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ISBN 10: 113895523X
ISBN 13: 9781138955233
Author: Cheryl Tatano Beck
Qualitative research, once on the fringes, now plays a central part in advancing nursing and midwifery knowledge, contributing to the development of the evidence base for healthcare practice. Divided into four parts, this authoritative handbook contains over forty chapters on the state of the art and science of qualitative research in nursing. The first part begins by addressing the significance of qualitative inquiry to the development of nursing knowledge, and then goes on to explore in depth programs of qualitative nursing research. The second section focuses on a wide range of core qualitative methods, from descriptive phenomenology, through to formal grounded theory and to ethnography, and narrative research. The third section highlights key issues and controversies in contemporary qualitative nursing research, including discussion of ethical and political issues, evidence-based practice and Internet research. The final section takes a unique look at qualitative nursing research as it is practiced throughout the world with chapters on countries and regions from the UK and Europe, North America, Australasia, Latin America, to Japan, China, and Korea. With an international selection of established scholars contributing, this is an essential overview and will help to propel qualitative research in nursing well into the twenty-first century. It is an invaluable reference for all nursing researchers.
Routledge International Handbook of Qualitative Nursing Research 1st Table of contents:
1 Introduction to qualitative nursing research
Qualitative nursing research: a subdiscipline
Emergence of qualitative nursing research
Part I: What does qualitative nursing research do?
Part II: Qualitative research methods
Part III: Contemporary issues in qualitative nursing research methods
Part IV: International qualitative nursing research: state of the science
References
Part I What does qualitative nursing research do?
2 The development of qualitative nursing research
What is qualitative nursing research?
The development of qualitative research
The first phase (1900–1960): The development of qualitative methods
The second phase: Recognition of the essentialness of nursing concepts, 1950–present
The third phase (1960–1985): The emergence of qualitative health research
The fourth phase: qualitative nursing methods: Coming of age, 1990–present
Global dissemination for qualitative methods for nursing
The international dispersal of qualitative methods in nursing
Nurses’ contributions to the development of qualitative methods
The implementation failure of qualitative nursing research?
What does qualitative research contribute to nursing knowledge?
The collectiveness of qualitative knowledge
Developing qualitative knowledge: the example of caring
Patterns of researcher programs in qualitative nursing research
Identifying phenomena (Level 1)
Delineating the concept of fatigue (Level 2)
Working horizontally in Levels 2–6
Metasynthesizing (Level 5)
Identifying interventions (Level 8)
Working vertically through most of the levels
Acknowledgments
References
3 Building on “grab,” attending to “fit,” and being prepared to “modify”: how grounded theory “works” to guide a health intervention for abused women
Background
The theory of Strengthening Capacity to Limit Intrusion (SCLI)
Processes and challenges in developing the intervention
Theoretical sensitivity, constant comparison and emergent fit: naming underlying philosophical assumptions and principles of practice
Principles of practice
Modifying the theory in the process of developing the intervention components
From theoretical process to practice component
Putting the intervention into practice
Final thoughts
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
4 The power of qualitative inquiry: traumatic experiences of marginalized groups
Introduction
Finding and understanding hidden populations
Taking on the next question
Illuminating the edges of experience
Powerful paradigm shifts
Generalizability? You have to be kidding
Prediction
Causality in qualitative research
The social environment as the field
Clinical relevance
Costs and funding
Advocacy and social justice
Qualitative research can be harmful
Qualitative research as language-focused
The power of a program of qualitative research
Conclusion
References
5 Learning about the nature of fatigue
Introduction
Clinical observations
Individuals with and without fatigue
Revisiting the conceptual definition of fatigue
Reconceptualizing fatigue using a pragmatic utility approach
Construction of a conceptual framework
Fatigue in the context of symptom clusters
The social construction of symptom experience
Implications for clinical practice, education, and research
Implications for education
Implications for research
Conclusion
References
6 Using a qualitative method to describe the experiences of living with chronic pain syndrome
Introduction
Research from an insider view
Living with a chronic condition
Transition in chronic illness
Impact on daily living and relationships
Pain causes fatigue and fatigue causes pain
Pain and well-being
The experiences of close relatives to people living with a chronic pain syndrome
Conclusion: impact on nursing care and suggestions for improvement
Implications for clinical practice
References
7 Qualitative research program in the care of ventilator-dependent ICU patients
Introduction
Grounded theory study of treatment interference in the ICU
Methods summary
Sample
Results
Methodological considerations and challenges
Ethnographic study of care and communication in weaning patients from prolonged mechanical ventilation
Methods summary
Results
Secondary analysis
Methodological considerations and challenges
Qualitative description in intervention development and testing
Methodological considerations and challenges
Conclusion
Research impact
Clinical practice impact
Educational impact
References
8 Cultural aspects of Latino early childhood obesity
Introduction
Background
Methodology
Design
Sampling
Methods
Data analysis
Results
Themes
A Mexican way of feeding babies
When weight is a problem
Freelists
Silhouettes and the language of childhood obesity
The context of healthcare in the urban immigrant community
Discussion
Conclusion
Note
References
9 Bringing visibility to an invisible phenomenon: a postpartum depression research program
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Part II Qualitative research methods
10 Descriptive phenomenology
The philosophy of phenomenology
Literature search
Results
Topics of phenomena studied
Nurses’ experiences
Childbirth experiences
Oncological patients’ experiences
Illustration of a descriptive phenomenological study
Conclusion
References
11 Interpretive phenomenology
Introduction
The meaning of human understanding
Interpretive phenomenology as method
The meaning of the interpretive project
Philosophical differences between descriptive phenomenology and interpretive phenomenology
Using interpretive phenomenology instead of questionnaires or semi-structured interviews
The researcher as the “unknower”
Intersubjectivity and the relational
The particular and differences
Meaning of meaning
What to do with the material
The meaning of responses
Exemplars of interpretive phenomenological method
Van Manen’s phenomenological method
Munhall’s approach to interpretive phenomenological inquiry
Conclusion
Notes
References
Recommended readings
12 Glaserian grounded theory: the enduring method
Grounded theory
Glaserian?
Origins of grounded theory
Doing grounded theory
How to do it
A grounded theory deconstructed
Ways of going astray
Staying power of Glaserian grounded theory
Notes
References
13 Strauss’ grounded theory
Why theory construction?
Philosophies underlying Strauss’ grounded theory
Overview
Constructing grounded theory
Components of grounded theory
Analysis
Concepts
Categories
Core category
Context and process
Process
Analytic procedures
Asking questions and making comparisons
Theoretical sampling and saturation
Memos and diagrams
Review of the literature
Experiencing and managing illness
Life stage issues
Family caregiving
Health, healing, and spirituality
Nursing practice and professional issues
Criticisms and responses
Quality of findings
Grounded theory doesn’t address modern problems
Findings cannot be generalized
Early analysis is time-consuming and detailed
Writing memos is too much work
Strauss’ method is not a constructivist method
Conclusion
References
14 New directions in grounded theory
Constructivism
Key concepts
Constructivist GTM and nursing
Situational analysis
Situational analysis and nursing
Complex adaptive systems (CAS)
Brief history of complexity science
Key concepts
Systems thinking paradigms and nursing
Grounded theory method and complex adaptive systems
Related/mixed methods
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15 Traditional ethnography
The basics of Traditional Ethnography
The introduction of ethnography to nursing
Controversial uses of Traditional Ethnography in nursing
Nursing literature using Traditional Ethnography in the past 20 years
Future directions of Traditional Ethnography in nursing
References
16 Ethnonursing method of Dr. Madeleine Leininger
Historical introduction
Philosophical and theoretical foundations of Leininger’s ethnonursing method
Human science paradigm
Nursing and anthropology: dynamic disciplines that changed nursing practice
Evolution of the state of nursing science
Ethnonursing and meta-ethnonursing research methods
Overview of the ethnonursing nursing research method
The process of the ethnonursing research method
Enablers to support the ethnonursing method
The Sunrise Enabler
Stranger to Trusted Friend Enabler
Observation-Participation-Reflection Enabler (O-P-R)
Domain of Inquiry Enabler (DOI)
Acculturation Health Care Assessment Enabler
Four phases of the Data Analysis Enabler
Criteria for evaluation of qualitative ethnonursing research
Future directions
Advancing scholarship: The meta-ethnonursing method
Developing the meta-ethnonursing method
Conclusion
References
17 Critical ethnography
Overview of critical ethnography
Why should you read this chapter?
What is critical ethnography?
Becoming critical
The evolution of critical ethnography
Current debates and controversies regarding critical ethnography
Critical ethnography in nursing research
Controversial applications of critical ethnography in nursing
Future directions of critical ethnography in nursing
Notes
References
18 Institutional ethnography
Introduction
Philosophical and theoretical underpinnings of institutional ethnography
Feminist roots
Marx’s materiality
Ruling relations
Texts and textual analysis
Institutional ethnography: a valuable addition to qualitative research in nursing
Methodological fit for nursing
Situating institutional ethnography in the qualitative paradigm in nursing
The evolution of IE in nursing
Exploring ruling relations in nursing: how to proceed with an IE project
Positioning the study in relation to the literature
Starting with people and things happening: deciding on a standpoint and a question
Formulating the problematic(s)
Observations and interviews
Analysis
Conclusion
Notes
References
19 Historical research in nursing: a current outlook
Why study nursing history?
Relevance of historical research
In practice
In education
Power, politics, and leadership
Use of frameworks
Policy framework
Social framework
Cultural framework
Biographical
Oral histories
Bias, subjectivity, objectivity
Progress made in historical research
Organizations, conferences, and centers
Global initiatives
Final thoughts
Notes
References
20 Narrative inquiry
Narrative inquiry
What constitutes story
Story structure, plot and context
Story as expanded genre and limited genre
Narrative in nursing
Quality in narrative analysis
Models of narrative analysis
Story structure
Story meaning
Story function
Case example
Conclusion
References
21 Discourse analysis
Introduction
What are discourse analysis?
A slight diversion: some specific approaches
Debates, dilemmas and tensions in the field
Discourse analysis in use in nursing research
Future directions: discourse, language and subjectivity
Conclusion
Note
References
22 Interpretive description
Introduction
Rationale for a disciplinary approach to qualitative inquiry
Method as logic model in an applied context
Overview of use within nursing research
Design options and approaches
Articulating a research question
Theoretical and positional scaffolding
Data sources and samples
Technique options
Analytic alternatives
Issues in the conduct of interpretive description
Disciplinary logic and emergent design
The art of logical conclusions
An exemplar
State of the science
The politics of competing traditions
Application to the evidentiary context
Nursing’s role in the evolving field
Future directions for nursing inquiry
References
23 Focus groups
Brief history of focus groups
The method
Foundational frameworks or assumptions
Sample characteristic considerations
Group and sample size
Research team
Moderator
Various approaches
Research design
Data analysis
Trustworthiness
Current controversies
Current state of nursing science in the use of focus groups
Exemplars
Conclusion
References
24 Participatory Action Research: a new science for nursing?
Defining PAR: a moving target
Feminist Participatory Action Research (FPAR): advancing the social mandate of nursing
Critical Participatory Research: partnering with Aboriginal people to improve care
Participatory Action Research: ethics in action
Participatory Action Research: state of the science
Future directions
Notes
References
25 Metasynthesis
Historical overview
Metasynthesis methods
Challenges in conducting a metasynthesis
Best practices in metasynthesis
Future directions
Conclusion
References
26 Synthesizing qualitative and quantitative research findings
Introduction
Challenges of mixed research synthesis
Differences in sampling imperatives in primary studies
Differences in data collection imperatives in primary studies
Implications of these differences for mixed research synthesis
Mapping the research synthesis field
Mapping research synthesis studies by mode and object of synthesis
Mapping research synthesis studies by logics of research synthesis1
Aggregation
Configuration
Mapping mixed research synthesis studies by designs
Segregated design
Integrated design
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Note
References
Part III Contemporary issues in qualitative nursing research methods
27 Ethical issues in qualitative nursing research
Introduction
Researcher competence
Researcher relationships
Researcher–participant relationships
Research team relationships
Obtaining consent
Voluntary consent
Informed consent
Postponing consent
Consent as an on-going process
Protecting privacy and confidentiality
Identifying benefits and risks to participants
Benefits
Risks
Reducing risks to participants
Risks to researchers
The ethical qualitative researcher
References
28 Politics and qualitative nursing research
The politics of evidence
The politics of research funding
The politics of grant writing and peer review
The politics of policy-making
The politics of partnership
The politics of qualitative research in action
References
29 Internet qualitative research
Introduction
Characteristics of Internet research
Types of Internet qualitative research
Methods
Issues in Internet qualitative research
Combined multiple methods
Specific specialty-related
Funding
Lack of theoretical bases
Lack of responses, low retention rates, and selective research participants
Lack of theoretical saturation
Recommendations for future Internet qualitative research in nursing
References
30 Secondary qualitative data analysis
The allure of available data
History and tradition in the qualitative nursing research context
Overt and covert secondary analysis in qualitative nursing research
Issues in the consideration of a secondary approach
Nature of existing data
Ethical and legal considerations
Matters of voice and representation
Secondary research approaches
Analytic expansion
Retrospective interpretation
Armchair induction
Cross-validation
Amplified sampling
Methodological opportunities
Understanding the methodological and theoretical context
Clarifying the interpretive lens
Making your findings count
Issues in writing and reporting
Aligning primary and secondary analysis
Citing and acknowledging
Attending to potential threats to scholarly integrity
Toward future developments in qualitative secondary analysis
References
31 Evidence-based practice: contributions and possibilities for qualitative research
History and disciplinary influences of qualitative methodologies
Qualitative research in nursing and health sciences
Qualitative methodologies: to what use?
Challenges and unrealized potential
The promise of qualitative methodologies
Qualitative research and generalizability
Conclusion
References
Part IV International qualitative nursing research: state of the science
32 International qualitative nursing research: state of the science in England, Wales and Scotland
Introduction
The historical context of nursing research in England, Scotland and Wales: a brief overview
An overview of qualitative approaches used by nurse researchers in England, Scotland and Wales
Grounded theory
Ethnography
Auto-ethnography
Narrative research
Phenomenology
Action Research (AR)
Case study research
Discourse analysis (DA)
Qualitative research centers in England, Scotland and Wales
Bournemouth Centre for Qualitative Research
Qualitative Health Research Unit (QUARU): Swansea University
School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh
Future directions of qualitative nursing research in England, Scotland and Wales
Evidence-based practice
Paradigm of mixed methods research
Conclusion
References
33 Qualitative nursing research in Ireland: an overview of the journey to date
Introduction
An overview of the history of qualitative nursing research in Ireland
Review of the literature on qualitative Irish nursing and midwifery research
Qualitative research output
Working in research teams
Research focus
Trends in research design
Exemplars of work undertaken
Future of Irish qualitative research
References
34 Qualitative nursing research in Canada: state of the science
Introduction
The context of the development of qualitative research in Canada
Intersecting factors influencing the development of qualitative nursing research and exemplars of qualitative studies
The state of the science
In dialogue with Drs. Reimer-Kirkham, Rodney, and McDonald
Reflections and conclusion
Note
Acknowledgments
References
35 Australia and New Zealand qualitative nursing research
Introduction
History of research development of Australasian nurses
Research approaches and methods used most frequently
Contribution to nursing
The Australian and New Zealand context of research
Nursing’s contribution to global nursing
Recommendations for future research
Conclusion
References
36 Qualitative nursing research in Latin America: the cases of Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico1
Introduction
Brazil
Historical context
Current aims and contributions
Methods, perspectives, approaches, tools
Challenges and limitations
Future directions
Chile3
Historical context
Current aims and contributions
Methods, perspectives, approaches, tools
Challenges and limitations
Future directions
Colombia4
Historical context
Exemplars and methods
Contributions
Limitations, challenges, and future directions
Mexico
Historical context
Exemplars and methods
Challenges and limitations
Future directions
Conclusion
Notes
References
37 Qualitative nursing research in Spain: an evolving strategy of resistance
Introduction
The making of nursing QR in Spain
Major trends in Spanish nursing qualitative research
Relevant features of qualitative nursing research in Spain
Challenges and future directions
Strengthening the onto-epistemological and methodological competence of researchers
Moving from a nursing-centered research agenda to an ethical-political one to improve health for all
Acknowledgments
References
38 State of the science of qualitative nursing research in Portugal
Introduction
Historic background: nursing education and research, professional, and national context
Early efforts in qualitative nursing research
Analysis of doctoral theses in nursing
What do qualitative studies in Portugal study?
Methods used in qualitative studies
Central concepts in qualitative studies
Studied phenomena in qualitative studies
Results of qualitative studies
Examples of qualitative studies that had an impact on nursing research/knowledge development
Impact of research on clinical practice
Suggestions for future research and for clinical practice
Suggestions to increase the use of research results in clinical practice
Future directions of qualitative nursing research in Portugal
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
39 Finland and Sweden Qualitative research from nursing to caring
Introduction
Finland and Sweden: neighboring countries
Qualitative nursing research in Finland and Sweden
Method
Criteria for inclusion and exclusion
Literature search and analysis
From the trembling years to years of steady growth and coming of age
Sweden
Qualitative research profiling in Sweden
Finland
Qualitative research profiling in Finland
Unifying geographically spread qualitative nursing paradigms
The hermeneutic caring science tradition
The phenomenological hermeneutic and content analysis traditions
Content analysis
The phenomenological lifeworld caring science tradition
Nordic qualitative research network: an exemplary case
Discussion
Implications for the future of qualitative nursing science research
Conclusion
References
Electronic resources
40 Qualitative nursing research in Norway, Denmark and Iceland: state of the science
Brief historical overview of nursing research in Norway, Denmark and Iceland
Nursing knowledge needs
Qualitative research contributing to normative/ethical knowledge
Developing a normative foundation for nursing
Qualitative research contributing to situated/hermeneutical knowledge
Research focusing on patient experiences
Research focusing on nursing practice
Qualitative research contributing to transformative/critical hermeneutical understanding/knowledge
Research focusing on critical aspects of health care ideology
Transformative research focusing on nursing practice development
Qualitative research contributing to aesthetic knowledge
Qualitative research contributing to inferential/generalized knowledge
Qualitative research as a foundation for developing nursing interventions
Using qualitative research to extend findings from quantitative research
Strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research in Norway, Denmark and Iceland
Conclusion
References
Resources
41 Qualitative nursing research in the Netherlands and Flanders
Nursing and nursing research in the Netherlands and Flanders: similarities and differences
Nursing education and nursing research in a dual system of higher education
The beginnings of nursing research
Nursing research in a multidisciplinary context
Qualitative nursing research: the first endeavors
Nursing and the patient’s perspective: the boost for qualitative nursing research
Qualitative nursing research: a flourishing tree
Methodologies
The future of qualitative nursing research
References
42 Qualitative nursing research in Korea
Historical background
Qualitative research methods
Number of qualitative research publications by year
Type of research
Number of keywords and classification
Data analysis by methodology and author
Research participants
Research evaluation
Specific contributions
Future directions
References
Appendix: journal articles
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
Journal of Qualitative Research
43 Qualitative nursing research in Japan: a state of the science and indications for future directions
Introduction
Historical context
The range of research in the past two decades
The growth of original articles using qualitative research
The methodologies used and their relative popularity
A review of the implementation of methodology
Confusion between methods
Lack of attention to how the research method was chosen
Lack of attention to methods of collecting data
Problems in explaining and using methods in analysis
Lack of new findings
Future directions
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
44 Qualitative nursing research in South-East Asia, China and Taiwan
Towards a research continuum
Horses for courses
The Philippines
Hong Kong
The evidence: Hong Kong, China, and Taiwan
China
The evidence: Chinese language publications
The future
Learning from experience
Methodological issues and exemplars
References
45 Future directions in international qualitative nursing research
Conclusion
Index
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