Biological Psychology 11th Edition by James Kalat 1111831009 9781111831004

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ISBN 10: 1111831009

ISBN 13: 9781111831004

Author: James W. Kalat 

Dr. James W. Kalat’s BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY is the most widely used text in the course area, and for good reason: an extremely high level of scholarship, clear and occasionally humorous writing style, and precise examples. Throughout all eleven editions, Kalat’s goal has been to make biological psychology accessible to psychology students, not just to biology majors and pre-meds. Another goal has been to convey the excitement of the search for biological explanations of behavior, and Kalat–a skilled teacher–delivers. Updated with new topics, examples, and recent research findings–and supported by a strong media package–this text speaks to today’s students and instructors.

Biological  Psychology 11th Table of contents:

1. The Major Issues

Module 1.1. The Biological Approach to Behavior

Biological Explanations of Behavior

Career Opportunities

Your Brain and Your Experience

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Module 1.2. Genetics and Behavior

Mendelian Genetics

Sex-Linked and Sex-Limited Genes

Genetic Changes

Heredity and Environment

Environmental Modification

How Genes Affect Behavior

The Evolution of Behavior

Common Misunderstandings about Evolution

Evolutionary Psychology

Genes and Behavior

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Module 1.3. The Use of Animals in Research

Reasons for Animal Research

The Ethical Debate

Degrees of Opposition

Humans and Animals

Summary

Section Content

2. Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

Module 2.1. The Cells of the Nervous System

Anatomy of Neurons and Glia

The Structures of an Animal Cell

The Structure of a Neuron

Variations Among Neurons

Glia

The Blood–Brain Barrier

Why We Need a Blood–Brain Barrier

How the Blood–Brain Barrier Works

Nourishment in Vertebrate Neurons

Neurons

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Module 2.2. The Nerve Impulse

The Resting Potential Of The Neuron

Forces Acting on Sodium and Potassium Ions

Why a Resting Potential?

The Action Potential

The Molecular Basis of the Action Potential

The All-or-None Law

The Refractory Period

Propagation of the Action Potential

The Myelin Sheath and Saltatory Conduction

Local Neurons

Neural Messages

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Section Content

3. Synapses

Module 3.1. The Concept of the Synapse

The Properties of Synapses

Speed of a Reflex and Delayed Transmission at the Synapse

Temporal Summation

Spatial Summation

Inhibitory Synapses

Relationship Among EPSP, IPSP, and Action Potentials

The Neuron as Decision Maker

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Module 3.2. Chemical Events at the Synapse

The Discovery of Chemical Transmission at Synapses

The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse

Types of Neurotransmitters

Synthesis of Transmitters

Storage of Transmitters

Release and Diffusion of Transmitters

Activating Receptors of the Postsynaptic Cell

Inactivation and Reuptake of Neurotransmitters

Negative Feedback from the Postsynaptic Cell

Electrical Synapses

Neurotransmitters and Behavior

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Module 3.3. Synapses, Drugs, and Addictions

Drug Mechanisms

A Survey of Abused Drugs

What Abused Drugs Have in Common

Stimulant Drugs

Nicotine

Opiates

Marijuana

Hallucinogenic Drugs

Alcohol and Alcoholism

Genetics

Risk Factors

Addiction

Tolerance and Withdrawal

Cravings in Response to Cues

Brain Reorganization

Medications to Combat Substance Abuse

Medications to Combat Alcohol Abuse

Medications to Combat Opiate Abuse

Drugs and Behavior

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Section Content

4. Anatomy of the Nervous System

Module 4.1. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System

Terminology to Describe the Nervous System

The Spinal Cord

The Autonomic Nervous System

The Hindbrain

The Midbrain

The Forebrain

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

Basal Ganglia

Basal Forebrain

Hippocampus

The Ventricles

Learning Neuroanatomy

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Module 4.2. The Cerebral Cortex

Organization of the Cerebral Cortex

The Occipital Lobe

The Parietal Lobe

The Temporal Lobe

The Frontal Lobe

Modern View of the Prefrontal Cortex

How Do the Parts Work Together?

Functions of the Cerebral Cortex

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Module 4.3. Research Methods

Effects of Brain Damage

Effects of Brain Stimulation

Recording Brain Activity

Correlating Brain Anatomy with Behavior

Brain Size and Intelligence

Comparisons Across Species

Comparisons Among Humans

Comparisons of Men and women

Research Methods and Their Limits

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Section Content

5. Development and Plasticity of the Brain

Module 5.1. Development of the Brain

Maturation of the Vertebrate Brain

Growth and Development of Neurons

New Neurons Later in Life

Pathfinding by Axons

Chemical Pathfinding by Axons

Competition Among Axons as a General Principle

Determinants of Neuronal Survival

The Vulnerable Developing Brain

Differentiation of the Cortex

Fine-Tuning by Experience

Experience and Dendritic Branching

Effects of Special Experiences

Brain Development and Behavioral Development

Adolescence

Old Age

Brain Development

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Module 5.2. Plasticity After Brain Damage

Brain Damage and Short-Term Recovery

Reducing the Harm from a Stroke

Later Mechanisms of Recovery

Increased Brain Stimulation

Regrowth of Axons

Axon Sprouting

Denervation Supersensitivity

Reorganized Sensory Representations and the Phantom Limb

Learned Adjustments in Behavior

Brain Damage and Recovery

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Section Content

6. Vision

Module 6.1. Visual Coding

General Principles of Perception

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

Route Within the Retina

Fovea and Periphery of the Retina

Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones

Color Vision

The Trichromatic (Young-Helmholtz) Theory

The Opponent-Process Theory

The Retinex Theory

Color Vision Deficiency

Visual Receptors

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Module 6.2. How the Brain Processes Visual Information

An Overview of the Mammalian Visual System

Processing in the Retina

Further Processing

The Primary Visual Cortex

Simple and Complex Receptive Fields

The Columnar Organization of the Visual Cortex

Are Visual Cortex Cells Feature Detectors?

Development of the Visual Cortex

Deprived Experience in One Eye

Deprived Experience in Both Eyes

Uncorrelated Stimulation in the Two Eyes

Early Exposure to a Limited Array of Patterns

Impaired Infant Vision and Long-Term Consequences

Understanding Vision by Understanding the Wiring Diagram

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Module 6.3. Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex

The “What” and “Where” Paths

Detailed Analysis of Shape

The Inferior Temporal Cortex

Recognizing Faces

Color Perception

Motion Perception

The Middle Temporal Cortex

Motion Blindness

Different Aspects of Vision

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Section Content

7. Other Sensory Systems

Module 7.1. Audition

Sound and the Ear

Physics and Psychology of Sound

Structures of the Ear

Pitch Perception

Frequency and Place

The Auditory Cortex

Hearing Loss

Sound Localization

Functions of Hearing

Summary

Key terms

Thought Questions

Module 7.2. The Mechanical Senses

Vestibular Sensation

Somatosensation

Somatosensory Receptors

Input to the Central Nervous System

Pain

Pain Stimuli and Pain Paths

Ways of Relieving Pain

Sensitization of Pain

Social Pain

Itch

The Mechanical Senses

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Module 7.3. The Chemical Senses

Chemical Coding

Taste

Taste Receptors

How Many Kinds of Taste Receptors?

Mechanisms of Taste Receptors

Taste Coding in the Brain

Individual Differences in Taste

Olfaction

Olfactory Receptors

Implications for Coding

Messages to the Brain

Individual Differences

Pheromones

Synesthesia

Different Senses as Different Ways of Knowing the World

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Section Content

8. Movement

Module 8.1. The Control of Movement

Muscles and Their Movements

Fast and Slow Muscles

Muscle Control by Proprioceptors

Units of Movement

Voluntary and Involuntary Movements

Movements Varying in Sensitivity to Feedback

Sequences of Behaviors

Categories of Movement

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Module 8.2. Brain Mechanisms of Movement

The Cerebral Cortex

Planning a Movement

Mirror Neurons

Conscious Decisions and Movements

Connections from the Brain to the Spinal Cord

The Cerebellum

Role in Functions Other than Movement

Cellular Organization

The Basal Ganglia

Brain Areas and Motor Learning

Inhibition of Movements

Movement Control and Cognition

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Module 8.3. Movement Disorders

Parkinson’s Disease

Causes

L-Dopa Treatment

Other Therapies

Huntington’s Disease

Heredity and Presymptomatic Testing

Heredity and Environment in Movement Disorders

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Section Content

9. Wakefulness and Sleep

Module 9.1. Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping

Endogenous Cycles

Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock

Jet Lag

Shift Work

Mechanisms of the Biological Clock

The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

How Light Resets the SCN

The Biochemistry of the Circadian Rhythm

Melatonin

Sleep–Wake Cycles

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Module 9.2. Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms

Sleep and Other Interruptions of Consciousness

Stages of Sleep

Paradoxical or REM Sleep

Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness and Arousal

Brain Structures of Arousal and Attention

Sleep and the Inhibition of Brain Activity

Brain Function in REM Sleep

Sleep Disorders

Sleep Apnea

Narcolepsy

Periodic Limb Movement Disorder

REM Behavior Disorder

Night Terrors and Sleepwalking

Stages of Sleep

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Module 9.3. Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams?

Functions of Sleep

Sleep and Energy Conservation

Sleep and Memory

Functions of REM Sleep

Biological Perspectives on Dreaming

The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

The Clinico-Anatomical Hypothesis

Our Limited Self-Understanding

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Section Content

10. Internal Regulation

Module 10.1. Temperature Regulation

Homeostasis and Allostasis

Controlling Body Temperature

The Advantages of Constant High Body Temperature

Brain Mechanisms

Fever

Combining Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Module 10.2. Thirst

Mechanisms of Water Regulation

Osmotic thirst

Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger

The Psychology and Biology of Thirst

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Module 10.3. Hunger

Digestion and Food Selection

Consumption of Dairy Products

Food Selection and Behavior

Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding

Oral Factors

The Stomach and Intestines

Glucose, Insulin, and Glucagon

Leptin

Brain Mechanisms

The Arcuate Nucleus and Paraventricular Hypothalamus

The Lateral Hypothalamus

Medial Areas of the Hypothalamus

Eating Disorders

Genetics and Body Weight

Weight Loss

Bulimia Nervosa

The Multiple Controls of Hunger

Summary

Key terms

Thought Question

Section Content

11. Reproductive Behaviors

Module 11.1. Sex and Hormones

Organizing Effects of Sex Hormones

Sex Differences in the Hypothalamus

Sex Differences in Childhood Behavior

Activating Effects of Sex Hormones

Rodents

Humans

Parental Behavior

Reproductive Behaviors and Motivations

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Module 11.2. Variations in Sexual Behavior

Evolutionary Interpretations of Mating Behavior

Interest in Multiple Mates

What Men and Women Seek in a Mate

Differences in Jealousy

Evolved or Learned?

Conclusions

Gender Identity and Gender-Differentiated Behaviors

Intersexes

Interests and Preferences of Cah Girls

Testicular Feminization

Issues of Gender Assignment and Rearing

Discrepancies of Sexual Appearance

Sexual Orientation

Behavioral and Anatomical Differences

Genetics

An Evolutionary Question

Prenatal Influences

Brain Anatomy

We Are Not All the Same

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Section Content

12. Emotional Behaviors

Module 12.1. What Is Emotion?

Emotions, Autonomic Arousal, and the James-Lange Theory

Is Physiological Arousal Necessary for Emotions?

Is Physiological Arousal Sufficient for Emotions?

Brain Areas Associated with Emotion

Attempts to Localize Specific Emotions

Contributions of the Left and Right Hemispheres

The Functions of Emotions

Emotions and Moral Decisions

Decision Making After Brain Damage that Impairs Emotions

Emotions and the Nervous System

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Module 12.2. Attack and Escape Behaviors

Attack Behaviors

Heredity and Environment in Violence

Hormones

Serotonin Synapses and Aggressive Behavior

Fear and Anxiety

Fear, Anxiety, and the Amygdala

Studies of Rodents

Studies of Monkeys

Response of the Human Amygdala to Visual Stimuli

Individual Differences in Amygdala Response and Anxiety

Damage to the Human Amygdala

Anxiety Disorders

Pharmacological Relief from Anxiety

Relearning as Relief from Anxiety

Doing Something About Emotions

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Module 12.3. Stress and Health

Concepts of Stress

Stress and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortex Axis

The Immune System

Effects of Stress on the Immune System

Stress Control

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Emotions and Body Reactions

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Section Content

13. The Biology of Learning and Memory

Module 13.1. Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

Localized Representations of Memory

Lashley’s Search for the Engram

The Modern Search for the Engram

Types of Memory

Short-Term and Long-Term Memory

Our Changing Views of Consolidation

Working Memory

The Hippocampus

People with Hippocampal Damage

Theories of the Function of the Hippocampus

The Basal Ganglia

Other Types of Amnesia

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Alzheimer’s Disease

What Patients with Amnesia Teach Us

Other Brain Areas in Memory

Different Types of Memory

Summary

Key Terms

Module 13.2. Storing Information in the Nervous System

Learning and the Hebbian Synapse

Single-Cell Mechanisms of Invertebrate Behavior Change

Aplysia as an Experimental Animal

Habituation in Aplysia

Sensitization in Aplysia

Long-Term Potentiation in Vertebrates

Biochemical Mechanisms

Consolidation, Revisited

Improving Memory

The Physiology of Memory

Summary

Key Terms

Section Content

14. Cognitive Functions

Module 14.1. Lateralization of Function

The Left and Right Hemispheres

Visual and Auditory Connections to the Hemispheres

Cutting the Corpus Callosum

Split Hemispheres: Competition and Cooperation

The Right Hemisphere

Hemispheric Specializations in Intact Brains

Development of Lateralization and Handedness

Anatomical Differences Between the Hemispheres

Maturation of the Corpus Callosum

Development Without a Corpus Callosum

Hemispheres, Handedness, and Language Dominance

Avoiding Overstatements

One Brain, Two Hemispheres

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Module 14.2. Evolution and Physiology of Language

Nonhuman Precursors of Language

Common Chimpanzees

Bonobos

Nonprimates

How Did Humans Evolve Language?

Language: Byproduct of Intelligence, or Specialized Adaptation?

A Sensitive Period for Language Learning

Brain Damage and Language

Broca’s Aphasia (Nonfluent Aphasia)

Wernicke’s Aphasia (Fluent Aphasia)

Music and Language

Dyslexia

Language and the Brain

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Module 14.3. Conscious and Unconscious Processes and Attention

The Mind–Brain Relationship

Brain Activity Associated with Consciousness

Experiments Using Masking

Experiments Using Binocular Rivalry

The Fate of an Unattended Stimulus

Consciousness as a Threshold Phenomenon

The Timing of Consciousness

Attention

Brain Areas Controlling Attention

Unilateral Neglect

Attending to Attention and Being Conscious of Consciousness

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Section Content

15. Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia

Module 15.1. Mood Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder

Genetics

Other Biological Influences

Abnormalities of Hemispheric Dominance

Antidepressant Drugs

Types of Antidepressants

How Effective Are Antidepressants?

Other Therapies

Bipolar Disorder

Genetics

Treatments

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Biology of Mood Swings

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Questions

Module 15.2. Schizophrenia

Diagnosis

Demographic Data

Genetics

Twin Studies

Adopted Children Who Develop Schizophrenia

Efforts to Locate a Gene

The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis

Prenatal and Neonatal Environment

Mild Brain Abnormalities

Early Development and Later Psychopathology

Treatments

Antipsychotic Drugs and Dopamine

Role of Glutamate

New Drugs

Many Remaining Mysteries

Summary

Key Terms

Thought Question

Section Content

A. Brief, Basic Chemistry

B. Society for Neuroscience Policies on the Use of Animals and Human Subjects in Neuroscience Research

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