcers in Cyclic Neutropenia: Key Features

27.7 Cytomegalovirus Ulcers: Key Features

27.8 Eosinophilic Ulcer: Key Features

27.9 Gangrenous Stomatitis: Key Features

27.10 Necrotizing Sialometaplasia: Key Features

27.11 Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis: Key Features

27.12 Oral Ulcers in Reactive Arthritis: Key Features

27.13 Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers: Key Features

27.14 Squamous Cell Carcinoma Presenting as an Ulcer: Key Features

27.15 Syphilitic Ulcers: Key Features

27.16 Traumatic Ulcer: Key Features

27.17 Tuberculous Ulcer: Key Features

27.18 Oral Ulcer in Ulcerative Colitis: Key Features

Recommended Reading

28 Papillary Lesions of the Oral Mucosa

28.1 Condyloma Acuminatum: Key Features

28.2 Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia (Heck’s Disease): Key Features

28.3 Oral Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: Key Features

28.4 Squamous Papilloma: Key Features

28.5 Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Key Features

28.6 Verruca Vulgaris (Oral Warts): Key Features

28.7 Verrucous Carcinoma: Key Features

Recommended Reading

Part VI: Orofacial Pain

29 Orofacial Pain

29.1 Odontogenic Orofacial Pain

29.2 Neuropathic Orofacial Pain

29.3 Other Conditions with Orofacial Pain

Recommended Reading

Part VII: Miscellaneous Topics of Clinical Relevance

30 Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disorders

30.1 Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders

30.2 Cardiovascular Disease

30.3 Respiratory Disease

30.4 Kidney Diseases

30.5 Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

30.6 Nervous System Disorders

30.7 Haematological Disorders

30.8 Immune System Disorders

Reference

Recommended Reading

31 Systemic Diseases Associated with Periodontal Infections

31.1 Cardiovascular Disease

31.2 Coronary Heart Disease (Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Infarction)

31.3 Stroke

31.4 Infective Endocarditis

31.5 Bacterial Pneumonia

31.6 Low Birth Weight

31.7 Diabetes Mellitus

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32 Other Signs and Symptoms Related to the Oral Environment

32.1 Halitosis

32.2 Taste Disorders

32.3 Dry Mouth (Xerostomia)

32.4 Sialorrhea

32.5 Trismus

32.6 COVID‐19 Infection

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33 Outline of Diagnostic Steps and Procedures Employed in Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine

33.1 History

33.2 Clinical Examination

33.3 Clinical Differential Diagnosis

33.4 Diagnosis

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