Problems and Solutions in Medical Physics 1st edition by Kwan Hoong Ng, Jeannie Hsiu Ding Wong, Geoffrey Clarke 9781482240085 1482240084

Chapter 1 External Beam Therapy Equipment

• 1.1 X-Ray Machine
• 1.2 Co-60 Unit
• 1.3 Linear Accelerator
• 1.4 Narrow Versus Broad Beam Geometry
• 1.5 Photon and Electron Treatment Modes
• 1.6 Angular Distribution and Efficiency of X-Ray Population
• 1.7 Monitor Units
• 1.8 Radiation Yield
• 1.9 Target
• 1.10 Linear Accelerator Dose Rate
• 1.11 Magnetron versus Klystron
• 1.12 Klystron
• 1.13 Waveguide
• 1.14 Linear Accelerator Beam Energy
• 1.15 Energy Switch
• 1.16 MultiLeaf Collimators

Chapter 2 Photon Beam Physics

• 2.1 Interactions of X-Ray with Matter (1)
• 2.2 Interactions of X-Ray with Matter (2)
• 2.3 Interactions of X-Ray with Matter (3)
• 2.4 Bremsstrahlung X-Ray
• 2.5 Inverse Square Law
• 2.6 Definition of Percentage Depth Dose, Tissue Phantom Ratio and Tissue Maximum Ratio
• 2.7 Percentage Depth Dose
• 2.8 Horns of a Profile
• 2.9 Beam Profile
• 2.10 Beam Asymmetry
• 2.11 Flattening Filter-Free Beam Profile
• 2.12 Mayneord Factor
• 2.13 Output Factor
• 2.14 PDD and Surface Dose
• 2.15 Dynamic Wedge

Chapter 3 Electron Beam Physics

• 3.1 Rp, Rmax and R50
• 3.2 Stopping Powers for Electrons
• 3.3 Electron Beam IsodoseS
• 3.4 Electron Beam Depth Dose Curve
• 3.5 Electron Radiotherapy with Bolus
• 3.6 Electron Beam Energy Specification
• 3.7 Bremsstrahlung Contamination
• 3.8 Electron Beam Shaping
• 3.9 Electron Cut-Out
• 3.10 Isodose Curve

Chapter 4 Treatment Planning for External Beam Radiotherapy

• 4.1 Target Volumes and Margins (1)
• 4.2 Target Volumes and Margins (2)
• 4.3 CT Number Calibration (1)
• 4.4 CT Number Calibration (2)
• 4.5 MU Calculation (1)
• 4.6 MU Calculation (2)
• 4.7 Isodose Curve
• 4.8 Wedge (1)
• 4.9 Wedge (2)
• 4.10 Effective Depth Calculation
• 4.11 ICRU Criteria (1)
• 4.12 ICRU Criteria (2)
• 4.13 Breast Treatment Plan
• 4.14 Radiotherapy of Patient with Implant
• 4.15 Bolus Versus Compensating Filter
• 4.16 Skin Cancer Treatment on the Nose

Chapter 5 Radiation Dosimetry

• 5.1 Bragg-Gray Cavity Theory
• 5.2 Characteristics of Ideal Dosimeters
• 5.3 Properties of Cylindrical Ionisation Chambers
• 5.4 Ionisation Chambers for Electron Beam Dosimetry
• 5.5 Basic Principle of an Ionisation Chamber
• 5.6 Geiger-Muller (GM) Counter
• 5.7 Diodes
• 5.8 Radiochromic Film Dosimetry
• 5.9 Reference Dosimetry
• 5.10 Phantom Materials
• 5.11 IAEA TRS398 Dose Calibration (1)
• 5.12 IAEA TRS398 Dose Calibration (2)
• 5.13 Beam Quality Correction Factor
• 5.14 Ionisation Chamber Perturbation Correction Factor
• 5.15 Detector Arrays
• 5.16 Small-Field Dosimetry

Chapter 6 Special Procedures and Advanced Techniques in Radiotherapy

• 6.1 Total Body Irradiation
• 6.2 Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy
• 6.3 Total Skin Electrons
• 6.4 Image-Guided Radiotherapy
• 6.5 Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiotherapy
• 6.6 Proton therapy
• 6.7 Surface-Guided Radiotherapy
• 6.8 Breathing Control in Radiotherapy

Chapter 7 External Beam Commissioning and Quality Assurance

• 7.1 Acceptance Testing, Commissioning and Quality Assurance
• 7.2 Commissioning of a CT Simulator
• 7.3 Absorbed Dose Calibration
• 7.4 Monthly QA Programme on a Linear Accelerator
• 7.5 Linear Accelerator Dose Output Checks
• 7.6 Beam Flatness
• 7.7 Beam Symmetry
• 7.8 Beam Flatness and Symmetry Measurement
• 7.9 HVL for kV Beam
• 7.10 Commissioning of Patient Immobilisation Devices
• 7.11 Commissioning of a New X-Ray Beam Dose Calculation Algorithm
• 7.12 Commissioning 2D/3D Detector Array
• 7.13 Quality Assurance of IMRT/VMAT Plans
• 7.14 Check of the Collimator Cross-Hair Walkout
• 7.15 Check of the Gantry Angle Readout
• 7.16 Linear Accelerator Laser Checks
• 7.17 Coincidence of Light Field with Radiation Field
• 7.18 Testing of the Isocentre of the Planar Kilovoltage Imaging System
• 7.19 Safety Checks on Linear Accelerator
• 7.20 Record and Verify System

Chapter 8 Brachytherapy Treatment and Quality Assurance

• 8.1 Radionuclides for Brachytherapy
• 8.2 Characteristics of Low-Dose Rate and HIGH-DOSE Rate Brachytherapy
• 8.3 Sealed versus Unsealed Sources
• 8.4 HDR Remote Afterloading
• 8.5 Source Encapsulation
• 8.6 Ir-192 as Brachytherapy Source
• 8.7 Source Decay (1)
• 8.8 Source Decay (2)
• 8.9 Manchester System for Cervix Brachytherapy
• 8.10 Imaging for Cervix Brachytherapy
• 8.11 Interstitial Brachytherapy
• 8.12 Well Chamber Calibration of Ir-192 Sources (1)
• 8.13 Well Chamber Calibration of Ir-192 Sources (2)
• 8.14 AAPM TG43 Dose Formalism
• 8.15 HDR Brachytherapy QA Checks

Chapter 9 Basic Radiobiology

• 9.1 Radiation Effects (1)
• 9.2 Radiation Effects (2)
• 9.3 Early Versus Late Responding Tissue
• 9.4 Serial versus Parallel Organs
• 9.5 Health Risk Models from Radiation Exposure
• 9.6 Direct Action Versus Indirect Action of Radiation
• 9.7 Cell Survival Curve
• 9.8 Cell Damage
• 9.9 α/β Ratio
• 9.10 Re-oxygenation
• 9.11 TCP/NTCP
• 9.12 Linear Energy Transfer
• 9.13 Fractionation (1)
• 9.14 Fractionation (2)
• 9.15 Treatment Interruption

Chapter 10 Radiation Protection and Safety in Radiotherapy

• 10.1 Dose Quantities in Radiation Protection
• 10.2 Radiation Safety Principles in Radiation Oncology
• 10.3 Methods of Radiation Protection
• 10.4 Pregnant Patient
• 10.5 Controlled and Supervised Area
• 10.6 External and Internal Exposure
• 10.7 Radiation Sources from the Linear Accelerator
• 10.8 Neutron Shielding
• 10.9 Shielding Barrier
• 10.10 Radiotherapy Bunker Materials
• 10.11 Dose Limits
• 10.12 Radiation Incident
• 10.13 Development of a Radiation Management Plan

Bibliography