Basic Steps in Planning Nursing Research From Question to Proposal 7th Edition by Marilynn Wood 1284070964 9781284070965

CHAPTER ONE How to Write a Researchable Question

TOPICS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Research Topics

What Is a Researchable Question?

Asking Research Questions

How to Write a Researchable Question

Examining Components of a Research Question

Levels of Questions

Level I Questions

Level II Questions

Level III Questions

Rewriting Your Question

Be Interested in Your Idea

TABLE 1-1 Examples of Rewritten Questions

Bibliography

CHAPTER TWO From Question to Problem

TOPICS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Finding the Level of Knowledge About a Topic

How to Search the Literature on Your Topic

Level of Theory and Level of Question

Developing the Research Problem from the Literature Review

Find Out What You Know

Ask Questions About the Theory

Look Up Interrelated Ideas

Outline

Convert Your Topic Outline to a Sentence Outline

Relate the Theory to the Question

Beginning with an Observation

Where Do You Start Your Literature Search?

Bibliography

CHAPTER THREE The Full and Final Research Problem

TOPICS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Elements of a Research Problem

Review of the Literature

The Rationale for Developing the Question

The Theoretical or Conceptual Framework

The Psychology of Argument

Strongest Argument Last

Substantiate What You Say

Bibliography

CHAPTER FOUR Critical Review of the Literature

TOPICS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Content of a Critique

What to Critique

How to Do a Critique

Guidelines for Critique of Published Research

Where Does the Critique Belong?

Bibliography

CHAPTER FIVE Stating the Purpose of the Study

TOPICS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Level I: The Purpose Written as a Declarative Statement

Level II: The Purpose Written as a Question

Level III: The Purpose Written as a Hypothesis

Examining the Components of a Hypothesis

The Significance of the Statement of Purpose

Stating the Purpose of the Study: A Summary

Bibliography

CHAPTER SIX Defining Your Terms

TOPICS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Types of Variables

Defining the Independent Variable

TABLE 6-1 Definition of the Independent, Dependent, Intervening, and Extraneous1 Variables

How Variables Are Measured

Nominal Scale

Ordinal Scale

Interval (and Ratio) Scale

Terms That Need Definition

Writing Operational Definitions: A Review

Bibliography

CHAPTER SEVEN The Research Design: Blueprint for Action

TOPICS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Designing Your Study from the Question

Characteristics of Research Designs

The Setting for the Study

Timing of Data Collection

Sample Selection

Type of Data to Be Collected

Issues of Control

Descriptive Designs

Exploratory Descriptive Designs

Descriptive Survey Designs

Experimental Designs

Controlling Unwanted Influences

Extraneous Variables

Randomization

Homogeneous Sample

Matching

Building Extraneous Variables into the Design

Bias

The Hawthorne Effect

Time

Level of Study and Degree of Control

Bibliography

CHAPTER EIGHT Selecting the Sample

TOPICS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Types of Samples

Probability Samples

TABLE 8-1 Sample Selection

Simple Random Samples

Stratified Random Samples

Cluster Samples

Nonprobability Samples

Convenience Samples

Network Samples

Quota Samples

Systematic Samples

Sample Size

TABLE 8-2 Relationship among Age, Sex, and Postoperative Anxiety Level

Level of Study and Sample Selection

Bibliography

CHAPTER NINE Selecting a Method to Answer the Question

TOPICS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Observation

Degree of Investigator Involvement

Degree of Structure

Timing of Observations

Type of Observation and Level of Study

Questionnaires and Interviews

TABLE 9-1 Criteria for Selecting the Interview or Questionnaire

Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews and Questionnaires

Types of Questions

Degree of Structure in Questionnaires and Interviews

Setting Up Your Data Collection Instrument

Interviews

Projective Tests

TABLE 9-2 Demographic Data Sheet

Level of Question and Degree of Structure

Designing the Questionnaire or Interview Guide

Available Data

Physiological Measures

Bibliography

CHAPTER TEN Reliability and Validity of Measurement

TOPICS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Errors in Data Collection Procedures

TABLE 10-1 Error in the Research Process

Validity

Self-Evident Measures

Face Validity

Content Validity

Use of Judge Panels

Pragmatic Measures

Concurrent Validity

Predictive Validity

Construct Validity

Reliability

Tests of Stability

Test–Retest

Repeated Observations

Tests of Equivalence

Alternate Form

Interrater Reliability

Tests of Internal Consistency

Reliability and Validity Issues in Field Research Using Participant Observation

Reliability and Validity in the Research Plan

Self-Test

Test Measures

Answers

Bibliography

CHAPTER ELEVEN Ethics in Nursing Research

TOPICS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Problems Involving Ethics

Coercion of Subjects to Participate

Withholding Benefits from Control Subjects

Invasion of Privacy

Informed Consent

Information

Free Choice

Proxy Consents for Research

Balancing Potential Benefit Against Actual Cost

Maintaining Anonymity and Confidentiality

Federal Guidelines on the Submission of Proposals for Review

Ethical Principles Underlying Protection of Human Subjects

TABLE 11-1 Legal/Ethical Matrix

Bibliography

CHAPTER TWELVE Planning for Analysis of Data

TOPICS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Descriptive Analysis

Structured Versus Unstructured Data

Content Analysis: Structuring Unstructured Data

Reliability and Validity in Content Analysis

Structured Data: Statistical Analysis

Descriptive Statistics

TABLE 12-1 Frequencies of Nonverbal Indicators of Stress and Use of Local Anesthetic

Cross-Tabulation

TABLE 12-2 Selecting the Appropriate Descriptive Statistic

Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Tests

TABLE 12-3 Relationships among Age, Sex, and Average Increase in Apical Pulse during Dental Work

Looking for Relationships

Inferential Analysis

Testing Hypotheses

TABLE 12-4 Basic Steps in Planning Data Analysis

The Null Hypothesis

Choosing a Statistical Test: What Does Your Hypothesis Ask?

Difference Between Two Groups

Difference Among Multiple Groups

TABLE 12-5 Frequency of Selecting a Private Physician, Government System, or Health Maintenance Organization by Subjects from Five Ethnic Groups

Correlation Between Variables

Estimation of Population Parameters from Sample Data

Be Sure You Can Answer Your Question

The Answer Is in the Question

Level I Questions

Level II Questions

Level III Questions

TABLE 12-6 Selecting the Appropriate Test for Statistical Analysis

Bibliography

CHAPTER THIRTEEN Writing the Research Proposal

TOPICS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

The Introductory Section: Research Problem

Form of the Final Research Problem

The Introduction

The Body

The Rationale for Your Research

TABLE 13-1 Integrated Literature Review Spreadsheet

The Conclusion

Statement of the Purpose of the Study

Definition of Terms

The Research Design

The Sample

Target Population

Sample Selection

Methods and Instruments

Reliability and Validity

Data Analysis

Ethics

In Summary

Variations in the Proposal Format

Thesis or Dissertation

Grant Proposals

The Finished Proposal

Check Your References

Polishing the Draft