Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 2nd Edition by James Duke, Mary Jo Bogenschutz Godwin, Judi duCellier, Peggy Ann Duke 0849312841 9780849312847

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ISBN 10: 0849312841

ISBN 13: 9780849312847

Author: James A. Duke, Mary Jo Bogenschutz-Godwin, Judi duCellier, Peggy-Ann K. Duke

Still considered the definitive work on medicinal herbs and their uses after two decades, the Handbook of Medicinal Herbs has undergone a long-anticipated revision. In the second edition, world-renowned ethnobotanist James A. Duke provides up-to-date data on over 800 of the world’s most important medicinal plant species. 

Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 2nd Table of contents:

A

ABSCESS ROOT (Polemonium reptans L.) +

ACACIA, BABUL (Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile) ++

ADAM’S NEEDLES, SPANISH BAYONET (Yucca filamentosa L.) ++

AFRICAN CAPER (Capparis tomentosa Lam.) +

AFRICAN QUININE, QUININE TREE (Rauvolfia caffra Sond.) +

AFRICAN SPURGE (Euphorbia resinifera O. Berg & C. F. Schmidt) X

AFRICAN WILD YAM (Dioscorea dregeana (Kunth) T. Durand & Schinz) +

AFRICAN WORMWOOD (Artemisia afra Jacq.) +

AGA, FLY AGARIC (Amanita muscaria) X

AGAR (Gelidium amansii) ++

AGRIMONY (Agrimonia eupatoria L.) ++

AIR PLANT, TREE OF LIFE (Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken) +

AIR POTATO (Dioscorea bulbifera L.) ++

AJOWAN, BISHOP’S WEED (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill.) +++

AKEE APPLES, SESO VEGETAL, ACKEE (Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig) X

ALBIZZIA, SIRIS (Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.) +

ALEXANDRIAN SENNA (Senna alexandrina Mill.) +

ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.) +

ALISMA (Alisma plantago-aquatica L.) +

ALKANET, ALKANNA, DYER’S ALKANET (Alkanna tinctoria Tausch) X

ALLSPICE (Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.) ++

ALMOND (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) ++

ALMOND OIL (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) ++

ALOE (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.) (Gel) ++

ALOES (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.) (Inner leaf or Dried Leaf Juice) +

ALPINE CRANBERRY (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) ++

ALPINE RAGWORT (Senecio nemorensis L.) X

ALPINE ROSE (Rhododendron ferrugineum L.) X

AMERICAN BEECH (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) ++

AMERICAN BITTERSWEET (Celastrus scandens L.) X

AMERICAN CORN MINT, CANADIAN MINT, JAPANESE MINT (Mentha canadensis L.) ++

AMERICAN GINSENG, GINSENG (Panax quinquefolius L.) +++

AMERICAN HELLEBORE (Veratrum viride Aiton) X

AMERICAN LIVERLEAF (Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G. Lawson) +

AMERICAN PENNYROYAL (Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.) + (down from CRC)

AMERICAN SOLOMON’S-SEAL (Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliot) ++

AMERICAN WHITE SPRUCE (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss) ++

AMMONIAC (Dorema ammoniacum D. Don) +

AMUR CORKTREE (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.) ++

ANEMARRHENA (Anemarrhena asphodelioides Bunge) ++

ANGELICA, WILD PARSNIP (Angelica archangelica L.) ++

ANGLED LOOFAH, CHINESE OKRA (Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.) ++

ANGOSTURA (Angostura trifoliata (Willd.) T. S. Elias) ++

ANISE (Pimpinella anisum L.) ++

ANNATTO (Bixa orellana L.) ++

ANNUAL MERCURY (Mercurialis annua L.) +

ANSERINA, SILVERWEED (Potentilla anserina L.) ++

APPLE (Malus domestica Borkh.) +++

APRICOT (Prunus armeniaca L.) ++

ARAROBA (Andira araroba Aguan) +

ARJUNA (Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.) +

ARNICA (Arnica montana L.) + (external); X (internal)

ARRACH (Chenopodium vulvaria L.) ++

ARROW-POISON (Strophanthus sarmentosus DC.) X

ARROWROOT (Maranta arundinacea L.) +++

ARTICHOKE (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. cardunculus) +++

ASAFETIDA, DEVIL’S DUNG (Ferula assa-foetida L.) ++

ASHWAGANDHA (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) +

ASIAN MEADOW-RUE (Thalictrum foliolosum DC.) +

ASIATIC DOGWOOD, JAPANESE CORNEL (Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc.) ++

ASOKA (Saraca indica L.) +

ASPARAGUS (Asparagus officinalis L.) ++

AUTUMN CROCUS, COLCHICUM, MEADOW-SAFFRON (Colchicum autumnale L.) X

AVENS, BENNET’S ROOT (Geum urbanum L.)++

AVOCADO (Persea americana Mill.) +++

AZTEC MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) ++

B

BABY’S BREATH (Gypsophila paniculata L.) +

BAEL, BENGAL QUINCE (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa) ++

BAICAL SKULLCAP (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) ++

BAI ZHU, ATRACTYLODES (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.) ++

BALLOON FLOWER (Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC) ++

BALMONY, TURTLEHEAD (Chelone glabra L.) +++

BALSAM FIR (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill) ++

BALSAM OF PERU (Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms) ++

BALSAM OF TOLU (Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms) ++

BANANA, PLANTAIN (Musa x paradisiaca L.) ++

BANEBERRY (Actaea spicata L.) X

BAN XIA (Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino) +

BARBASCO (Dioscorea composita Hemsl.) +

BARBERRY (Berberis vulgaris L.) +

BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.) +++

BASIL, SWEET BASIL (Ocimum basilicum L.) ++

BASTARD CEDAR (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.) ++

BAYBERRY (Morella cerifera (L.) Small) +

BAYLEAF, LAUREL (Laurus nobilis L.) ++

BAYRUM TREE (Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore.) +++

BEARBERRY (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.) +

BEAUTY BERRY (Callicarpa americana L.) +

BEE BALM (Monarda didyma L.) +++

BEET (Beta vulgaris L.) ++

BELLADONNA (Atropa belladonna L.) XXX

BELLERIC (Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.) +

BENZOIN (Styrax benzoin Dryander.) ++

BETEL PALM (Areca catechu L.) X

BETEL PEPPER (Piper betle L.) ++

BETHROOT (Trillium erectum L.) +

BILBERRY (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) +++

BIRCH (Betula spp.) ++

BIRTHWORT (Aristolochia clematitis L.) X

BISHOP’S WEED (Ammi visnaga (L.) Lamarck) +

BISTORT (Polygonum bistorta L.) ++

BITTER CANDYTUFT (Iberis amara L.) X

BITTER MELON, BALSAM PEAR (Momordica charantia L.) +

BITTER MILKWORT (Polygala amara L.) ++

BITTERSWEET (Solanum dulcamara L.) +

BITTERWOOD (Quassia amara L.) ++

BLACK ALDER (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) ++

BLACK ASH (Fraxinus nigra Marshall) + +

BLACK BEAN, GREEN BEAN, etc. (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) +++

BLACKBERRY (Rubus spp.) ++

BLACKBERRY LILY (Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.) ++

BLACK BRYONY (Tamus communis L.) X

BLACK COHOSH (Actaea racemosa L.) +

BLACK CUMIN (Nigella sativa L.) ++

BLACK CURRANT FRUIT (Ribes nigrum L.) +++

BLACK CURRANT LEAF (Ribes nigrum L.) +

BLACK CURRANT SEED OIL (Ribes nigrum L.) +++

BLACK DOT, SCURFY PEA (Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik.) ++

BLACK HAW (Viburnum prunifolium L.) +

BLACK HOREHOUND (Ballota nigra L.) ++

BLACK LOCUST (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) +

BLACK MULBERRY (Morus nigra L.) +++

BLACK MUSTARD (Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch) ++

BLACK NIGHTSHADE (Solanum nigrum L.) +

BLACK PEPPER (Piper nigrum L.) +++

BLACK PHYSICNUT (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) X

BLACKROOT (Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.) +

BLACK WALNUT (Juglans nigra L.) +

BLADDER DOCK (Rumex vesicarius L.) ++

BLADDERWORT (Utricularia vulgaris L.) ++

BLESSED THISTLE (Cnicus benedictus L.) ++

BLETILLA, HARDY ORCHID (Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f.) ++

BLOODROOT (Sanguinaria canadensis L.) X

BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium angustifolia Aiton and corymbosum L.) +++

BLUE CARDINAL FLOWER (Lobelia siphilitica L.) +

BLUE COHOSH (Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.) +

BLUE FLAG (Iris versicolor L.) +

BOGBEAN (Menyanthes trifoliata L.) +

BOG BILBERRY, BOG BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) ++

BOLDO (Peumus boldus Molina) +

BONESET (Eupatorium perfoliatum L.) ++

BORAGE (Borago officinalis L.) +

BORRACHERO, FLORIPONDIO (Brugmansia x candida Pers.) X

BOSWELLIA (Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr.) ++

BOTTLE GOURD, CALABASH (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) +++

BOWMAN’S ROOT (Gillenia trifoliata (L.) Moench) +

BOXWOOD (Buxus sempervirens L.) +

BRAHMI (Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell) ++

BRAZILIAN PEPPERTREE (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) +

BRAZILNUT (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) ++

BREWER’S YEAST (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ++

BRITISH ELECAMPANE (Inula britannica L.) ++

BROCCOLI (Brassica olerácea L. var. itálica Plenck) +++

BROMELAIN (from Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) +

BROOKLIME (Veronica beccabunga L.) ++

BROOM CORN (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) ++

BROWN KELP (Macrocystis pyrifera C. Agardh) ++

BRUSSELS SPROUTS (Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera Zenker) +++

BUCHU (Agathosma betulina (P. J. Bergius) Pillans) +

BUCKWHEAT (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) +++

BUGLE (Ajuga reptans L.) +

BUGLEWEED (Lycopus europaeus L. or L. virginicus L.) +++

BULBOUS BUTTERCUP (Ranunculus bulbosus L.) + Activities

BUNCHBERRY (Cornus canadensis L.) ++

BUPLEURUM, HARE’S EAR (Bupleurum chinense DC. or B. falcatum L.) ++

BURDOCK (Arctium lappa L.) +++

BURNING BUSH, DITTANY, GASPLANT (Dictamnus albus L.) ++

BURR MARIGOLD, WATER AGRIMONY (Bidens tripartita L.) ++

BUTCHER’S BROOM (Ruscus aculeatus L.) ++ Activities

BUTTERBUR (Petasites hybridus (L.) P. Gaertn. et al. and P. officinalis Moench) +

BUTTERNUT (Juglans cinerea L.) +++

C

CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) +++

CABBAGE BARK (Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC.) +

CABEZA DE ANGEL (Calliandra grandiflora (L’Her) Benth.) +

CACAO (Theobroma cacao L.) ++

CAJEPUT (Melaleuca leucadendra L.) ++

CAJUPUT (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) ++

CALABASH TREE (Crescentia cujete L.) +

CALAMINT (Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi.) ++

CALAMUS (Acorus calamus L.) XXX

CALENDULA, MARIGOLD, POT-MARIGOLD (Calendula officinalis L.) +++

CALIFORNIA BAY (Umbellularia californica (Hook. and Arn.) Nutt.) +

CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE (Schinus molle L.) +

CALIFORNIA POPPY (Eschscholzia californica Cham.) +

CAMPHOR (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presi) X

CAMU-CAMU (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh) +++

CANADA YEW (Taxus canadensis Marshall) X

CANADIAN GOLDENROD (Solidago canadensis L.) ++

CANAIGRE (Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.) +

CANCER HERB (Acalypha arvensis Poepp. & Endl.) +

CANDLEBUSH (Senna alata (L.) Roxb.) +

CANDLENUT (Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.) +

CANE REED (Costus speciosus (J. König) Sm.) ++

CANOLA, OILSEED RAPE (Brassica napus var. napus) ++

CAPE ALOE (Aloe ferox Mill.) ++

CAPE GOOSEBERRY (Physalis peruviana L.) ++

CAPER (Capparis spinosa L.) +++

CAPSICUM (Capsicum frutescens L. spp.) ++

CARAMBOLA (Averrhoa carambola L.) ++

CARAWAY (Carum carvi L.) ++

CARDAMOM (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) ++

CARLINE THISTLE (Carlina acaulis L.) ++

CARNATION (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) ++

CAROB (Ceratonia siliqua L.) +++

CARROT (Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) ++

CASCARA SAGRADA (Frangula purshiana (DC.) J. G. Cooper) +

CASCARILLA (Croton eluteria (L.) Sw.) +

CASHEW (Anacardium occidentale L.) +

CASSIA (Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees) +++

CASSIE (Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.) ++

CASTOR (Ricinus communis L.) +

CATECHU, BLACK CUTCH (Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd.) ++

CATGUT (Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers.) +

CATNIP (Nepeta cataria L.) ++

CAT’S CLAW (Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC.) ++

CAULIFLOWER (Brassica olerácea var. botrytis L.) +++

CEDAR OF LEBANON (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) ++

CELANDINE (Chelidonium majus L.) +

CELERY (Apium graveolens L.) +++

CELERY-LEAVED BUTTERCUP (Ranunculus sceleratus L.) +

CENTAURY, EUROPEAN CENTAURY (Centaurium erythraea Rafn) ++

CHAFF-FLOWER (Achyranthes aspera L.) ++

CHAMOMILE (Matricaria recutita L.) +++

CHAMPAC (Michelia champaca L.) ++

CHAPARRAL, CREOSOTE BUSH (Larrea tridentata (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Coville) X

CHASTEBERRY (Vitex agnus-castus L.) ++

CHAULMOOGRA (Hydnocarpus spp.) X

CHAYOTE (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.) ++

CHEBULIC MYROBALAN, HARITALI (Terminalia chebula Retz.) +

CHEKEN (Luma chequen (Molina) A. Gray.) ++

CHERRY-LAUREL (Prunus laurocerasus L.) +

CHICKPEA, GRAM (Cicer arietinum L.) +++

CHICKWEED (SteIIaria media (L.) Vili.) ++

CHICORY (Cichorium intybus L.) +++

CHINABERRY (MeIia azedarach L.) +

CHINA ROSE (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) ++

CHINESE CLUB MOSS (Huperzia serrata) +

CHINESE CUCUMBER (Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.) X

CHINESE MOTHERWORT (Leonurus japonicus Houtt.) +

CHINESE OLIVE (Canarium vulgare Leenh.) ++

CHINESE PEONY (Paeonia Iactiflora Pall.) +

CHINESE PINK (Dianthus chinensis L.) ++

CHINESE QUININE, FEVER FLOWER (Dichroa febrifuga Lour.) +

CHINESE SENEGA ROOT (Polygala tenuifolia Willd.) ++

CHIRATA (Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) H. Karst.) ++

CHIRICSANANGO (BrunfeIsia grandiflora D. Don.) X

CHIVES (Allium schoenoprasum L.) +++

CHLORELLA (Chlorella spp.) ++

CHOCOLATE-VINE (Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne.) ++

CHOKECHERRY, BITTER BERRY (Prunus virginiana L.) ++

CHRISTMAS ROSE, BLACK HELLEBORE (Helleborus niger L.) X

CHRYSANTHEMUM, MUM (Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat.) ++

CILANTRO (Eryngium foetidum L.) +

CINCHONA, QUININE, REDBARK (Cinchona pubescens Vahl) +

CINNAMON (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) +++

CINNAMON-VINE, CHINESE YAM (Dioscorea batatas Decne.) ++

CLARY (Salvia sclarea L.) +++

CLEAVERS (Galium aparine L.) ++

CLEMATIS (CIematis recta L.) +

CLIMBING POTATO (Bowiea volubilis Harv. ex Hook. f.) X

CLOVES (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry) +++

CLUBMOSS (Lycopodium clavatum L.) ++

CLUSTERLEAF (TerminaIia sericea Burch ex DC.) +

COCA (Erythroxylum coca Lam.) +

COCILLANA (Guarea rusbyi (Britton) Rusby) +

COCKSCOMB (CeIosia argentea L. var. cristata (L.) untze) +++

COCONUT (Cocos nucifera L.) +++

CODONOPSIS (Codonopsis spp.) +

COFFEE (Coffea arabica L.) ++

COFFEE SENNA (Senna occidentalis (L.) Link.) +

COLA (Cola spp.) ++

COLEUS (Plectranthus barbatus Andrews) ++

COLOCYNTH, BITTER APPLE, WILD GOURD (Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.) X

COLOMBO (Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers) +

COLORADO FOUR O’CLOCK (Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) A. Gray) +

COLTSFOOT (Tussilago farfara L.) +

COLUMBINE (Aquilegia vulgaris L.) +

COMFREY (Symphytum spp.) +

COMMON BUCKTHORN (Rhamnus cathartica L.) +

COMMON DAFFODIL (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.) X

COMMON GROMWELL (Lithospermum officinale L.) X

COMMON REED (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) ++

CONDOR PLANT, EAGLE VINE (Marsdenia cundurango Rchb. f.) +

CONESSI, KURCHI (HoIarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don) +

CONGOROSA (Maytenus Mcifolia Marf. ex Reissek) +

CONTRAHIERBA (Dorstenia contrayerba L.) +

COPAIBA (Copaifera langsdorfii Desf.) +

CORAL BEAN (Erythrina fusca lour.) +

CORAL ROOT (Corallorhiza odontorrhiza) +

CORIANDER (Coriandrum sativum L.) ++

CORKWOOD TREE, PITURI (Duboisia myoporoides R.Br.) X

CORN COCKLE (Agrostemma githago L.) +

CORNFLOWER, BACHELOR’S BUTTON (Centaurea cyanus L.) ++

CORN POPPY (Papaver rhoeas L.) +

CORN SILK (Zea mays L.) +++

CORYDALIS (CorydaIis ambigua Cham. & Schltdl. and/or C. yanhusuo (Y. H. Chou & Chun. C. Hsu) W. T. Wang) +

COSTUS, KUTH (Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch) ++

COTTONTREE (Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston.) ++

COUCHGRASS, QUACKGRASS (Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski) ++

COWITCH, COWHAGE, VELVETBEAN (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.) ++

COW PARSNIP (Heracleum sphondylium L.) +

COWSLIP (Primula veris L.) ++

CRAMPBARK (Viburnum opulus L.) ++

CRANBERRY (Vaccinium macrocarpum Aiton) +++

CRANESBILL (Geranium macuIatum L.) ++

CREAT (Andrographis panicuIata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees.) +

CUBEB (Piper cubeba L. f.) ++

CUCKOOPINT, ARUM (Arum maculatum L.) X

CUDWEED (Gnaphalium uliginosum L.) ++

CULEBRA (Brugmansia aurea Lagerh.) X

CUMIN (Cuminum cyminum L.) +++

CUPMOSS (Cladonia pyxidata (L.) E. Fries.) ++

CURRYLEAF (Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.) +

CYCLAMEN (Cyclamen europaeum L. emend. Ait.) +

CYPRESS (MEDITERRANEAN) (Cupressus sempervirens L.) ++

CYPRESS SPURGE (Euphorbia cyparissias L.) X

D

DAFFODIL (Narcissus tazetta L.) X

DAMIANA (Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult.) ++

DANDELION (Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wigger f.) +++

DARNEL (Lolium temulentum L.) X

DATE PALM (Phoenix dactylifera L.) +++

DAYLILY (Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.) +

DEATH ANGEL (Justicia pectoralis Jacq.) +

DEER TONGUE (Trilisa odoratissima (Walter ex J. F. Gmel.) Cass.) +

DEODAR CEDAR (Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don) ++

DEVIL-PEPPER (Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.) +

DEVIL’S CLAW (Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC ex. Meisn.) ++

DIGITALIS (Digitalis purpurea L.) X

DILL (Anethum graveolens L.) ++

DIVI-DIVI (Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.) ++

DIVINING SAGE (Salvia divinorum Epling & Jativa) +

DODDER, CLOVER DODDER (Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L.) +

DODO, KANKAN, TORO (Elaeophorbia drupifera (Thonn.) Stapf) +

DOGBANE, INDIAN HEMP (Apocynum cannabinum L.) X

DOGWOOD (Cornus florida L.) ++

DOKUDAMI, CHAMALEON PLANT (Houttuynia cordata Thunb.) ++

DONG QUAI (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels) +

DOUGLAS FIR (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.) +

DRAGON’S BLOOD (Crotón lechleri Müll. Arg.) +

DRAGON’S BLOOD PALM (Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume) +

DROSERA, ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW (Drosera rotundifolia L.) ++

DUCKWEED (Lemna minor L.) ++

DUMBCANE (Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott) X

DUSTY-MILLER (Senecio cineraria DC.) X

DUTCHMAN’S BREECHES, TURKEY CORN (Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh.) +

DU ZHONG, GUTTA-PERCHA TREE (Eucommia uImoides OIiv.) ++

DWARF BIRCH (BetuIa pumiIa L.) ++

DWARF ELDER (Sambucus ebulus L.) ++

DWARF MALLOW (Malva pusilla Sm.) +++

DYER’S BROOM (Genista tinctoria L.) X

DYER’S WOAD (Isatis tinctoria L.) +

DYSENTERY BARK (Simarouba glauca DC.) +

E

EASTERN LARCH (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) ++

EASTERN MISTLETOE (Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf). Reveal & M.C. Johnst.) +

ECHINACEA, PURPLE CONEFLOWER (Echinacea spp.) +++

ECLIPTA (Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.) ++

EGGPLANT (Solanum melongena L.) ++

ELDERBERRY (Sambucus canadensis L.) +++

ELECAMPANE (Inula helenium L.) ++

ELM BARK, EUROPEAN FIELD ELM (Ulmus minor Mill.) +++

EL NENE (SoIenostemon scuteIIarioides (L.) Codd) +

EMBLIC MYROBALAN (PhyIIanthus embIica L.) ++

ENDIVE (Cichorium endivia L.) +++

ENGLISH ADDER’S TONGUE (Ophioglossum vulgatum L.) ++

ENGLISH DAISY, WILD DAISY (Bellis perennis L.)+ +

ENGLISH HOLLY (Ilex aquifolium L.) +

ENGLISH WALNUT (Juglans regia L.) +

EPHEDRA, MA HUANG (Ephedra spp.) XXX

ERGOT (Claviceps purpurea) X

ERYNGO (Eryngium campestre L.) ++

ETHIOPIAN PEPPER (Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich.) ++

EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) ++

EUPHORBIA (Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.) +

EUROPEAN ASH (Fraxinus excelsior L.) ++

EUROPEAN CORN MINT (Mentha arvensis L.) +++

EUROPEAN ELDER (Sambucus nigra L.) +++

EUROPEAN FIVE-FINGER, CINQUEFOIL (Potentilla reptans L.) ++

EUROPEAN LARCH (Larix decidua Mill.)++

EUROPEAN PENNYROYAL (Mentha pulegium L.) X

EUROPEAN PEONY (Paeonia officinalis L.) +

EUROPEAN WATER HEMLOCK (Cicuta virosa L.) X

EUROPEAN YEW (Taxus baccata L.) X

EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera biennis L.) +++

EVODIA (Tetradium ruticarpum (A. Juss.) T. G. Hartley) ++

EYEBRIGHT (Euphrasia spp.) +

F

FABA BEAN (Vicia faba L.) ++

FAIRY FLAX, MOUNTAIN FLAX (Linum catharticum L.) +

FALSE SCHISANDRA (Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal) +

FALSE UNICORN ROOT, DEVIL’S BIT (Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray) +

FANG JI, HAN FANG JI (Stephania tetrandra S. Moore) +

FENNEL (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) ++

FENUGREEK (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) +++

FEVER BARK (Alstonia constricta F. Muell.) X

FEVERFEW (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip.) ++

FIELD SCABIOUS (Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult.) ++

FIG (Ficus carica L.) ++

FIGWORT (Scrophularia nodosa L.) +

FIREWEED (Epilobium angustifolium L.) ++

FISH BERRY, LEVANT NUT (Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn.) +

FIVE-LEAVED CHASTE TREE, HUANG JING (Vitex negundo L.) ++

FLANNELWEED, COUNTRY MALLOW (Sida cordifolia L.) ++

FLAX (Linum usitatissimum L.) +++

FOAM-FLOWER, COOLWORT {Tiarella cordifolia L.) ++

FOOL’S PARSLEY (Aethusa cynapium L.) X

FORGET-ME-NOT (Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill.) +

FORSYTHIA, GOLDEN BELLS (Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl) ++

FO-TI (Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.) +++

FOUR O’CLOCK (Mirabilis jalapa L.) +

FRAGRANT SUMAC (Rhus aromatica Aiton)+ +

FRANGULA, ALDER BUCKTHORN, GLOSSY BUCKTHORN (Frangula alnus Mill.) +

FRANKINCENSE, OLIBANUM (Boswellia sacra Flueck.) ++

FRASER’S FIR, SHE BALSAM (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) ++

FRINGETREE (Chionanthus virginicus L.) +

FROST MINT (Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton) +++

FROSTWORT (Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx.) +

FUCUS, BLADDERWRACK (Fucus vesiculosus L.) ++

FUMITORY (Fumaria officinalis L.) +

G

GALANGA (Kaempferia galanga L.) ++

GALBANUM (Ferula gummosa Boiss.) +

GAMBIR, PALE CATECHU (Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.) +

GAMBOGE (Garcinia hanburyi Hook. f.) +

GARDEN CRESS (Lepidium sativum L.) ++

GARDENIA, CAPE JASMINE (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) ++

GARDENIA OLEANDER (Strophanthus gardeniiflorus Gilg.) X

GARLIC (Allium sativum L.) +++

GARLIC WEED (Petiveria alliacea L.) +

GBANJA KOLA (Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl.) ++

GENTIAN (Gentiana lutea L.) ++

GERMAN IPECAC, WHITE SWALLOWWORT (Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.) +

GERMAN SARSAPARILLA (Carex arenaria L.) +

GIANT MILKWEED (Calotropis gigantea (L.) W. T. Aiton) X

GINGER (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) +++

GINGER BUSH (Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd.) +

GINKGO, MAIDENHAIR TREE (Ginkgo biloba L.) + (Downgraded for safety)

GINSENG, ORIENTAL GINSENG (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) +++

GLORY-LILY (Gloriosa superba L.) X

GLOSSY PRIVET (Ligustrum lucidum W. T. Aiton) ++

GOAT’S RUE (Galega officinalis L.) +

GOLDEN CHAIN TREE, PEA TREE (Laburnum anagyroides Medik.) X

GOLDEN DEWDROP (Duranta erecta L.) +

GOLDEN EYE-GRASS (Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.) ++

GOLDENROD (Solidago virgaurea L.) ++

GOLDENSEAL (Hydrastis canadensis L.) +

GOLDEN SHOWER, PURGING CASSIA (Cassia fistula L.) +

GOLDTHREAD (Coptis spp.) +

GOTU KOLA (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.) ++

GOUTWEED (Aegopodium podagraria L.) ++

GRAINS-OF-PARADISE (Aframomum melegueta K. Schum.) ++

GRANADILLA (Passiflora quadrangularis L.) ++

GRAPE (Vitis vinifera L.) +++

GRAPEFRUIT (Citrus x paradisi Macfad.) ++

GRAPE SEED (Vitis vinifera L.) ++

GRAVEL ROOT (Eupatorium purpureum L.) +

GRAY WALLFLOWER (Erysimum diffusum Ehrh.) +

GREATER GALANGAL (Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw.) ++

GREATER PERIWINKLE (Vinca major L.) +

GREEK OREGANO (Salvia fruticosa Mill.) +++

GREEN ALDER (Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC.) +

GREEN HELLEBORE (Helleborus viridis L.) X

GREEN or BLACK TEA (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) ++

GROUND IVY (Glechoma hederacea L.) ++

GROUND PINE, YELLOW BUGLE (Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb.) ++

GROUNDSEL (Senecio vulgaris L.) X

GUAIACUM (Guaiacum officinale L.) +

GUAR (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) ++

GUARANA (Paullinia cupana Kunth) ++

GUAVA (Psidium guajava L.) ++

GUGUL (Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari) ++

GULANCHA, HEART-LEAVED MOONSEED (Tinospora cordifolia L.) +

GUM ARABIC (Acacia Senegal (L.) Willd.) +++

GUMWEED (Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal) +

GYMNEMA (Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult.) +

H

HAIRY STROPHANTHUS (Strophanthus hispidus DC.) X

HARONGA (Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir.) +

HARTSTONGUE (Asplenium scolopendrium L. var. scolopendrium) ++

HAWTHORN (Crataegus spp.) +++

HEART OF JESUS (Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent.) +

HEATHER (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull.) +

HEAVENLY BAMBOO (Nandina domestica Thunb.) +

HEDGE BINDWEED, GREATER BINDWEED (Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br.) +

HEDGE HYSSOP (Gratiola officinalis L.) X

HEDGE MUSTARD (Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.) ++

HELIOTROPE (Heliotropium europaeum L.) +

HEMLOCK (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) ++

HEMP AGRIMONY (Eupatorium cannabinum L.) X

HEMP NETTLE (Galeopsis sp.) +

HENBANE (Hyoscyamus niger L.) X

HENNA (Lawsonia inermis L.) ++

HERB PARIS (Paris quadrifolia L.) +

HERB ROBERT (Geranium robertianum L.) ++

HERCULES’ CLUB (Aralia spinosa L.) ++

HIERBA SANTA (Piper auritum Kunth.) +

HIMALAYAN FIR (Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Spach) ++

HOLLY, AMERICAN HOLLY (Ilex opaca Sol. ex Aiton) ++

HOLLYHOCK (Alcea rosea L.) +

HOLY BASIL (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) ++

HOMALOMENA (Homalomena spp.) +

HONEY HERB (Phyla scaberrima (Juss. ex Pers.) Moldenke) ++

HONEY LOCUST (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) ++

HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera caprifolium L.) ++

HOPS (Humulus lupulus L.) +++

HORNY GOAT WEED, BARRENWORT, YINYANGHUO (Epimedium spp.) ++

HORSE CHESTNUT (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) ++

HORSEMINT (Monarda punctata L.) ++

HORSERADISH (Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al.) ++

HORSERADISH TREE (Moringa oleifera Lam.) +++

HORSETAIL (Equisetum arvense L.) +

HORSEWEED, FLEABANE, CANADIAN FLEABANE (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist) +

HOTTENTOT FIG (Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bolus) +++

HOUND’S TONGUE (Cynoglossum officinale L.) XXX

HOUSELEEK (Sempervivum tectorum L.) +

HUANG QI (Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch. ex Link) Bunge) ++

HU-ZHANG, MEXICAN BAMBOO (Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr.) +++

HWEMA (Corynanthe pachycera K. Schumann) +

HYDRANGEA (Hydrangea arborescens L.) ++

HYSSOP (Hyssopus officinalis L.) ++

I

IBOGA (Tabernanthe iboga Baill.) X

ICELAND MOSS (Cetraria islándica Achar.) ++

IGNATIUS BEAN (Strychnos ignatii P. J. Bergius) X

INDIAN ACALYPHA (Acalypha indica L.) ++

INDIAN ALMOND (Terminalia catappa L.) ++

INDIAN BARBERRY, TREE TURMERIC (Berberis aristata DC.) +

INDIAN CASSIA (Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) Nees & Eberm.) ++

INDIAN ELECAMPANE (Inula racemosa Hook. f.) ++

INDIAN HELIOTROPE (Heliotropium indicum L.) +

INDIAN IPECAC (Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr.) X

INDIAN JUJUBE, INDIAN PLUM (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) ++

INDIAN MADDER (Rubia cordifolia L.) X

INDIAN NIGHTSHADE (Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal) +

INDIAN PHYSIC, AMERICAN IPECAC (Gillenia stipulatus (Muhl. ex Willd.) Baill.) +

INDIAN or HIMALAYAN RHUBARB (Rheum australe D. Don) +

INDIAN SARSAPARILLA (Hemidesmus indicus (L.) W. T. Aiton) +

INDIAN STRAWBERRY (Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke) ++

INDIAN VALERIAN (Valeriana jatamansi Jones) ++

INDIGO (Indigofera tinctoria L.) ++

INTOXICATING MINT (Lagochilus inebrians Bunge.) +

IPECAC (Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes) +

IRISH MOSS (Chondrus crispus Stackhouse) +++

IVY (Hedera helix L.) +

IVY GOURD (Coccinia grandis (L.) J. Voigt) ++

J

JABORANDI (Pilocarpus spp) +

JACKASS BITTERS (Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br.) ++

JACK IN THE BUSH (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob.) +

JACK IN THE PULPIT (Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott) +

JACK PINE (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) ++

JALAP (Ipomoea purga (Wender.) Hayne) +

JAMAICA DOGWOOD (Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg.) +

JAPANESE ATRACTYLODES (Atractylodes japonica (Koidz.) Kitam) ++

JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) ++

JASMINE, COMMON JASMINE (Jasminum officinale L.) +

JATAMANSI, INDIAN NARD (Nardostachys grandiflora DC.) ++

JAVA PLUM (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) ++

JAVA TEA (Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.) ++

JEQUIRITY (Abrus precatorius L.) X

JEWELWEED (Impatiens capensis Meerb.) +

JIAOGULAN (Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino) ++

JIMSONWEED (Datura stramonium L.) X

JOHN CHARLES (Hyptis verticillata Jacq.) ++

JOJOBA (Simmondsia chinensis (Link.) C. K. Schneid.) ++

JUJUBE, COMMON JUJUBE, CHINESE DATE (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) +++

JUNIPER (Juniperus communis L.) +

JUREMA (Mimosa hostilis Benth.) +

JUTE (leaves only) (Corchorus olitorius L.) +++

K

KALE (Brassica olerácea var. viridis L. etc.) +++

KAMALA (Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg.) +

KAMYUYE (Hoslundia opposita Vahl) X

KAPOK (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.) ++

KARAYA (Sterculia urens Roxb.) ++

KAVA (Piper methysticum G. Forster) ++

KELP (Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Postels & Rupr.) ++

KHAKI BUSH, WILD MARIGOLD (Tagetes minuta L.) +

KHAT (Catha edulis (Vahl) Forrsk. ex Endl.) +

KIDNEY VETCH (Anthyllis vulneraria L.) +

KIWI (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang & A. R. Ferguson) ++

KOLA (Cola acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schott & Endl.) ++

KOMBE (Strophanthus kombe Oliv.) X

KONJAC (Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch) ++

KOREAN MINT (Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Kuntze) ++

KOUSSO (Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J. F. Gmel.) X

KRATUM (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) +

KUDZU (Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. M. Almeida) ++

KWASHI (Pancratium spp.) X

L

LABRADOR TEA (Ledum groenlandicum Oeder) +

LADY FERN (Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ex Mert.) ++

LADY’S BEDSTRAW (Galium verum L.) ++

LADY’S MANTLE (Alchemilla vulgaris L. or A. xanthochlora Rothm.) ++

LADY’S SLIPPER (Cypripedium spp.) XX (endangered)

LAMBKILL (Kalmia angustifolia L.) X

LAMINARIA, BROWN KELP (Laminaria hyperborea (Gunn.) Fosl.) ++

LANGSAT, DUKU (Lansium domesticum Correa) ++ (for fruit pulp)

LARKSPUR, FORKING LARKSPUR (Consolida regalis S. F. Gray) X

LATUA (Latua pubiflora (Gris.) Phil.) X

LAVENDER (Lavandula spp.) ++

LAVENDER-COTTON (Santolina chamaecyparissus L.) +

LEMON (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) +++

LEMONBALM (Melissa officinalis L.) +++ Activities

LEMON BUSH (Lippia javanica (Burm. f.) Spreng.) ++

LEMONGRASS (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.) ++

LEMON VERBENA (Aloysia citrodora Palau) ++

LEMON WOOD (Schisandra sphenanthera Rehder & E. H. Wilson) ++

LESSER GALANGAL (Alpinia officinarum Hance) ++

LESSER PERIWINKLE (Vinca minor L.) +

LEVANT COTTON (Gossypium herbaceum L.) +

LEVANT WORMSEED (Artemisia cina O. Berg) X

LICORICE (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) ++

LIFE-ROOT, SQUAW WEED (Senecio aureus L.) XXX

LILY OF THE VALLEY (Convallaria majalis L.) X

LIMA BEAN (Phaseolus lunatus L. var. lunatus) ++

LIME (Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle) +++

LINDEN (Tilia spp.) ++

LOBELIA (Lobelia inflata L.) +

LOGWOOD (Haematoxylum campechianum L.) ++

LONGLEAF PINE (Pinus palustris Miller) ++

LONG PEPPER (Piper longum L.) +++

LOOSESTRIFE (Lysimachia vulgaris L.) +

LOTUS (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) ++

LOVAGE (Levisticum officinale W. D. J. Koch) ++

LUCKY NUT, YELLOW OLEANDER (Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.) X

LUNGMOSS, LUNGWORT LICHEN (Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.) +

LUNGWORT (Pulmonaria officinalis L.) +

M

MACA, PERUVIAN GINSENG (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) ++

MADDER, DYER’S MADDER (Rubia tinctorum L.) X

MAGNOLIA VINE (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.) +

MAIDENHAIR FERN (Adiantum capillus-veneris L.) ++

MAITAKE (Grifola frondosa (Fr.) S.F.G.) ++

MALABAR NUT (Justicia adhatoda L.) +

MALABAR TAMARIND (Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr.) ++ Synonym: Mangostana cambogia Gaertn.

MALE FERN (Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott) X (downgraded from CRC Edition 1)

MALLOW, HIGH MALLOW {Malva sylvestris L.) +++

MANACÂ (Brunfelsia uniflora (Pohl) D. Don) X

MANCHINEEL (Hippomane mancinella L.) X

MANDRAKE (Mandragora officinarum L.) X

MANGO (Mangifera indica L.) ++

MANNA (Fraxinus ornus L.) ++

MARIJUANA (Cannabis sativa L.) ++

MARITIME PINE (Pinus pinaster Aiton) ++

MARSH BLAZING STAR (Liatris spicata (L.) Willd.) ++

MARSHMALLOW (Althaea officinalis L.) +++

MARSH-MARIGOLD (Caltha palustris L.) +

MARSH TEA (Ledum palustre L.) +

MARTAGON (Lilium martagon L.) ++

MARULA (Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Höchst. subsp. caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro) ++

MARUPA, BITTER WOOD (Simarouba amara Aubl.) +

MASTERWORT (Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W. D. J. Koch.) +

MASTIC (Pistacia lentiscus L.) +

MATÉ (Ilex paraguariensis St.-Hil.) ++

MATICO (Piper aduncum L.) ++

MATRIMONY VINE (Lycium barbarum L.) ++

MAYAPPLE, AMERICAN MANDRAKE (Podophyllum peltatum L.) X

MEADOWSWEET (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.) ++

MELATONIN (+)-N.A.

MELON, CANTALOUPE (Cucumis melo L.) +++

MESCAL (Agave sisalana Perrine) ++

MESCAL BEAN (Sophora secundiflora (Ortega) Lag. ex DC.) +

MESQUITE (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.) +++

METEL, HINDU DATURA (Datura metel L.) X

MEXICAN CALEA, DOG’S GRASS, BITTER GRASS (Calea zacatechichi Schlecht) +

MEZEREON (Daphne mezereum L.) X

MILK THISTLE (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) +++

MILKWEED (Asclepias syriaca L.) +

MIMOSA (Albizia julibrissin Durazz.) ++

MISSOURI SNAKEROOT, WILD QUININE (Parthenium integrifolium L.) +++

MISTLETOE (Viscum album L.) X

MOHODU-WA-PELA (Cineraria aspera Thunb.) +

MOLE PLANT (Euphorbia lathyris L.) X

MONEYWORT (Lysimachia nummularia L.) +

MONKSHOOD (Aconitum napellus L.) X

MOONSEED (Menispermum canadense L.) +

MORMON TEA (Ephedra nevadensis S. Watson) ++

MORNING GLORY (Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.) +

MOTHER OF THYME (Thymus serpyllum L.) +++

MOTHERWORT (Leonurus cardiaca L.) ++

MOUNTAIN ASH (Sorbus americana Marshall) ++

MOUNTAIN-AVENS (Dryas octopetala L.) ++

MOUNTAIN LAUREL (Kalmia latifolia L.) X

MOUSE EAR HAWKWEED (Hieracium pilosella L.) ++

MUGWORT (Artemisia vulgaris L.) +

MUIRA PUAMA (Ptychopetalum olacoides Benth.) ++

MULLEIN (Verbascum spp.) ++

MUSK-MALLOW, MUSK OKRA (Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.) ++

MUSTARD (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., B. nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch, and Sinapis alba L.) ++

MYRRH (Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. and other spp.) ++

MYRTLE (Myrtus communis L.) ++

N

NASTURTIUM (Tropaeolum majus L.) +

NEEM (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) +

NEPALESE CARDAMOM (Amomum aromaticum Roxb.) ++

NETTLE (Urtica dioica L.) +++

NEW JERSEY TEA (Ceanothus americanus L.) ++

NIANDO, IPORURU (Alchornea floribunda Muell. Arg.) X

NIAULI (Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn.) +

NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS (Selenicereus grandiflorus (L.) Britt. & Rose) +

NONI, INDIAN MULBERRY (Morinda citrifolia L.) +++

NORTHERN MAIDENHAIR, POINTER WEED (Adiantum pedatum L.) ++

NUTMEG (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) ++

NUX VOMICA (Strychnos nux-vomica L.) X

O

OAK (Quercus spp.) ++

OAKGALL (Quercus infectoria Olivier.) ++

OATS (Avena sativa L.) +++

OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.) ++ Synonym: Hibiscus esculentus L.

OLIVE LEAF (Olea europaea L.) ++

OLIVE OIL (Olea europaea L.) +++

OLOLIUQUI, MOONFLOWER (Ipomoea violacea L.) +

ONION (Allium cepa L.) +++

OPIUM ANTIDOTE (Combretum micranthum G. Don) +

OPIUM POPPY (Papaver somniferum L.) (+++ seeds) (XXX opium)

ORANGE (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) ++

ORANGE PEEL (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) ++

ORDEAL BEAN, CALABAR BEAN (Physostigma venenosum Balf.) X

OREGANO (Origanum vulgare L.) +++

OREGON GRAPE (Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.) +

ORIENTAL ARBORVITAE (Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco) +

ORIENTAL BITTERSWEET (Celastrus paniculatus WilId.) X

ORRIS (Iris spp) +

OXEYE DAISY (Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.) ++

P

PACIFIC YEW (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) X

PAGODA TREE (Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott) +

PAKISTANI EPHEDRA (Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf) +

PANSY (Viola tricolor L.) ++

PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) +++

PAPER MULBERRY (Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.) ++

PAREIRA, CURARE (Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz & Pav.) +

PARICA (Virola calophylla (Spruce) Warb.) +

PARSLEY (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hill) ++

PARSLEY PIERT (Aphanes arvensis L.) ++

PARSNIP (Pastinaca sativa L.) +

PASSIONFLOWER (Passiflora incarnata L.) ++

PATCHOULI (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.) +

PAU D’ARCO (Tabebuia spp.) +

PAWPAW (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal) +

PEANUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) +++

PEAR (Pyrus communis L.) +++

PEARLY EVERLASTING (Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. f.) ++

PEEGEE (Hydrangea paniculata Seibold) ++

PELLITORY-OF-THE-WALL (Parietaria officinalis L.) +

PEPPER BARK, FEVER TREE (Warburgia salutaris (Bertol. f.) Chiov.) +

PEPPERMINT (Mentha x piperita L.) +++

PERILLA (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton) ++

PETROLEUM PLANT (Euphorbia tirucalli L.) X

PEYOTE (Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) J. M. Coult.) +

PHEASANT’S EYE (Adonis vernalis L.) +

PHYLLANTHUS (Phyllanthus niruri L.) +

PICRORHIZA (Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth.) +

PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan (L.). Millsp.) +++

PILEWORT (Ranunculus ficaria L.) +

PIMPINELLA (Pimpinella saxifraga L.) ++

PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) +++

PINKROOT (Spigelia marilandica (L.) L.) X

PIPSISSEWA (Chimaphila spp.) ++

PIRIPIRI (Cyperus articulatus L.) ++

PITCHER PLANT (Sarracenia purpurea L.) +

PLANTAIN (Plantago major L.) ++

PLEURISY ROOT (Asclepias tuberosa L.) +

PLUM, EUROPEAN PLUM (Prunus domestica L.) +

PLUMBAGO (Plumbago Zeylanica L.) +

POINSETTIA (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) X

POISON HEMLOCK (Conium maculatum L.) X

POISON IVY (Toxicodendron pubescens Mill.) X

POKE ROOT (Phytolacca americana L.) X

POLEY (Teucrium polium L.) +

POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum L.) +++

PONDLILY, VARIEGATED YELLOW PONDLILY (Nuphar variegata Durand) ++

PONTIAN RHODODENDRON (Rhododendron ponticum L.) X

POPLAR (Populus sp.) ++

POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.) +

PREMORSE, DEVIL’S BIT (Succisa pratensis Moench) +

PRICKLY ASH (Zanthoxylum spp.) +

PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) ++

PRICKLY POPPY (Argemone mexicana L.) +

PRINCE’S FEATHER, AMARANTH (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) ++

PRIVET (Ligustrum vulgare L.) +

PROSTRATE KNOTWEED (Polygonum aviculare L.) +

PSYLLIUM, BLONDE ISPAGHULA (Plantago ovata Forsk.) +++

PUFFBALL (Lycoperdon spp.) ++

PULSATILLA, PASQUEFLOWER (Anemone pulsatilla L.) X

PUMPKIN (Cucurbita pepo L.) +++

PUMPKIN SEED (Cucurbita pepo L.) +++

PUNCTURE VINE (Tribulus terrestris L.) +++

PURGING CROTON (Croton tiglium L.) X

PURGING NUT, BUBBLE BUSH (Jatropha curcas L.) X

PURPLE BEEBALM (Monarda fistulosa L.) ++

PURPLE GROMWELL, RED GROMWELL (Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold & Zucc.) X

PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE (Lythrum salicaria L.) ++

PURPLE TEPHROSIA (Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.) +

PURSLANE (Portulaca oleracea L.) +++

PUSSYTOES, CAT’S FOOT (Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.) ++

PUSSY WILLOW (Salix discolor Muhl.) ++

PYGEUM (Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman) +++

PYRETHRUM (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip.) ++

Q

QUASSIA (Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch.) +

QUEBRACHO (Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schltdl.) ++

QUEEN ANNE’S LACE (Daucus carota L. subsp. carota) +

QUEEN’S DELIGHT (Stillingia sylvatica Garden ex L.) X

QUINCE (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) ++

R

RABBIT TOBACCO (Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.) ++

RABDOSIA (Rabdosia spp. L.) +

RADISH (Raphanus sativus L.) +++

RAMSON, BEAR GARLIC (Allium ursinum L.) +++

RASPBERRY (Rubus idaeus L.) ++

RAUWOLFIA, SNAKEWOOD (Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz) +

RED BRYONY (Bryonia dioica Jacq.) X

RED BUSH TEA (Aspalathus sp.) +++

RED CEDAR (Juniperus virginiana L.) ++

RED CLOVER (Trifolium pratense L.) +++

RED CURRANT (Ribes rubrum L.) +++

REDHEAD (Hamelia patens Jacq.) ++

RED MAPLE (Acer rubrum L.) +

RED MULBERRY (Morus rubra L.) +++

REDROOT (Lachnanthes tinctoria (J. F. Gmel.) Elliott) +

RED ROOT SAGE (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) +++

RED SANDALWOOD (Pterocarpus santalinus L. f.) ++

RED VALERIAN (Centranthus ruber (L.) DC.) ++

REHMANNIA, CHINESE FOXGLOVE (Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Steud.) +

REISHI (Ganoderma lucidum) +

RESTHARROW (Ononis spinosa L.) +

RHATANY (Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet & B.B. Simpson) ++

RHUBARB, DA HUANG (Rheum palmatum L.) +

RIBWORT (Plantago lanceolata L.) ++

RICE (Oryza sativa L.) +++

ROCKET LARKSPUR (Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur) X

ROMAN CHAMOMILE (Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All.) +++

ROSE BAY, ROSE LAUREL (Nerium oleander L.) X

ROSE HIPS, DOGROSE (Rosa canina L.) +++

ROSELLE (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) +++

ROSEMARY (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) +++

ROSE-OF-SHARON (Hibiscus syriacus L.) ++

ROSE PETALS (Rosa centifolia L.) +++

ROSINWEED (Silphium laciniatum L.) ++

ROSY PERIWINKLE (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don) +

ROUND CARDAMOM (Amomum compactum Sol. ex Maton) ++

ROUND-LEAFED WINTERGREEN (Pyrola rotundifolia) ++

ROWAN BERRY (Sorbus aucuparia L.) ++

RUBBER VINE (Cryptostegia grandiflora Roxb. ex R. Br.) X

RUE (Ruta graveolens L.) +

RUPTUREWORT (Herniaria glabra L.) ++

RYE (Secale cereale L.) +

s

SABADILLA (Schoenocaulon officinale (Schltdl. & Cham.) A. Gray ex Benth.) +

SACRED VIROLA (Virola elongata Warb.) +

SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius L.) +++

SAFFRON (Crocus sativus L.) ++

SAGE (Salvia officinalis L.) +++

SAGO CYCAS (Cycas revoluta Thunb.) X

SALAD BURNET, GREAT BURNET (Sanguisorba officinalis L.) ++

SALEP (Orchis spp.) ++ (but X)

SALPANI (Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.) ++

SAMPHIRE (Crithmum maritimum L.) ++

SANDALWOOD (Santalum album L.) +

SANDARAC (Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.) +

SANDBOX TREE (Hura crepitans L.) X

SAND SPURREY (Spergularia rubra (L.) J. Presl & C. Presl) ++

SANDY EVERLASTING (Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench) ++

SANICLE (Sanicula europaea L.) ++

SAN PEDRO (Echinopsis pachanoi (Britton & Rose) Friedrich & G. D. Rowley) ++

SARSAPARILLA (Smilax aristolochiifolia Mill.) +++

SASSAFRAS (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees) + (or X, CAN)

SASSY BARK, ORDEAL TREE (Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan) X

SAUSAGE TREE (Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.) +

SAVIN (Juniperus sabina L.) +

SAVORY (Satureja sp.) +++

SAW PALMETTO (Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small) +++

SCARLET ELDER (Sambucus racemosa L. subsp. pubens (Michx.) House) +

SCARLET PIMPERNEL (Anagallis arvensis L.) +

SCARLET POPPY (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) +

SCOPOLIA (Scopolia carniolica Jacq.) XXX

SCOTCH BROOM (Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link) XXX

SCOTCH PINE (Pinus sylvestris L.) +

SCOTCH THISTLE (Onopordum acanthium L.) +++

SCURVY-GRASS, SPOONWORT (Cochlearia officinalis L.) +++

SEA BUCKTHORN (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) +++

SEA ISLAND COTTON, UPLAND COTTON (Gossypium barbadense L.) +

SELF-HEAL, HEAL ALL (Prunella vulgaris L.) +++

SENBURI (Swertia japonica Makino) ++

SENEGA ROOT (Polygala senega L.) ++

SENSITIVE PLANT (Mimosa pudica L.) ++

SERVICETREE (Sorbus domestica L.) ++

SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) +++

SHANSHI (Coriaria ruscifolia L. subsp. microphylla (Poir.) L. E. Skog) X

SHATAVARI, SHATAMULI (Asparagus racemosus Willd.) ++

SHAVEGRASS, GREAT SCOURING RUSH (Equisetum hyemale L.) +

SHEEP SORREL (Rumex acetosella L.) ++

SHEPHERD’S PURSE (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.) ++

SHITAKE (Lentinus edodes) +++

SIAM BENZOIN (Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hartwich) ++

SIBERIAN GINSENG (Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.) +++

SIBERIAN TEA (Bergenia crassifolia (L.) Fritsch) +

SICKLEPOD (Senna tora (L.) Roxb.) +

SILVER VINE (Actinidia polygama (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim.) +

SINICUICHI (Heimia salicifolia (Kunth) Link) +

SKIRRET (Sium sisarum L.) ++

SKULLCAP (Scutellaria lateriflora L.) ++

SKUNK CABBAGE (Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex W. P. C. Barton) +

SLASH PINE (Pinus elliotii Engelm.) +

SLIPPERY ELM (Ulmus rubra Muhl.) +++

SLOE, BLACKTHORN (Prunus spinosa L.) ++

SMARTWEED (Polygonum hydropiper L.) ++

SMOOTH LOOFAH, LUFFA (Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.) ++

SMOOTH SUMAC (Rhus glabra L.) ++

SNAKE PLANT (Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf.) +

SNAKEROOT (Aristolochia serpentaria L.) X

SNEEZEWORT (Achillea ptarmica L.) ++

SNOWDROP (Galanthus nivalis L.) X

SOAPTREE (Quillaja saponaria Molina) +

SOAPWORT (Saponaria officinalis L.) +

SODOM’S MILKWEED (Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton) X

SOLOMON’S-SEAL (Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.) +

SOMA (Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) Voigt) +

SORREL (Rumex acetosa L.) ++

SOUL VINE, AYAHUASCA (Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C. V. Morton) +

SOUR CHERRY (Prunus cerasus L.) ++

SOUTHERN PRICKLY ASH (Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L.) +

SOUTHERN TSANGSHU, CANG ZHU (Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.) ++

SOUTHERNWOOD (Artemisia abrotanum L.) +

SOYBEAN (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) +++

SPANISH CHESTNUT (Castanea sativa Mill.) ++

SPANISH NEEDLES (Bidens pilosa L.) ++

SPANISH PELLITORY (Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link) +

SPEARMINT (Mentha spicata L.) +++

SPEEDWELL (Veronica officinalis L.) ++

SPICEBUSH (Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume) +

SPIKENARD (Aralia racemosa L.) ++

SPINACH (Spinacia oleracea L.) +++

SPREADING DOGBANE (Apocynum androsaemifolium L.) X

SPRING SNOWFLAKE (Leucojum vernum L.) X

SPURGE (Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Millsp.) X

SQUAW VINE (Mitchella repens L.) ++

SQUILL, SEA ONION (Urginea maritima (L.) Baker) X

SQUIRREL-CORN (Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp.) +

STAR ANISE (lllicium verum Hook. f.) ++ (raised from CRC)

STAR GRASS (Hypoxis sp.) ++

STAR OF BETHLEHEM (Ornithogalum umbellatum L.) +

STAVESACRE (Delphinium staphisagria L.) X

STEVIA (Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni) ++

ST. JOHN’S-WORT (Hypericum perforatum L.) ++ (Raised from CRC)

STONECROP (Sedum acre L.) ++

STONEROOT (Collinsonia canadensis L.) ++

STORAX (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.) ++

STRAWBERRY (Fragaria vesca L.) +++ Synonym: Fragaria insularis Rydb.

STRAWBERRY TREE (Arbutus unedo L.) +

STRONGBACK (Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC.) ++

STROPHANTHUS, CLIMBING OLEANDER (Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill.) X

SUMA (Hebanthe eriantha (Poir.) Pedersen) ++

SUMATRA BENZOIN (Styrax paralleloneurum Perkins) ++

SUMMER CYPRESS (Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott) ++

SUMMER SNOWFLAKE (Leucojum aestivum L.) X

SUNDEW (Drosera ramentacea) ++

SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) +++

SURINAM-CHERRY (Eugenia uniflora L.) +++

SWAMP MILKWEED (Asclepias incarnata L.) +

SWEET ANNIE, ANNUAL WORMWOOD (Artemisia annua L.) ++

SWEET BAY (Magnolia virginiana L.) ++

SWEET BIRCH (Betula lenta L.) ++

SWEET BROOM, ESCOBILLO (Scoparia dulcis L.) ++

SWEET CICELY (Myrrhis odorata L. Scop.) +++

SWEET FERN (Comptonia peregrina (L.) J. M. Coult.) +

SWEET GALE (Myrica gale L.) ++

SWEET GOLDENROD (Solidago odora Aiton) ++

SWEET GRASS, VANILLA GRASS (Hierochloe odorata (L.) P. Beauv.) +++

SWEET MARJORAM (Origanum majorana L.) +++

SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) +++

SWEET-SCENTED MARIGOLD (Tagetes lucida Cav.) ++

SWEET VERNAL GRASS (Anthoxanthum odoratum L.) +++

SWEET VIOLET (Viola odorata L.) ++

SWORD BEAN (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) +

SYRIAN CHRIST-THORN (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.) ++

SYRIAN RUE (Peganum harmala L.) +

T

TALL BUTTERCUP (Ranunculus acris L.) +

TAMARIND (Tamarindus indica L.) +++

TANGERINE (Citrus reticulata Blanco) +++

TANSY (Tanacetum vulgare L.) ++

TANSY RAGWORT (Senecio jacobaea L.) X

TAPIOCA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) +

TARRAGON (Artemisia dracunculus L.) +++

TEATREE (Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel) ++

TEAWEED (Sida rhombifolia L.) ++

TEMU LAWAK (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) ++

THORN APPLE (Datura inoxia Mill.) X

THREE-LEAVED CAPER (Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham.) +

THUJA, WHITE CEDAR (Thuja occidentalis L.) +

THYME (Thymus vulgaris L.) +++

TIENCHI (Panax pseudoginseng Wall. var. notoginseng (Burkill) G. Hoo & C.J. Tseng) ++

TIGER LILY (Lilium lancifolium Thunb.) ++

TOBACCO (Nicotiana tabacum L.) X

TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) +++

TONKA BEAN (Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd.) +

TORMENTIL, CINQUEFOIL (Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch.) ++

TRAGACANTH (Astragalus gummifer Labili.) +++

TRAVELER’S JOY (Clematis vitalba L.) +

TREE-OF-HEAVEN, STINKTREE (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) +

TREE PEONY (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) +

TROUT LILY (Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl) +

TULIPTREE (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) +

TUPA {Lobelia tupa L.) +

TURMERIC (Curcuma longa L.) +++

U

UNICORN ROOT (Aletris farinosa L.) +

UPLAND COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L.) +

USNEA (Usnea spp.) ++

UZARA (Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) R. Brown) +

V

VALERIAN (Valeriana officinalis L.) +++

VANILLA (Vanilla planifolia Jacks.) +++

VELVETLEAF (Cissampelos pareira L.) +

VENUS FLYTRAP (Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis) ++

VERVAIN (Verbena officinalis L.) ++

VETIVER, KHUS KHUS (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) +++

VIRGINIA-CREEPER, AMERICAN IVY (Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.) +

VIRILITY VINE (Rhynchosia pyramidalis (Lam.) Urb.) +

W

WAFER ASH (Ptelea trifoliata L.) +

WAHOO (Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.) X (downgraded from CRC)

WALLFLOWER (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz) X

WALL GERMANDER (Teucrium chamaedrys L.) XXX

WASABI, JAPANESE HORSERADISH (Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsum.) +++

WATER AVENS (Geum rivale L.) ++

WATERCRESS (Nasturtium officinale R. Brown) ++

WATER DOCK (Rumex aquaticus L.) ++

WATER DROPWORT (Oenanthe crocata L.) X

WATER FENNEL (Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir.) X

WATER GERMANDER (Teucrium scordium L.) +

WATER HEMLOCK (Cicuta maculata L.) X

WATERLILY (Nymphaea odorata Aiton) ++

WATERMELON (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) +++

WATER MINT (Mentha aquatica L.) +++

WAXTREE, JAPANESE WAXTREE (Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Kuntze) X

WESTERN GROMWELL (Lithospermum ruderale Douglas ex Lehm.) X

WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) +++

WHITE BIRCH (Betula papyrifera Marshall) ++

WHITE BRYONY (Bryonia alba L.) X

WHITE COHOSH, BANEBERRY (Actaea pachypoda Elliott) +

WHITE DEADNETTLE (Lamium album L.) +++

WHITE HELLEBORE (Veratrum album L.) X

WHITE HOREHOUND (Marrubium vulgare L.) ++

WHITE LILY, MADONNA LILY (Lilium candidum L.) +

WHITE MULBERRY (Morus alba L.) +++

WHITE MUSTARD (Sinapis alba L. ssp. alba) ++

WHITE PINE (Pinus strobus L.) +

WHITE SPRUCE, FIR (Picea abies (L.) H. Karsten) ++

WHITE WILLOW (Salix alba L.) ++

WILD CHERRY (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) ++

WILD DAGGA (Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br.) ++

WILD GERMANDER (Teucrium canadense L.) +

WILD INDIGO (Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br) +

WILD LETTUCE (Lactuca virosa L.) ++

WILD MINT, BIBLICAL MINT (Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.) +++

WILD RADISH (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) ++

WILD SAGE (Lantana camara L.) +

WILD SARSAPARILLA (Aralia nudicaulis L.) ++

WILD SERVICETREE (Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz) ++

WILD STRAWBERRY (Fragaria virginiana Mill.) +++

WILD SUNFLOWER (Grindelia camporum Greene) +

WILD TEASEL (Dipsacus fullonum L.) ++

WILD TURNIP (Brassica rapa L. ssp. campestris (L.) A. R. Clapham) ++

WILD YAM (Dioscorea villosa L.) ++

WINGED BEAN, ASPARAGUS PEA (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) ++

WINGED PRICKLY-ASH (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) ++

WINTER CHERRY, CHINESE LANTERN (Physalis alkekengi L.) +

WINTERGREEN (Gaultheria procumbens L.) ++

WINTER’S-BARK (Drimys winteri J.R. & G. Forst.) +

WITCH HAZEL (Hamamelis virginiana L.) ++

WOLFBERRY (Lycium chínense Mill.) ++

WOOD ANEMONE (Anemone nemorosa L.) +

WOOD BETONY (Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis.) ++

WOOD EAR, MU EHR (Auricularia spp.) ++

WOOD ROSE (Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer) +

WOODRUFF (Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.) +

WOOD SAGE (Teucrium scorodonia L.) +

WOOD SORREL (Oxalis acetosella L.) ++

WOOLY DIGITALIS, WOOLY FOXGLOVE (Digitalis lanata Ehrh.) X

WORMGRASS (Spigelia anthelmia L.) X

WORMSEED (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.) +

WORMWOOD (Artemisia absinthium L.) +

WOUNDWORT (Stachys palustris L.) +

Y

YARROW, MILFOIL (Achillea millefolium L.) ++

YAUPON (Ilex vomitoria Sol. ex Aiton) +

YELLOW DOCK (Rumex crispus L.) ++

YELLOW JESSAMINE (Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. St.-Hil.) X

YELLOW LUPINE (Lupinus luteus L.) + (X for non-cultivars)

YELLOWROOT (Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marshall) +

YELLOW SWEET CLOVER (Melilotus officinalis Lam.) ++

YELLOW TOADFLAX, BUTTER AND EGGS (Linaria vulgaris Mill.) +

YERBA MANSA (Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn.) +

YERBA SANTA (Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr.) ++

YEW (Taxus sp.) X

YOHIMBE (Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille) +

YOKO (Paullinia yoko R. E. Schult. & Killip) ++

YUCCA (Yucca spp) ++

Z

ZEDOARY (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe) +++

Reference Abbreviations

References

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