A History of Modern Psychology 11th Edition by Duane Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schult 1305630041 9781305630048

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ISBN 10: 1305630041

ISBN 13: 9781305630048

Author: Duane P. Schultz; Sydney Ellen Schult

A market leader for over 30 years, A HISTORY OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY has been praised for its comprehensive coverage and biographical approach. Focusing on modern psychology, the text’s coverage begins with the late 19th century. The authors personalize the history of psychology not only by using biographical information on influential theorists, but also by showing how the major events in the theorists’ lives affected their ideas, approaches, and methods. Substantial updates in the eleventh edition include discussions of the latest developments in positive psychology; the increasing role of brain science in psychology; the return of Freud’s anal personality; Ada Lovelace, the virgin “”Bride of Science””; the interpretation of dreams by computers; the use of Coca Cola as a “”nerve tonic,”” and many other topics. The result is a text that is as timely and relevant today as it was when it was first introduced.

A History of Modern Psychology 11th Table of contents:

Chapter 1. The Study of the History of Psychology

Did You See the Clown? What about the Gorilla?

Why Study the History of Psychology?

The Beginning of Modern Psychology

The Data of History: Reconstructing Psychology’s Past: How Do We Know What Really Happened?

History Lost and Found

Altered and Hidden History

Changing the Words of History: Distortion in Translation

In Context: Forces That Shaped Psychology

Jobs

Wars

Prejudice and Discrimination

A Final Note

Conceptions of Scientific History

The Personalistic Theory

The Naturalistic Theory

Schools of Thought in the Evolution of Modern Psychology

Plan of the Book

Review Questions

Recommended Resources

Chapter 2. Philosophical Influences on Psychology

The Defecating Duck

The Spirit of Mechanism

The Clockwork Universe

Determinism and Reductionism

Automata

People as Machines

The Calculating Engine

The Bride of Science

The Beginnings of Modern Science

Rene Descartes (1596–1650)

The Contributions of Descartes: Mechanism and the Mind-Body Problem

The Nature of the Body

The Mind-Body Interaction

The Doctrine of Ideas

Philosophical Foundations of the New Psychology: Positivism, Materialism, and Empiricism

Auguste Comte (1798–1857)

John Locke (1632–1704)

George Berkeley (1685–1753)

James Mill (1773–1836)

John Stuart Mill (1806–1873)

Contributions of Empiricism to Psychology

Review Questions

Recommended Resources

Chapter 3. Physiological Influences on Psychology

David K. Loses His Job: It Was about Time

The Importance of the Human Observer

Developments in Early Physiology

Research on Brain Functions: Mapping from the Inside

Research on Brain Functions: Mapping from the Outside

Shocking Research on the Nervous System

The Impact of the Mechanistic Spirit

The Beginnings of Experimental Psychology

Why Germany?

Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894)

Helmholtz’s Life

Helmholtz’s Contributions to the New Psychology

Ernst Weber (1795–1878)

Two-Point Thresholds

Just Noticeable Differences

Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801–1887)

Fechner’s Life

Mind and Body: A Quantitative Relationship

Methods of Psychophysics

The Formal Founding of Psychology

Review Questions

Recommended Resources

Chapter 4. The New Psychology

No Multitasking Allowed

The Founding Father of Modern Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)

Wundt’s Life

The Leipzig Years

Wundt’s Multimedia Classroom

Cultural Psychology

The Study of Conscious Experience

The Method of Introspection

Elements of Conscious Experience

Organizing the Elements of Conscious Experience

The Fate of Wundt’s Psychology in Germany

Criticisms of Wundtian Psychology

Wundt’s Legacy

Other Developments in German Psychology

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909)

Ebbinghaus’s Life

Research on Learning

Research with Nonsense Syllables

Other Contributions to Psychology

Franz Brentano (1838–1917)

The Study of Mental Acts

Carl Stumpf (1848–1936)

Phenomenology

Oswald Külpe (1862–1915)

Külpe’s Differences with Wundt

Systematic Experimental Introspection

Imageless Thought

Research Topics of the Würzburg Laboratory

Comment

Review Questions

Recommended Resources

Chapter 5. Structuralism

Would You Swallow a Rubber Tube?

Edward Bradford Titchener (1867–1927)

Titchener’s Life: “Your Whiskers Are on Fire”

Titchener’s Experimentalists: No Women Allowed!

The Content of Conscious Experience

The Stimulus Error

Introspection

The Elements of Consciousness

Was Titchener Changing His Approach?

Criticisms of Structuralism

Criticisms of Introspection

Additional Criticisms of Titchener’s System

Contributions of Structuralism

Review Questions

Recommended Resources

Chapter 6. Functionalism: Antecedent Influences

The Man Who Came to See Jenny

The Functionalist Protest in Psychology

Evolution before Darwin

The Inevitability of Evolution

The Life of Darwin (1809–1882)

Forced to Go Public by a Man in a Jungle

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

The Finches’ Beaks and Minnesota Mice: Evolution at Work

Darwin’s Influence on Psychology

Individual Differences: Francis Galton (1822–1911)

Galton’s Life

Mental Inheritance

Statistical Methods

Mental Tests

The Association of Ideas

Mental Imagery

Arithmetic by Smell and Other Bizarre Topics

Comment

Animal Psychology and the Development of Functionalism

George John Romanes (1848–1894)

C. Lloyd Morgan (1852–1936)

Comment

Review Questions

Recommended Resources

Chapter 7. Functionalism: Development and Founding

The Philosopher Who Wore Earmuffs

Evolution Comes to America: Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)

Social Darwinism

Synthetic Philosophy

The Continuing Evolution of Machines

Herman Hollerith and the Punched Cards

William James (1842–1910): Anticipator of Functional Psychology

James’s Life

Family life

The Subject Matter of Psychology: A New Look at Consciousness

The Methods of Psychology

Pragmatism

The Theory of Emotions

The Three-Part Self

Habit

The Functional Inequality of Women

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930)

The Variability Hypothesis

Helen Bradford Thompson Woolley (1874–1947)

Leta Stetter Hollingworth (1886–1939)

Granville Stanley Hall (1844–1924)

Hall’s Life

Evolution and the Recapitulation Theory of Development

Comment

The Founding of Functionalism

The Chicago School

John Dewey (1859–1952)

The Reflex Arc

Comment

James Rowland Angell (1869–1949)

Angell’s Life

The Province of Functional Psychology

Comment

Functionalism at Columbia University

Robert Sessions Woodworth (1869–1962)

Woodworth’s Life

Dynamic Psychology

Criticisms of Functionalism

Contributions of Functionalism

Review Questions

Recommended Resources

Chapter 8. Applied Psychology: The Legacy of Functionalism

Drug Bust: Psychology to the Rescue

Toward a Practical Psychology

The Growth of American Psychology

Psychology Goes Public

Economic Influences on Applied Psychology

Mental Testing

James McKeen Cattell (1860–1944)

Studying with Wundt

Studying with Galton

Mental Tests

Comment

The Psychological Testing Movement

Binet, Terman, and the IQ Test

Mental Age

World War I and Group Intelligence Testing

Group Personality Tests

Public Acceptance of Testing

Ideas from Medicine and Engineering

Racial Differences in Intelligence

Cultural Bias in Tests

Contributions of Women to the Testing Movement

The Clinical Psychology Movement

Lightner Witmer (1867–1956)

Witmer’s Life

Clinics for Child Evaluation

Comment

The Growth of Clinical Psychology

The Industrial-Organizational Psychology Movement

Walter Dill Scott (1869–1955)

Scott’s Life

Advertising and Human Suggestibility

Employee Selection

Comment

The Impact of the World Wars

The Hawthorne Studies and Organizational Issues

Lillian Gilbreth

Hugo Münsterberg (1863–1916)

Münsterberg’s Life

Coming to America

Forensic Psychology and Eyewitness Testimony

Psychotherapy

Industrial Psychology

Comment

Applied Psychology in the United States: A National Mania

Comment

Review Questions

Recommended Resources

Chapter 9. Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences

Clever Hans, the Clever Horse

Toward a Science of Behavior

Then Came the Revolution

The Role of Positivism

The Influence of Animal Psychology on Behaviorism

Jacques Loeb (1859–1924)

Rats, Ants, and the Animal Mind

It Was Not Easy Being an Animal Psychologist

Toward a More Objective Animal Psychology

Was Clever Hans Really Clever?

Edward Lee Thorndike (1874–1949)

Thorndike’s Life

Leaving His Animals Behind

Connectionism

The Puzzle Box

Laws of Learning

Comment

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849–1936)

Pavlov’s Life

Life at Home

Life in the Laboratory

A Living Legend

Conditioned Reflexes

Lost in Obscurity: Knee Jerks and Goldfish

Comment

Vladimir M. Bekhterev (1857–1927)

Associated Reflexes

Comment

The Influence of Functional Psychology on Behaviorism

Changing the Direction of Psychology

Review Questions

Recommended Resources

Chapter 10. Behaviorism: The Beginnings

The Psychologist, the Baby, and the Hammer: Don’t Try This at Home

What Became of Little Albert?

John B. Watson (1878–1958)

Watson’s Life

Off to Graduate School

The Development of Behaviorism

Watson’s Views on Women

The Reaction to Watson’s Program

The Methods of Behaviorism

Continuing the Mechanistic Tradition

The Subject Matter of Behaviorism

Instincts

Emotions

Albert, Peter, and the Rabbits

Thought Processes

Behaviorism’s Popular Appeal

A Brave New World

An Outbreak of Psychology

Criticisms of Watson’s Behaviorism

Karl Lashley (1890–1958)

William McDougall (1871–1938)

The Watson–McDougall Debate

Contributions of Watson’s Behaviorism

Review Questions

Recommended Resources

Chapter 11. Behaviorism: After the Founding

The IQ Zoo

Three Stages of Behaviorism

Operationism

Edward Chace Tolman (1886–1959)

Purposive Behaviorism

Intervening Variables

Learning Theory

Comment

Clark Leonard Hull (1884–1952)

Hull’s Life

The Spirit of Mechanism Ran Deep

Objective Methodology and Quantification

Drives

Learning

Comment

B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)

Skinner’s Life

To College and Graduate School

To the End

Skinner’s Behaviorism

Operant Conditioning

Schedules of Reinforcement

Successive Approximation: The Shaping of Behavior

Baby in a Box

Pigeons Go to War

Walden Two—A Behaviorist Society

Behavior Modification

Criticisms of Skinner’s Behaviorism

Contributions of Skinner’s Behaviorism

Sociobehaviorism: The Cognitive Challenge

Albert Bandura (1925– )

Social Cognitive Theory

Vicarious Reinforcement

Models in Our Lives

Violence on the Screen and in Real Life

Self-Efficacy: Believing You Can

Research Results on Self-Efficacy

Collective Efficacy

Behavior Modification

Comment

Julian Rotter (1916–2014)

Cognitive Processes

Locus of Control

A Chance Discovery

Comment

The Fate of Behaviorism

Review Questions

Recommended Resources

Chapter 12. Gestalt Psychology

A Sudden Insight

The Gestalt Revolt

More to Perception than Meets the Eye

Antecedent Influences on Gestalt Psychology

The Changing Zeitgeist in Physics

The Phi Phenomenon: A Challenge to Wundtian Psychology

Max Wertheimer (1880–1943)

Kurt Koffka (1886–1941)

Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967)

The Nature of the Gestalt Revolt

Perceptual Constancies

A Matter of Definition

Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization

Gestalt Studies of Learning: Insight and the Mentality of Apes

Comment

Productive Thinking in Humans

Isomorphism

The Spread of Gestalt Psychology

The Battle with Behaviorism

Gestalt Psychology in Nazi Germany

Field Theory: Kurt Lewin (1890–1947)

Lewin’s Life

The Life Space

Motivation and the Zeigarnik Effect

Social Psychology

Criticisms of Gestalt Psychology

Contributions of Gestalt Psychology

Review Questions

Recommended Resources

Chapter 13. Psychoanalysis: The Beginnings

Was It Only a Dream?

The Development of Psychoanalysis

A New School of Thought

Antecedent Influences on Psychoanalysis

Early Theories of the Unconscious Mind

The Unconscious Goes Public

Early Approaches to Treating Mental Disorders

More Humane Treatment

The Development of Psychiatric Treatment

Hypnosis

Hypnosis Becomes Respectable: Charcot and Janet

The Influence of Charles Darwin

Sex before Freud

Catharsis and Dreaming before Freud

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)

Freud’s Use of Cocaine

Marriage and Children

The Strange Case of Anna O.

The Sexual Basis of Neurosis

Studies on Hysteria

The Childhood Seduction Controversy

Freud’s Sex Life

Freud’s Neurosis

Freud’s Analysis of His Dreams

The Pinnacle of Success

Freud Comes to America

Dissent, Illness, and Escape

Freud’s Methods of Treatment

Freud as a Therapist

Freud and Traditional Psychology

Psychoanalysis as a System of Personality

Instincts

Levels of Personality

Anxiety

Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development

Mechanism and Determinism in Freud’s System

Psychoanalysis versus Academic Psychology

The Scientific Validation of Psychoanalytic Concepts

Criticisms of Psychoanalysis

Data Collection

Views on Women

Contributions of Psychoanalysis

American Popular Culture and Psychoanalysis

Review Questions

Recommended Resources

Chapter 14. Psychoanalysis: After the Founding

A Lost, Lonely Little Boy

Competing Factions in Psychoanalysis

The Neo-Freudians and Ego Psychology

Anna Freud (1895–1982)

An Unhappy Childhood

A Crisis of Identity

Child Analysis

Comment

Carl Jung (1875–1961)

Jung’s Life: Another Terrible Childhood

Freud, the Father

A Breakdown

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

The Collective Unconscious

Archetypes

Introversion and Extraversion

Psychological Types: The Functions and Attitudes

Comment

Social Psychological Theories: The Zeitgeist Strikes Again

Alfred Adler (1870–1937)

Adler’s Early Life

Becoming a Celebrity in America

Individual Psychology

Inferiority Feelings

Style of Life

The Creative Power of the Self

Birth Order

Reactions to Adler’s Views

Research Support

Comment

Karen Horney (1885–1952)

Horney and Her Father

Marriage, Depression, and Sex

Disagreements with Freud

Basic Anxiety

Neurotic Needs

The Idealized Self-Image

Horney and Feminism

Comment

The Evolution of Personality Theory: Humanistic Psychology

Antecedent Influences on Humanistic Psychology

The Nature of Humanistic Psychology

Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)

Maslow’s Early Years

Watching a Parade

Self-Actualization

Comment

Carl Rogers (1902–1987)

A Solitary Child

Bizarre Fantasies

A Breakdown

Self-Actualization

Fully Functioning People

Comment

Contributions of Humanistic Psychology

Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness

Martin Seligman (1942–)

A Tough Adolescence

The Rapid Growth of Positive Psychology

Money and Happiness

Health and Age

Marriage

Personality

Other Factors Influencing Happiness

Which Comes First: Happiness or Success?

Flourishing: A New Level of Happiness

Comment

The Psychoanalytic Tradition: A Final Comment

Review Questions

Recommended Resources

Chapter 15. Continuing Developments in Psychology

Try It—You Might Like It

Chess Champion Capitulates to Cunning Computer

Schools of Thought: Looking Back

Structuralism, Functionalism, and Gestalt Psychology

Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis

The Cognitive Movement in Psychology

Antecedent Influences on Cognitive Psychology

The Changing Model of Physics

The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology

George Miller (1920–2012)

Love Conquers

Harvard and the Magical Number Seven

The Center for Cognitive Studies

An Idea Whose Time Had Come

Ulric Neisser (1928–2012)

An Outsider

Defining Himself

Changing Course

From Clocks to Computers

The Development of the Modern Computer

Artificial Intelligence

The Life of Alan Turing (1912–1954)

Turing and Snow White

Gross Indecency

The Turing Test

The Chinese Room Problem

Passing the Turing Test

The Chess Champ

The Nature of Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

A New Phrenology?

Thinking Can Make It So

The Return of Introspection

Unconscious Cognition

Not the Same Unconscious

A Smart Unconscious

Animal Cognition: The Return of Animals Who Think

Not Everyone Agrees That Animals Can Think

Animal Personality

Current Status of Cognitive Psychology

Trappings of Success

Embedded Cognition

Cognitive Overload

Critics of the Cognitive Movement

Evolutionary Psychology

Biology More Important than Learning

Is There Unity in Psychology at Last?

Antecedent Influences on Evolutionary Psychology

William James

Behaviorism

Predisposing Tendencies

The Cognitive Revolution

The Influence of Sociobiology

Current Status of Evolutionary Psychology

History in the Making: There Is No End to It

Review Questions

Recommended Resources

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